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Anomalously fast convergence of India and Eurasia caused by double subduction

Nature Geoscience volume 8, pages 475–478 (2015)Cite this article

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Abstract

Before its collision with Eurasia1,2,3,4,5, the Indian Plate moved rapidly, at rates exceeding 140 mm yr−1 for a period of 20 million years1,3,4,5,6,7. This motion is 50 to 100% faster than the maximum sustained rate of convergence of the main tectonic plates today8. The cause of such high rates of convergence is unclear and not reproduced by numerical models9,10. Here we show that existing geological data11,12 support the existence of two, almost parallel, northward dipping subduction zones between the Indian and Eurasian plates, during the Early Cretaceous period. We use a quantitative model to show that the combined pull of two subducting slabs can generate anomalously rapid convergence between India and Eurasia. Furthermore, in our simulations a reduction in length of the southern subduction system, from about 10,000 to 3,000 km between 90 and 80 million years ago, reduced the viscous pressure between the subducting slabs and created a threefold increase in plate convergence rate between 80 and 65 million years ago. Rapid convergence ended 50 million years ago, when the Indian Plate collided with the southern subduction system. Collision of India with Eurasia and the northern subduction system had little effect on plate convergence rates before 40 million years ago. We conclude that the number and geometry of subduction systems has a strong influence on plate migration rates.

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Figure 1: Present day remnants of two subduction zones, and plate tectonic reconstructions for 90–40 Myr.
Figure 2: Cross-sections of double subduction in the Tethys region.
Figure 3: Observed and model rates of India–Eurasia convergence.

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Acknowledgements

We thank P. Molnar, A. Copley and S. Cande for providing plate reconstructions, rotation poles and velocity data for India–Eurasia and for the Southeast Indian Ridge.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01890, USA

    Oliver Jagoutz & Leigh Royden

  2. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA

    Adam F. Holt & Thorsten W. Becker

Authors
  1. Oliver Jagoutz
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  2. Leigh Royden
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  3. Adam F. Holt
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Contributions

O.J. and L.R. designed the project. L.R. and O.J. compiled the geology. L.R., A.F.H. and T.W.B. conducted the modelling. All authors contributed to analysing the results and writing the paper.

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Correspondence to Oliver Jagoutz.

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The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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Jagoutz, O., Royden, L., Holt, A. et al. Anomalously fast convergence of India and Eurasia caused by double subduction. Nature Geosci 8, 475–478 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2418

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