Abstract
Technologies for whole–genome RNA expression studies are becoming increasingly reliable and accessible. However, universal standards to make the data more suitable for comparative analysis and for inter–operability with other information resources have yet to emerge. Improved access to large electronic data sets, reliable and consistent annotation and effective tools for 'data mining' are critical. Analysis methods that exploit large data warehouses of gene expression experiments will be necessary to realize the full potential of this technology.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$209.00 per year
only $17.42 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on SpringerLink
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chuang, S.E., Daniels, D.L. & Blattner, F.R. Global regulation of gene expression in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 175, 2026– 2036 (1993).
Gress, T.M., Hoheisel, J.D., Lennon, G.G., Zehetner, G. & Lehrach, H. Hybridization fingerprinting of high–density cDNA–library arrays with cDNA pools derived from whole tissues. Mamm. Genome. 3, 609– 619 (1992).
Schena, M., Shalon, D., Davis, R.W. & Brown, P.O. Quantitative monitoring of gene expression patterns with a complementary DNA microarray. Science 270, 467–470 ( 1995).
Lockhart, D.J. et al. Expression monitoring by hybridization to high–density oligonucleotide arrays. Nature Biotechnol. 14, 1675–1680 (1996).
Velculescu, V.E., Zhang, L., Vogelstein, B. & Kinzler, K.W. Serial analysis of gene expression. Science 270, 484–487 (1995).
Ermolaeva, O. et al. Data management and analysis for gene expression arrays. Nature Genet. 20, 19–23 (1998).
Duggan, D.J., Bittner, M., Chen, Y., Meltzer, P. & Trent, J. Expression profiling using cDNA microarrays. Nature Genet. 21, 10–14 (1999).
Cheung, V.G. et al. Making and reading microarrays. Nature Genet. 21, 15–19 (1999).
Chen, Y., Dougherty, E.R. & Bittner, M.L. Ratio–based decisions and the quantitative analysis of cDNA microarray images. Biomed. Optics 2, 364–374 (1997).
Ewing, B. & Green, P. Base–calling of automated sequencer traces using phred. II. Error probabilities. Genome Res. 8, 186–194 (1998).
Berry, M.J.A. & Linoff, G. Data Mining Techniques for Marketing, Sales and Customer Support (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1997).
Baxevanis, A. & Ouellette, B.F.F. Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1998).
Brownstein, M.J., Trent, J.M. & Boguski, M.S. Functional genomics. Trends Guide to Bioinformatics (eds Patterson, M. & Handel, M.) 27–29 (Elsevier, Oxford, 1998).
Cole, K.A., Krizman, D.B. & Emmert–Buck, M.R. The genetics of cancer—a 3D model. Nature Genet. 21, 38–41 (1999).
Ouellette, B.F. & Boguski, M.S. Database divisions and homology search files: a guide for the perplexed. Genome Res. 7, 952–955 ( 1997).
Benson, D.A., Boguski, M.S., Lipman, D.J., Ostell, J. & Ouellette, B.F. GenBank. Nucleic Acids Res. 26, 1–7 ( 1998).
Ringwald, M. et al. A database for mouse development. Science 265, 2033–2034 (1994).
Ringwald, M. et al. The mouse gene expression database GXD. Sem. Cell Dev. Biol. 8, 489–497 ( 1997).
Makalowski, W. & Boguski, M.S. Evolutionary parameters of the transcribed mammalian genome: an analysis of 2,820 orthologous rodent and human sequences. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 9407–9412 (1998).
Tatusov, R.L., Koonin, E.V. & Lipman, D.J. A genomic perspective on protein families. Science 278, 631–637 ( 1997).
Brown, P.O. & Botstein, D. Exploring the new world of the genome with DNA microarrays. Nature Genet. 21, 33–37 (1999).
McEntyre, J. Linking up with Entrez. Trends Genet. 14, 39–40 (1998).
Schuler, G.D., Epstein, J.A., Ohkawa, H. & Kans, J.A. Entrez: molecular biology database and retrieval system. Methods Enzymol. 266, 141–162 ( 1996).
Cho, R.J. et al. A genome–wide transcriptional analysis of the mitotic cell cycle. Mol. Cell. 2, 65– 73 (1998).
Chu, S. et al. The transcriptional program of sporulation in budding yeast. Science 282, 699–705 ( 1998).
DeRisi, J.L., Iyer, V.R. & Brown, P.O. Exploring the metabolic and genetic control of gene expression on a genomic scale. Science 278, 680– 686 (1997).
Roth, F.P., Hughes, J.D., Estep, P.W. & Church, G.M. Finding DNA regulatory motifs within unaligned noncoding sequences clustered by whole–genome mRNA quantitation. Nature Biotechnol. 16, 939–945 (1998).
Velculescu, V.E. et al. Characterization of the yeast transcriptome. Cell 88, 243–251 ( 1997).
Kanehisa, M. Databases of biological information. Trends Guide to Bioinformatics (eds Patterson, M. & Handel, M.) 24–26 (Elsevier, Oxford, 1998).
Carr, D.B., Somogyi, R. & Michaels, G. Templates for looking at gene expression clustering. Statistical Computing and Graphics Newsletter 8, 20–29 (1997).
Michaels, G.S. et al. Cluster analysis and data visualization of large–scale gene expression data. Pac. Symp. Biocomput. 42– 53 (1998).
Wen, X. et al. Large–scale temporal gene expression mapping of central nervous system development. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 334–339 (1998).
Eisen, M.B., Spellman, P.T., Brown, P.O. & Botstein, D. Cluster analysis and display of genome–wide expression patterns. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA (in press).
Kaufman, L. Finding Groups in Data: An Introduction to Cluster Analysis (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1990).
Spellman, P.T. et al. Comprehensive identification of cell cycle–regulated genes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by microarray hybridization. Mol. Biol. Cell (in press).
Iyer, V.R. et al. The transcriptional program in the response of human fibroblasts to serum. Science (in press).
Marton, M.J. et al. Drug target validation and identification of secondary drug target effects using DNA microarrays. Nature Med. 4 , 1293–1301 (1998).
Acknowledgements
We thank A. Bondarenko, H. Dai, Y. He & R. Stoughton for their significant contributions to this work; and G. Church for valuable suggestions on the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bassett, D., Eisen, M. & Boguski, M. Gene expression informatics —it's all in your mine. Nat Genet 21 (Suppl 1), 51–55 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1038/4478
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/4478