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Groundwater quality and depletion in the Indo-Gangetic Basin mapped from in situ observations

Nature Geoscience volume 9, pages 762–766 (2016)Cite this article

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Abstract

Groundwater abstraction from the transboundary Indo-Gangetic Basin comprises 25% of global groundwater withdrawals, sustaining agricultural productivity in Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bangladesh. Recent interpretations of satellite gravity data indicate that current abstraction is unsustainable1,2,3, yet these large-scale interpretations lack the spatio-temporal resolution required to govern groundwater effectively4,5. Here we report new evidence from high-resolution in situ records of groundwater levels, abstraction and groundwater quality, which reveal that sustainable groundwater supplies are constrained more by extensive contamination than depletion. We estimate the volume of groundwater to 200 m depth to be >20 times the combined annual flow of the Indus, Brahmaputra and Ganges, and show the water table has been stable or rising across 70% of the aquifer between 2000 and 2012. Groundwater levels are falling in the remaining 30%, amounting to a net annual depletion of 8.0 ± 3.0 km3. Within 60% of the aquifer, access to potable groundwater is restricted by excessive salinity or arsenic. Recent groundwater depletion in northern India and Pakistan has occurred within a longer history of groundwater accumulation from extensive canal leakage. This basin-wide synthesis of in situ groundwater observations provides the spatial detail essential for policy development, and the historical context to help evaluate recent satellite gravity data.

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Figure 1: The location, hydrology and abstraction from the IGB aquifer system.
Figure 2: Groundwater-level variations across the IGB aquifer system.
Figure 3: Annual change in water table estimated from regional data sets and validated with 3429 multi-year records.
Figure 4: Groundwater quality in the IGB aquifer system.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the UK Department for International Development (Groundwater Resources in the Indo-Gangetic Basin, Grant 202125-108); however, the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the UK Government’s official policies. National and regional boundaries shown on the maps are to aid interpretation of the spatial data and do not imply official endorsement of national borders. The paper is published with the permission of the Executive Director of the British Geological Survey (NERC).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. British Geological Survey, Lyell Centre, Research Avenue South, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK

    A. M. MacDonald & H. C. Bonsor

  2. Department of Geology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh

    K. M. Ahmed

  3. Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK

    W. G. Burgess

  4. International Waterlogging and Salinity Research Institute (IWASRI), Water and Power Development Authority, Lahore, Pakistan

    M. Basharat

  5. Overseas Development Institute, 203 Blackfriars Road, London SE1 8NJ, UK

    R. C. Calow & J. Tucker

  6. Institute for Social and Environmental Transition-Nepal, Manasi Marga, Kathmandu Municipality-4, Chandol, PO Box 3971, Kathmandu, Nepal

    A. Dixit & S. K. Yadav

  7. Global Water Partnership, 25 Osberton Road, Summertown, Oxford OX2 7NU, UK

    S. S. D. Foster

  8. National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee—247667, Uttarakhand, India

    K. Gopal & M. S. Rao

  9. British Geological Survey, MacLean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK

    D. J. Lapworth

  10. British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK

    R. M. Lark

  11. Institute for Social and Environmental Transition-International (ISET-International), 948 North Street 7, Boulder, Colorado 80304, USA

    M. Moench

  12. Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India

    A. Mukherjee

  13. Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK

    M. Shamsudduha

  14. Filters for Families, 2844 Depew Street, Wheat Ridge, Colorado 80214, USA

    L. Smith

  15. Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK

    R. G. Taylor

  16. MetaMeta Research, Postelstraat 2, 5211 EA ’s Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands

    F. van Steenbergen

Authors
  1. A. M. MacDonald
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Contributions

A.M.M. developed the transboundary maps and prepared the first draft of the manuscript, H.C.B. prepared the times series data set and developed maps. K.M.A., W.G.B., R.G.T. and M.S. developed data sets and interpretation for Bangladesh. L.S., M.M., A.D. and S.K.Y. developed data sets and interpretation for Nepal. F.v.S., M.B. and S.S.D.F. developed data sets and interpretation for Pakistan. K.G., M.S.R., A.M. and D.J.L. developed data sets and interpretation for India. R.C.C. and J.T. developed the first draft of the groundwater abstraction data set for comment. R.M.L. undertook statistical analysis. All edited and contributed to final manuscript.

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Correspondence to A. M. MacDonald.

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MacDonald, A., Bonsor, H., Ahmed, K. et al. Groundwater quality and depletion in the Indo-Gangetic Basin mapped from in situ observations. Nature Geosci 9, 762–766 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2791

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