Abstract
Using genome-wide data from 253,288 individuals, we identified 697 variants at genome-wide significance that together explained one-fifth of the heritability for adult height. By testing different numbers of variants in independent studies, we show that the most strongly associated ∼2,000, ∼3,700 and ∼9,500 SNPs explained ∼21%, ∼24% and ∼29% of phenotypic variance. Furthermore, all common variants together captured 60% of heritability. The 697 variants clustered in 423 loci were enriched for genes, pathways and tissue types known to be involved in growth and together implicated genes and pathways not highlighted in earlier efforts, such as signaling by fibroblast growth factors, WNT/β-catenin and chondroitin sulfate–related genes. We identified several genes and pathways not previously connected with human skeletal growth, including mTOR, osteoglycin and binding of hyaluronic acid. Our results indicate a genetic architecture for human height that is characterized by a very large but finite number (thousands) of causal variants.
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A saturated map of common genetic variants associated with human height
The limits of normal approximation for adult height
Whole-genome sequencing in 333,100 individuals reveals rare non-coding single variant and aggregate associations with height
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Acknowledgements
A full list of acknowledgments appears in the Supplementary Note.
Author information
Andrew R Wood, Tonu Esko, Jian Yang, Sailaja Vedantam, Tune H Pers, Stefan Gustafsson and Michael E Goddard: These authors contributed equally to this work.
Goncalo R Abecasis, Daniel I Chasman, Michael E Goddard, Peter M Visscher, Joel N Hirschhorn and Timothy M Frayling: These authors jointly directed this work.
Authors and Affiliations
Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
Andrew R Wood, Dorota Pasko, Michael N Weedon & Timothy M Frayling
Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
Tonu Esko, Reedik Mägi, Evelin Mihailov, Krista Fischer, Toomas Haller, Lili Milani, Andrew P Morris, Mari Nelis, Markus Perola, Eva Reinmaa & Andres Metspalu
Division of Endocrinology, Genetics and Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Tonu Esko, Sailaja Vedantam, Tune H Pers, Cameron D Palmer & Joel N Hirschhorn
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Tonu Esko, Sailaja Vedantam, Tune H Pers, Karol Estrada, Cameron D Palmer, Cecilia M Lindgren, Alkes L Price & Joel N Hirschhorn
Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Tonu Esko, Tune H Pers & Joel N Hirschhorn
Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Jian Yang, Anna A E Vinkhuyzen, Gibran Hemani, Joseph E Powell & Peter M Visscher
University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translation Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Jian Yang, Gibran Hemani, Joseph E Powell & Peter M Visscher
Department of Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
Tune H Pers
Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Stefan Gustafsson, Tove Fall, Johan Ärnlöv, Ann-Christine Syvänen & Erik Ingelsson
Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Stefan Gustafsson, Tove Fall, Johan Ärnlöv & Erik Ingelsson
Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Audrey Y Chu, Lynda M Rose, Paul M Ridker & Daniel I Chasman
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Karol Estrada, Carolina Medina-Gomez, Suzanne van Dijk, Nathalie van der Velde, Fernando Rivadeneira & André G Uitterlinden
Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Karol Estrada & Stephan Ripke
Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Jian'an Luan, Felix R Day, Jing Hua Zhao, Robert A Scott, Nita G Forouhi, Claudia Langenberg, Ken K Ong, Nicholas J Wareham & Ruth J F Loos
Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
Zoltán Kutalik
Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
Zoltán Kutalik, Sven Bergmann & Jacques S Beckmann
Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Zoltán Kutalik, Sven Bergmann & Jacques S Beckmann
Department of Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Najaf Amin, Ayse Demirkan, Aaron Isaacs, Ben A Oostra & Cornelia M van Duijn
Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
Martin L Buchkovich, Damien C Croteau-Chonka & Karen L Mohlke
Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Damien C Croteau-Chonka, Lu Qi & David J Hunter
Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Yanan Duan
Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Tove Fall, Henrik Grönberg, Per Hall, Patrik K E Magnusson & Nancy L Pedersen
Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
Rudolf Fehrmann, Juha Karjalainen, Harm-Jan Westra, Joanna Smolonska, Morris A Swertz, Pim van der Harst & Lude Franke
Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Teresa Ferreira, Reedik Mägi, Joshua C Randall, Anuj Goel, Inga Prokopenko, Thorhildur Juliusdottir, Anubha Mahajan, Nigel W Rayner, Neil R Robertson, Martin Farrall, Andrew P Morris, Hugh Watkins, Cecilia M Lindgren, Mark I McCarthy & Erik Ingelsson
Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Anne U Jackson, Adam E Locke, Heather M Stringham, Michael Boehnke & Goncalo R Abecasis
Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Ken Sin Lo, Jean-Claude Tardif & Guillaume Lettre
Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
Evelin Mihailov & Andres Metspalu
Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
Eleonora Porcu & Serena Sanna
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
Joshua C Randall, Nigel W Rayner, Kathleen Stirrups, Panos Deloukas & Inês Barroso
Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
André Scherag, Sonali Pechlivanis & Susanne Moebus
Clinical Epidemiology, Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
André Scherag
Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
Thomas W Winkler & Iris M Heid
Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Tsegaselassie Workalemahu, Lu Qi, Paul W Franks & David J Hunter
HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
Devin Absher & Lindsay L Waite
Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
Eva Albrecht, Janina S Ried, Harald Grallert, Martina Müller-Nurasyid, Christian Gieger, Konstantin Strauch & Iris M Heid
Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Denise Anderson & Matthew Cooper
Section on Growth and Development, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Jeffrey Baron & Julian C Lui
Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Marian Beekman, Joris Deelen, Quinta Helmer, Jeanine J Houwing-Duistermaat, Diana van Heemst & P Eline Slagboom
Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Marian Beekman, Joris Deelen & P Eline Slagboom
Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Ayse Demirkan
Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Georg B Ehret & Aravinda Chakravarti
Department of Specialties of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
Georg B Ehret
Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
Bjarke Feenstra, Heather A Boyd, Frank Geller & Mads Melbye
Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Mary F Feitosa, E Warwick Daw, Mary K Wojczynski, Qunyuan Zhang, Aldi T Kraja, D C Rao & Ingrid B Borecki
Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Ross M Fraser, Jennifer L Bolton, Stela McLachlan, Harry Campbell, Jackie F Price, Igor Rudan & James F Wilson
Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Anuj Goel, Martin Farrall & Hugh Watkins
Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
Jian Gong, Jeffrey Haessler, Charles Kooperberg & Ulrike Peters
Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
Anne E Justice, Keri L Monda & Kari E North
William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
Stavroula Kanoni, Kathleen Stirrups & Panos Deloukas
Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Department of Internal Medicine II, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
Marcus E Kleber
National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
Unhee Lim, Lynne R Wilkens & Loic Le Marchand
Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
Vaneet Lotay, Janina Jeff, Yingchang Lu, Omri Gottesman, Erwin P Bottinger & Ruth J F Loos
Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
Massimo Mangino, Cristina Menni, Alireza Moayyeri & Tim D Spector
Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
Irene Mateo Leach, Hans L Hillege, Niek Verweij & Pim van der Harst
Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Carolina Medina-Gomez, Albert Hofman, Manfred Kayser, Fernando Rivadeneira, André G Uitterlinden & Cornelia M van Duijn
Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Carolina Medina-Gomez, Albert Hofman, Fernando Rivadeneira, André G Uitterlinden & Cornelia M van Duijn
Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Michael A Nalls
QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Dale R Nyholt, Anjali K Henders, Grant W Montgomery & Nicholas G Martin
Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Inga Prokopenko, Amy Barrett, Amanda J Bennett, Christopher J Groves, Nigel W Rayner, Neil R Robertson & Mark I McCarthy
Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
Inga Prokopenko & Philippe Froguel
Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Stephan Ripke
Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
Dmitry Shungin, Frida Renstrom & Paul W Franks
Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
Dmitry Shungin & Paul W Franks
Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
Dmitry Shungin
Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
Alena Stancáková
Department of Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Rona J Strawbridge, Lasse Folkersen & Anders Hamsten
Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Yun Ju Sung, D C Rao & Treva K Rice
Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Toshiko Tanaka & Luigi Ferrucci
Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Alexander Teumer
Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Stella Trompet & J Wouter Jukema
Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Stella Trompet & Diana van Heemst
Division of Heart and Lungs, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Sander W van der Laan, Hester M den Ruijter & Gerard Pasterkamp
Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Jessica van Setten & Paul I W de Bakker
Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
Jana V Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung–German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Zhaoming Wang, Marcus Dörr, Wolfgang Hoffmann, Matthias Nauck & Henry Völzke
Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Zhaoming Wang, Anke Hannemann & Matthias Nauck
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Zhaoming Wang, Kevin B Jacobs, Stephen J Chanock & Sonja I Berndt
Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
Zhaoming Wang & Kevin B Jacobs
CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France
Loïc Yengo, Elodie Eury, Stéphane Lobbens, Stéphane Cauchi & Philippe Froguel
European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
Loïc Yengo, Elodie Eury, Stéphane Lobbens, Stéphane Cauchi & Philippe Froguel
Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
Loïc Yengo, Elodie Eury, Stéphane Lobbens, Stéphane Cauchi & Philippe Froguel
Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK
Weihua Zhang, Uzma Afzal, Laticia Oozageer, Joban Sehmi, Jaspal S Kooner & John C Chambers
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
Weihua Zhang, Uzma Afzal, Joban Sehmi, Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin & John C Chambers
School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
Johan Ärnlöv
PathWest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
Gillian M Arscott, John Beilby & Jennie Hui
Geriatric Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Firenze (ASF), Florence, Italy
Stefania Bandinelli
Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
Claire Bellis & John Blangero
Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Christian Berne
Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Matthias Blüher, Yvonne Böttcher, Peter Kovacs, Anke Tönjes & Michael Stumvoll
Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Matthias Blüher, Peter Kovacs, Anke Tönjes & Michael Stumvoll
LifeLines, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
Marcel Bruinenberg
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
Brendan M Buckley
Department of Statistics and Biostatistics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersy, USA
Steven Buyske
Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
Steven Buyske & Tara C Matise
Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Ida H Caspersen & Berit Johansen
Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Peter S Chines, Mario A Morken, Narisu Narisu & Francis S Collins
Nuffield Department of Population Health, Clinical Trial Service Unit, Epidemiological Studies Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Robert Clarke & Rory Collins
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
Simone Claudi-Boehm, Sigrun Merger & Bernhard O Boehm
Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Pim A De Jong
Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
Josh C Denny
Department of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Rosalie Dhonukshe-Rutten & Lisette C P G M de Groot
Department of Dietetics–Nutrition, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
Maria Dimitriou & George Dedoussis
Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
Alex S F Doney, Andrew D Morris & Colin N A Palmer
Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Marcus Dörr
Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Niina Eklund, Jaakko Kaprio, Leif C Groop & Markus Perola
Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Melissa E Garcia & Tamara B Harris
Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Vilmantas Giedraitis
Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California, USA
Alan S Go
Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
Harald Grallert, Thomas Illig, Norman Klopp, Melanie Waldenberger & Annette Peters
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
Harald Grallert
Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Jürgen Gräßler, Stefan R Bornstein & Peter E H Schwarz
Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
Goran Hallmans
Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
Catharina A Hartman & Albertine J Oldehinkel
Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
Maija Hassinen, Timo A Lakka & Rainer Rauramaa
MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
Caroline Hayward & Alan F Wright
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
Nancy L Heard-Costa, L Adrienne Cupples & Caroline S Fox
Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Nancy L Heard-Costa
Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Quinta Helmer & Jeanine J Houwing-Duistermaat
Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Quinta Helmer
Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
Hans L Hillege, Ilja M Nolte, Salome Scholtens, Joanna Smolonska, Judith M Vonk, Ronald P Stolk & Harold Snieder
Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
Mark A Hlatky, Themistocles L Assimes, Mads Melbye & Thomas Quertermous
Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Wolfgang Hoffmann & Henry Völzke
Department of Biomedicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Per Hoffmann
Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Per Hoffmann & Markus M Nöthen
Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Per Hoffmann & Markus M Nöthen
Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Oddgeir Holmen & Kristian Hveem
Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
Thomas Illig & Norman Klopp
Center for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, the Netherlands
Aaron Isaacs, Ben A Oostra & Cornelia M van Duijn
Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
Alan L James
School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
Alan L James
Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, SciLifeLab, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Åsa Johansson & Ulf Gyllensten
Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Jennifer Jolley & Willem H Ouwehand
NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
Jennifer Jolley & Willem H Ouwehand
Department of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Juhani Junttila
Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Abel N Kho & M Geoffrey Hayes
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Unit of Periodontology, Periodontology and Endodontology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Thomas Kocher
Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
Wolfgang Kratzer & Thomas Seufferlein
Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
Peter Lichtner
Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Lars Lind & Johan Sundström
Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Mattias Lorentzon & Claes Ohlsson
Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
Yingchang Lu & Ruth J F Loos
Steno Diabetes Center A/S, Gentofte, Denmark
Valeriya Lyssenko
Department of Medicine, Service of Nephrology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
Marc Maillard
School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Wendy L McArdle
Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
Colin A McKenzie & Terrence Forrester
Department of Life Sciences, Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Paul J McLaren
Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Paul J McLaren
Center for Observational Research, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
Keri L Monda
Center for Evidence-Based Healthcare, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Gabriele Müller
Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Großhadern, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany
Martina Müller-Nurasyid
Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Neuherberg, Germany
Martina Müller-Nurasyid & Konstantin Strauch
DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen–German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
Martina Müller-Nurasyid, Heribert Schunkert, Christian Hengstenberg, Thomas Meitinger & Annette Peters
Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
Arthur W Musk
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine (EMGO) Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Stefan Pilz & Natasja M van Schoor
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
Stefan Pilz
Diabetology-Endocrinology-Nutrition, Public Hospital System of the City of Paris (AP-HP), Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
Ronan Roussel
INSERM U872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
Ronan Roussel
Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
Ronan Roussel
Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
Hubert Scharnagl & Winfried März
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
Fredrick R Schumacher & Christopher A Haiman
Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
Heribert Schunkert & Christian Hengstenberg
National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Jianxin Shi
Department of Sociology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Karri Silventoinen
EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Johannes H Smit
Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Johannes H Smit
Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
Albert Vernon Smith & Vilmundur Gudnason
University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Albert Vernon Smith & Vilmundur Gudnason
Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
Alice V Stanton
Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
David J Stott
Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Ann-Christine Syvänen
Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
Bamidele O Tayo & Richard S Cooper
deCODE Genetics, Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
Gudmar Thorleifsson, Valgerdur Steinthorsdottir, Unnur Thorsteinsdottir & Kari Stefansson
Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Jonathan P Tyrer
Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Nathalie van der Velde
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Floor V A van Oort
Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
Sita H Vermeulen & Lambertus A Kiemeney
Department of Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
Sita H Vermeulen
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
Roman Wennauer
DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen–German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg-Lubeck-Kiel, Lubeck, Germany
Christina Willenborg & Jeanette Erdmann
Institut für Integrative und Experimentelle Genomik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
Christina Willenborg & Jeanette Erdmann
Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
Tom Wilsgaard & Inger Njølstad
MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London, UK
Andrew Wong, Ken K Ong & Diana Kuh
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Strasbourg, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg, France
Dominique Arveiler
Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
Stephan J L Bakker & Ron T Gansevoort
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
John Beilby & Jennie Hui
Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
Richard N Bergman
Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Gerostomatology and Dental Materials, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Reiner Biffar
Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Dorret I Boomsma
Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Pascal Bovet & Murielle Bochud
Ministry of Health, Victoria, Republic of Seychelles
Pascal Bovet & Murielle Bochud
Department of Health Sciences, Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of Desio, University of Milano, Bicocca, Italy
Paolo Brambilla
Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Morris J Brown
Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
Mark J Caulfield & Patricia B Munroe
Barts and The London Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
Mark J Caulfield & Patricia B Munroe
Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
Dana C Crawford
Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
Dana C Crawford
Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
L Adrienne Cupples
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
John Danesh & Danish Saleheen
Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Ulf de Faire
Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Hester M den Ruijter
Clinic of Cardiology, West German Heart Centre, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
Raimund Erbel
Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Johan G Eriksson
Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
Johan G Eriksson
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Ele Ferrannini
National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Clinical Physiology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Ele Ferrannini
Department of Cardiology, Toulouse University School of Medicine, Rangueil Hospital, Toulouse, France
Jean Ferrières
Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Ian Ford
NorthShore University HealthSystem, University of Chicago, Evanston, Illinois, USA
Pablo V Gejman
Service of Therapeutic Education for Diabetes, Obesity and Chronic Diseases, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
Alain Golay
Department of Medicine, Pharmacology, Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
David W Haas
Leeds MRC Medical Bioinformatics Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Alistair S Hall
Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
Andrew T Hattersley
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Andrew C Heath, Pamela A F Madden, D C Rao & Treva K Rice
Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen, Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy (affiliated institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany).,
Andrew A Hicks & Peter P Pramstaller
Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Lucia A Hindorff
Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
Aroon D Hingorani & Folkert W Asselbergs
Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
G Kees Hovingh & John J P Kastelein
Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, UK
Steve E Humphries
Cardiovascular Genetics Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
Steven C Hunt
School of Population Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Elina Hypponen & Jennie Hui
Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Elina Hypponen & Jennie Hui
South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Elina Hypponen
Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
Elina Hypponen & Chris Power
National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin & Sylvain Sebert
Hjelt Institute Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Jaakko Kaprio
Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Manfred Kayser
UK Clinical Research Collaboration Centre of Excellence for Public Health (Northern Ireland), Queens University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
Frank Kee
Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Sirkka M Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi
Unit of General Practice, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
Sirkka M Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi
Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
Lambertus A Kiemeney
Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Jaspal S Kooner & John C Chambers
National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
Jaspal S Kooner
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
Meena Kumari, Claudia Langenberg & Mika Kivimaki
Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
Johanna Kuusisto & Markku Laakso
Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland
Timo A Lakka
Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
Timo A Lakka & Rainer Rauramaa
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
Terho Lehtimäki
Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
Sara Lupoli
Fondazione Filarete, Milan, Italy
Sara Lupoli
Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
Paolo Manunta
Università Vita–Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
Paolo Manunta
Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
André Marette
Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
André Marette, Marie-Claude Vohl & Louis Pérusse
Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
Barbara McKnight
Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Frans L Moll
Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
Andrew P Morris
Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
Jeffrey C Murray
Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
Annette Peters
Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
Peter P Pramstaller
Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
Olli T Raitakari
Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Olli T Raitakari
Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
Tuomo Rankinen, Mark A Sarzynski & Claude Bouchard
Center for Systems Genomics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
Marylyn Ritchie
Croatian Centre for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
Igor Rudan
Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
Nilesh J Samani
National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
Nilesh J Samani
South Carelia Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, Finland
Jouko Saramies
Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Dresden, Germany
Peter E H Schwarz
International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
Peter Sever
Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Alan R Shuldiner & Jeffrey R O'Connell
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Alan R Shuldiner & Jeffrey R O'Connell
Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Vetrans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Alan R Shuldiner
Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
Juha Sinisalo
Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Jean-Claude Tardif & Guillaume Lettre
Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
Angelo Tremblay & Louis Pérusse
Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano and Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
Elena Tremoli
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
Marie-Claude Vohl
Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U744, Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
Philippe Amouyel
Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Folkert W Asselbergs
Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands–Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Folkert W Asselbergs, J Wouter Jukema & Pim van der Harst
Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Imperial College London and Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Bernhard O Boehm
Health Science Center at Houston, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
Eric Boerwinkle
Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Paul I W de Bakker
Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Paul I W de Bakker
Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Leif C Groop
Department of Clinical Science, Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Leif C Groop
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
David J Hunter & Alkes L Price
Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN), Utrecht, the Netherlands
J Wouter Jukema
Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Belfer, New York, USA
Robert C Kaplan
Division of Public Health Sciences, Center for Human Genetics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
Yongmei Liu
Synlab Academy, Synlab Services, Mannheim, Germany
Winfried März
Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Ben A Oostra
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Paul M Ridker & Daniel I Chasman
Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor–University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
Jerome I Rotter
Finnish Diabetes Association, Tampere, Finland
Timo E Saaristo
Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
Timo E Saaristo
Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karatchi, Pakistan
Danish Saleheen
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Danish Saleheen
Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
David Schlessinger
Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Hospital Universario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
Jaakko Tuomilehto
Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Jaakko Tuomilehto
Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
Jaakko Tuomilehto
Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
Matti Uusitupa
Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
Matti Uusitupa
Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
Mark Walker
Chair of Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany
H-Erich Wichmann
Klinikum Großhadern, Munich, Germany
H-Erich Wichmann
Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
H-Erich Wichmann
Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Pieter Zanen
King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Panos Deloukas
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Elizabeth K Speliotes
Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Elizabeth K Speliotes & Cristen J Willer
Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Unnur Thorsteinsdottir & Kari Stefansson
University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Inês Barroso
NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Inês Barroso
Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
Kari E North
Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's, University of London, London, UK
David P Strachan
Service of Medical Genetics, CHUV University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
Jacques S Beckmann
Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
Mark I McCarthy
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Cristen J Willer
Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Cristen J Willer
Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Alkes L Price
Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
Ruth J F Loos
Biosciences Research Division, Department of Primary Industries, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Michael E Goddard
Department of Food and Agricultural Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Michael E Goddard
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