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Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs

Nature Genetics volume 45, pages 984–994 (2013)Cite this article

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Abstract

Most psychiatric disorders are moderately to highly heritable. The degree to which genetic variation is unique to individual disorders or shared across disorders is unclear. To examine shared genetic etiology, we use genome-wide genotype data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) for cases and controls in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We apply univariate and bivariate methods for the estimation of genetic variation within and covariation between disorders. SNPs explained 17–29% of the variance in liability. The genetic correlation calculated using common SNPs was high between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (0.68 ± 0.04 s.e.), moderate between schizophrenia and major depressive disorder (0.43 ± 0.06 s.e.), bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder (0.47 ± 0.06 s.e.), and ADHD and major depressive disorder (0.32 ± 0.07 s.e.), low between schizophrenia and ASD (0.16 ± 0.06 s.e.) and non-significant for other pairs of disorders as well as between psychiatric disorders and the negative control of Crohn's disease. This empirical evidence of shared genetic etiology for psychiatric disorders can inform nosology and encourages the investigation of common pathophysiologies for related disorders.

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Figure 1: Evidence for genome-wide pleiotropy between psychiatric disorders.
Figure 2: Genomic partitioning of SNP-based heritability and SNP-based coheritability by annotation.
Figure 3: SNP-based heritabilities and coheritabilities.

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Acknowledgements

This research was directly supported by the Australian Research Council (FT0991360 and DE130100614) and the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (613608, 1011506 and 1047956). The PGC Cross-Disorder Group is supported by National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) grant U01 MH085520. Statistical analyses were carried out on the Genetic Cluster Computer (see URLs), which is financially supported by the Netherlands Scientific Organization (NOW; 480-05-003; principal investigator D.P.) along with a supplement from the Dutch Brain Foundation and VU University. Numerous (>100) grants from government agencies along with substantial private and foundation support worldwide enabled the collection of phenotype and genotype data, without which this research would not be possible; grant numbers are listed in primary PGC publications or in the Supplementary Note.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Edward G Jones and Walter J Muir: Deceased.

  2. Kenneth S Kendler and Naomi R Wray: These authors contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

    S Hong Lee, Bryan J Mowry, Enda M Byrne, Peter M Visscher & Naomi R Wray

  2. Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Stephan Ripke, Benjamin M Neale, Shaun M Purcell, Verneri Anttila, Soumya Raychaudhuri & Mark J Daly

  3. Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

    Stephan Ripke, Benjamin M Neale, Shaun M Purcell, Roy H Perlis, Sarah E Bergen, Kimberly Chambert, Steven A McCarroll, Jennifer L Moran, Colm O'Dushlaine, Soumya Raychaudhuri, Lizzy Rossin, Edward Scolnick, Mark J Daly & Jordan W Smoller

  4. Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA

    Stephen V Faraone

  5. Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA

    Stephen V Faraone

  6. Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

    Shaun M Purcell, Douglas Ruderfer & Pamela Sklar

  7. Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Roy H Perlis, Sarah E Bergen, Phil H Lee & Jordan W Smoller

  8. Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Queensland, Australia

    Bryan J Mowry

  9. Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK

    Anita Thapar, Christine Fraser, Lyudmila Georgieva, Katherine Gordon-Smith, Detelina Grozeva, Marian L Hamshere, Peter A Holmans, Ian Jones, George K Kirov, Valentina Moskvina, Ivan Nikolov, Michael J Owen, Nigel Williams, Stanley Zammit, Michael C O'Donovan & Nicholas Craddock

  10. Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK

    Anita Thapar, Christine Fraser, Lyudmila Georgieva, Ian Jones, George K Kirov, Ivan Nikolov, Michael J Owen, Nigel Williams, Stanley Zammit, Michael C O'Donovan & Nicholas Craddock

  11. Biosciences Research Division, Department of Environment and Primary Industries Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Michael E Goddard

  12. Faculty of Land and Environment, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Michael E Goddard

  13. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA

    John S Witte

  14. HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA

    Devin Absher & Richard M Myers

  15. KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

    Ingrid Agartz, Ole A Andreassen, Srdjan Djurovic, Morten Mattingsdal & Ingrid Melle

  16. Department of Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway

    Ingrid Agartz

  17. Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    Huda Akil, Fan Meng, Robert C Thompson & Stanley J Watson

  18. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

    Farooq Amin

  19. Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

    Ole A Andreassen & Ingrid Melle

  20. Mental Health Sciences Unit, University College London, London, UK

    Adebayo Anjorin, Nicholas Bass, Khalid Choudhury, Hugh Gurling, Radhika Kandaswamy, Robert Krasucki, Jacob Lawrence, Andrew McQuillin, Jonathan Pimm & Vinay Puri

  21. Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

    Richard Anney, Paul Cormican, Aiden Corvin, Gary J Donohoe, Louise Gallagher, Michael Gill, Elaine Kenny, Derek W Morris & Emma M Quinn

  22. McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Dan E Arking & Aravinda Chakravarti

  23. MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, The Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK

    Philip Asherson, Gerome Breen, David A Collier, Ian W Craig, Anne E Farmer, Jonna Kuntsi, Cathryn M Lewis & Peter McGuffin

  24. Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

    Maria H Azevedo & Guiomar Oliveira

  25. Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    Lena Backlund, Louise Frisén, Urban Osby & Martin Schalling

  26. Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Judith A Badner & Elliot S Gershon

  27. Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

    Anthony J Bailey

  28. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany

    Tobias Banaschewski

  29. Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA

    Jack D Barchas

  30. GlaxoSmithKline, London, UK

    Michael R Barnes

  31. Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA

    Thomas B Barrett

  32. Stella Maris Institute for Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy

    Agatino Battaglia

  33. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden, Germany

    Michael Bauer

  34. Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG), Parc Científic de Barcelona (PCB), Barcelona, Spain

    Mònica Bayés

  35. Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France

    Frank Bellivier, Bruno Etain, Stéphane Jamain & Marion Leboyer

  36. Université Denis Diderot, Paris, France

    Frank Bellivier

  37. Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis, Lariboisiere, F Widal, Departement de Psychiatrie, Paris, France

    Frank Bellivier

  38. ENBREC (European Network of Bipolar Research Expert Centres) Group, Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France

    Frank Bellivier, Bruno Etain, Stéphane Jamain & Marion Leboyer

  39. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    Sarah E Bergen, Christina M Hultman, Anna K Kähler, Mikael Landén, Niklas Långström, Paul Lichtenstein & Patrik K E Magnusson

  40. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Wade Berrettini, Josephine Elia & Falk W Lohoff

  41. INSERM U952, Paris, France

    Catalina Betancur

  42. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7224, Paris, France

    Catalina Betancur

  43. Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France

    Catalina Betancur

  44. Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany

    Thomas Bettecken, Elisabeth B Binder, Darina Czamara, Florian Holsboer, Marcus Ising, Martin A Kohli, Susanne Lucae, Bertram Müller-Myhsok & Manfred Uhr

  45. Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Joseph Biederman

  46. Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

    Donald W Black, William H Coryell, James B Potash & Thomas H Wassink

  47. Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK

    Douglas H R Blackwood, Donald J MacIntyre, Kevin A McGhee, Andrew McIntosh, Alan W McLean, Walter J Muir & Benjamin S Pickard

  48. The Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, California, USA

    Cinnamon S Bloss, Nicholas J Schork & Erin N Smith

  49. Scripps Health, La Jolla, California, USA

    Cinnamon S Bloss

  50. Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    Michael Boehnke, Matthew Flickinger, Weihua Guan, Phoenix Kwan, Laura J Scott, Peng Zhang & Sebastian Zöllner

  51. Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    Michael Boehnke, Matthew Flickinger, Weihua Guan, Phoenix Kwan, Laura J Scott, Peng Zhang & Sebastian Zöllner

  52. Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Dorret I Boomsma, Eco J De Geus, Jouke-Jan Hottenga, Christel M Middeldorp & Gonneke Willemsen

  53. EMGO+ (ExtraMuraalGeneeskundig Onderzoek) Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Dorret I Boomsma, Eco J De Geus, Brenda W Penninx, Johannes H Smit, Gerard Van Grootheest & Gonneke Willemsen

  54. Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Dorret I Boomsma, Eco J De Geus, Jouke-Jan Hottenga, Christel M Middeldorp & Brenda W Penninx

  55. National Institute of Heath Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, South London, London, UK

    Gerome Breen

  56. Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Trust and Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK

    Gerome Breen

  57. Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany

    René Breuer, Josef Frank, Sandra Meier, Marcella Rietschel, Jana Strohmaier, Jens Treutlein & Stephanie H Witt

  58. Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Richard Bruggeman

  59. School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

    Nancy G Buccola

  60. Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Jan K Buitelaar & Barbara Franke

  61. Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, California, USA

    William E Bunney

  62. Department of Psychiatry, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

    Joseph D Buxbaum

  63. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA

    William F Byerley & Steven P Hamilton

  64. NCIRE (Northern California Institute of Q Research and Education), San Francisco, California, USA

    William F Byerley

  65. Department of Psychiatry, Birmingham University, Birmingham, UK

    Sian Caesar, Katherine Gordon-Smith & Lisa Jones

  66. Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Wiepke Cahn & René S Kahn

  67. David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Rita M Cantor

  68. Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en el Area de Salud Mental), Barcelona, Spain

    Miguel Casas, Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga & Marta Ribasés

  69. Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Miguel Casas & Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga

  70. Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

    Sven Cichon, Franziska Degenhardt, Stefan Herms, Thomas W Mühleisen & Markus M Nöthen

  71. Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany

    Sven Cichon

  72. Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

    Sven Cichon, Franziska Degenhardt, Manuel Mattheisen, Thomas W Mühleisen, Markus M Nöthen, Peter Propping & Johannes Schumacher

  73. Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

    Sven Cichon & Stefan Herms

  74. Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

    C Robert Cloninger, Andrew C Heath, Pamela A F Madden, Michele L Pergadia & Alexandre A Todorov

  75. Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Juvenile Research, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Edwin H Cook

  76. Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA

    Hilary Coon & William M McMahon

  77. Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Bru Cormand

  78. Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain

    Bru Cormand

  79. Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain

    Bru Cormand

  80. The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA

    David W Craig & Szabocls Szelinger

  81. Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Jennifer Crosbie & Russell Schachar

  82. John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA

    Michael L Cuccaro & Margaret A Pericak-Vance

  83. East London NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK

    David Curtis

  84. Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany

    Darina Czamara & Bertram Müller-Myhsok

  85. Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK

    Susmita Datta

  86. Autism Speaks, New York, New York, USA

    Geraldine Dawson

  87. Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

    Geraldine Dawson

  88. Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

    Geraldine Dawson & Joseph Piven

  89. Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK

    Richard Day & Keith Matthews

  90. Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

    Srdjan Djurovic

  91. Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Alysa E Doyle

  92. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University Health System and University of Chicago, Evanston, Illinois, USA

    Jubao Duan, Pablo V Gejman & Alan R Sanders

  93. Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK

    Frank Dudbridge

  94. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, JW Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany

    Eftichia Duketis, Christine M Freitag & Fritz Poustka

  95. Psychology Department, National University of Singapore, Singapore

    Richard P Ebstein

  96. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

    Howard J Edenberg

  97. Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

    Howard J Edenberg, Tatiana Foroud, Daniel L Koller & John I Nurnberger

  98. AI Dupont Hospital for Children, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Josephine Elia

  99. School of Medicine, Medical Science University College, Dublin, Ireland

    Sean Ennis

  100. Université Paris Est, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France

    Bruno Etain, Stéphane Jamain & Marion Leboyer

  101. Département de Psychiatrie, AP-HP, Hôpital H Mondor–A Chenevier, Créteil, France

    Bruno Etain, Stéphane Jamain & Marion Leboyer

  102. Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA

    Ayman Fanous

  103. Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA

    Ayman Fanous, Michael C Neale & Kenneth S Kendler

  104. Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

    I Nicol Ferrier, Jeremy R Parr & Allan H Young

  105. Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

    Eric Fombonne

  106. Institute for Development & Disability, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

    Eric Fombonne

  107. Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA

    Robert Freedman & Ann Olincy

  108. Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Nelson B Freimer, Sandra K Loo, Stan F Nelson, Roel A Ophoff & Susan L Smalley

  109. Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany

    Marion Friedl, Ina Giegling, Annette M Hartmann, Bettina Konte & Dan Rujescu

  110. Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Daniel H Geschwind & Jennifer K Lowe

  111. Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Daniel H Geschwind & Jennifer K Lowe

  112. Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

    Scott D Gordon, Anjali K Henders, Nicholas G Martin, Sarah E Medland, Grant W Montgomery & Dale R Nyholt

  113. Department of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK

    Elaine K Green

  114. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

    Tiffany A Greenwood, Rebecca McKinney, Caroline M Nievergelt, Paul D Shilling & John R Kelsoe

  115. Division of Tics, OCD and Related Disorders, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

    Dorothy E Grice

  116. Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

    Dorothy E Grice & Jeremy M Silverman

  117. Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

    Magdalena Gross, Susanne Hoefels & Wolfgang Maier

  118. Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

    Weihua Guan

  119. Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Lieuwe De Haan

  120. Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA

    Jonathan L Haines

  121. Division of Human Genetics, The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Hakon Hakonarson

  122. Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Hakon Hakonarson

  123. Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

    Joachim Hallmayer

  124. Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

    Marian L Hamshere, Peter A Holmans & Valentina Moskvina

  125. Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark

    Thomas F Hansen, Andrés Ingason, Line Olsen, Henrik B Rasmussen & Thomas Werge

  126. The Lundbeck Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Roskilde, Denmark

    Thomas F Hansen, Andrés Ingason, Manuel Mattheisen, Line Olsen, Henrik B Rasmussen & Thomas Werge

  127. Department of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

    Martin Hautzinger

  128. Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Ian B Hickie

  129. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA

    Maria Hipolito, William B Lawson & Evaristus A Nwulia

  130. Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Witte J Hoogendijk

  131. Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    Vanessa Hus

  132. Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA

    Edward G Jones

  133. Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

    Jung-Ying Tzeng

  134. Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

    Matthew C Keller

  135. Psychiatric Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    James L Kennedy

  136. School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK

    Lindsey Kent

  137. Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

    Yunjung Kim & Patrick F Sullivan

  138. Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany

    Sabine M Klauck

  139. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

    Lambertus Klei & Bernie Devlin

  140. Department of Psychiatry, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA

    James A Knowles, Helena Medeiros, Carlos N Pato & Michele T Pato

  141. Wolfson Institute of Preventitive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

    Ania Korszun

  142. Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Lydia Krabbendam, Inez Myin-Germeys & Jim Van Os

  143. Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

    Mikael Landén

  144. Centre National de Genotypage, Evry, France

    Mark Lathrop

  145. Geisinger Health System, Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA

    David H Ledbetter & Christa L Martin

  146. Department of Psychiatry, Division of Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital Division of the North Shore, Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, New York, USA

    Todd Lencz & Anil K Malhotra

  147. Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute of Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA

    Todd Lencz & Anil K Malhotra

  148. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, USA

    Todd Lencz & Anil K Malhotra

  149. Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, ADHD Clinical Research Unit, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

    Klaus-Peter Lesch

  150. Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHENS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Klaus-Peter Lesch

  151. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

    Douglas F Levinson

  152. Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    Jun Li

  153. New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA

    Jeffrey A Lieberman & Patrick J McGrath

  154. Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

    Dan-Yu Lin

  155. Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Don H Linszen

  156. Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Chunyu Liu

  157. Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Sandra K Loo & Susan L Smalley

  158. Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Weill Cornell Medical College, White Plains, New York, USA

    Catherine Lord

  159. Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    Elena Maestrini

  160. Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Pamela B Mahon & Thomas G Schulze

  161. Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Orange, Connecticut, USA.,

    Shrikant M Mane

  162. Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

    Manuel Mattheisen

  163. Department of Genomic Mathematics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

    Manuel Mattheisen

  164. Sørlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway

    Morten Mattingsdal

  165. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

    James J McGough

  166. Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    Melvin G McInnis, Peng Zhang & Sebastian Zöllner

  167. Molecular Medicine Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

    Andrew McIntosh, Alan W McLean, Walter J Muir & Benjamin S Pickard

  168. National Institute of Mental Health, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    Francis J McMahon

  169. Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, Trier University, Trier, Germany

    Jobst Meyer

  170. Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK

    Lefkos Middleton

  171. Department of Psychiatry, First Psychiatric Clinic, Alexander University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria

    Vihra Milanova

  172. Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain

    Ana Miranda

  173. Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Anthony P Monaco

  174. Office of the President, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA

    Anthony P Monaco

  175. Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

    Daniel Moreno-De-Luca, Stephan J Sanders & Matthew State

  176. Department of Psychiatry, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway

    Gunnar Morken

  177. Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

    Gunnar Morken

  178. Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

    Eric M Morrow

  179. Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

    Eric M Morrow

  180. Neurosciences Centre of Excellence in Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Verona, Italy

    Pierandrea Muglia & Federica Tozzi

  181. Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

    Thomas W Mühleisen

  182. Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

    Michael Murtha, Stephan J Sanders, Matthew State & A Jeremy Willsey

  183. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

    Vishwajit Nimgaonkar

  184. Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

    Vishwajit Nimgaonkar

  185. Department of Psychiatry, Groningen University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Willem A Nolen

  186. Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

    John I Nurnberger

  187. Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

    Robert D Oades

  188. Research and Clinical Training Department, Pediatric Hospital, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

    Guiomar Oliveira

  189. Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Roel A Ophoff

  190. Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Roel A Ophoff

  191. Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

    Aarno Palotie & Karola Rehnström

  192. Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Andrew D Paterson

  193. Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Andrew D Paterson & Wei Xu

  194. Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Brenda W Penninx, Johannes H Smit & Gerard Van Grootheest

  195. Department of Functional Genomics, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Danielle Posthuma

  196. Department of Clinical Genetics, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Danielle Posthuma

  197. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Danielle Posthuma

  198. Academic Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Digby J Quested

  199. Department of Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

    Andreas Reif

  200. Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain

    Marta Ribasés

  201. Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

    John P Rice

  202. Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

    Kathryn Roeder

  203. Department of Experimental Clinical & Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

    Herbert Roeyers & Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke

  204. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

    Aribert Rothenberger

  205. Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

    Guy Rouleau

  206. Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

    Stephan J Sanders, Matthew State & A Jeremy Willsey

  207. Program on Neurogenetics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

    Stephan J Sanders

  208. Department of Psychiatry, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine, USA

    Susan L Santangelo

  209. Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Susan L Santangelo

  210. Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Joseph A Sergeant

  211. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA

    Alan F Schatzberg

  212. Rush Ambulatory Behavioral Health, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    William A Scheftner

  213. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Gerard D Schellenberg

  214. The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Stephen W Scherer

  215. The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA

    Nicholas J Schork & Erin N Smith

  216. Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

    Thomas G Schulze

  217. Psychiatric Center Nordbaden, Wiesloch, Germany

    Markus Schwarz

  218. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    Jianxin Shi

  219. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

    Stanley I Shyn

  220. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

    Susan L Slager

  221. Developmental Brain & Behaviour Laboratory, Academic Unit of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

    Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke

  222. Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK

    David St. Clair

  223. Research Department, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany

    Michael Steffens

  224. Research Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

    Hans-Christoph Steinhausen

  225. Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

    Hans-Christoph Steinhausen

  226. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    Hans-Christoph Steinhausen

  227. Molecular Neuropsychiatry and Development Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    John S Strauss & John B Vincent

  228. Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA

    T Scott Stroup

  229. Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA

    James S Sutcliffe

  230. Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Peter Szatmari

  231. Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Peter Szatmari

  232. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Peter Szatmari

  233. Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Marlborough House Secure Unit, Milton Keynes, UK

    Srinivasa Thirumalai

  234. Center for Biomarker Research and Personalized Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA

    Edwin J C G van den Oord

  235. Instituto Nacional de Saude Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal

    Astrid M Vicente

  236. BioFIG—Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Campus da FCUL, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal

    Astrid M Vicente

  237. Instituto Gulbenkian de Cîencia, Lisbon, Portugal

    Astrid M Vicente

  238. Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA

    Veronica J Vieland

  239. The University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

    Peter M Visscher

  240. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Christopher A Walsh

  241. Division of Genetics, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Christopher A Walsh

  242. Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School Center for Life Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Christopher A Walsh

  243. Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School Center for Life Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Christopher A Walsh

  244. Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA

    Myrna M Weissman

  245. Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Thomas Werge

  246. Institute of Medical Biometry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

    Thomas F Wienker

  247. Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

    Ellen M Wijsman

  248. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

    Ellen M Wijsman

  249. Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK

    Allan H Young

  250. Division of Genetics, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Timothy W Yu

  251. Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Peter P Zandi

  252. Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

    Frans G Zitman

  253. Department of Psychiatry, Special Treatment and Evaluation Program (STEP), Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA

    John R Kelsoe

  254. Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA

    Kenneth S Kendler

  255. Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA

    Kenneth S Kendler

Consortia

Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium

  • S Hong Lee
  • , Stephan Ripke
  • , Benjamin M Neale
  • , Stephen V Faraone
  • , Shaun M Purcell
  • , Roy H Perlis
  • , Bryan J Mowry
  • , Anita Thapar
  • , Michael E Goddard
  • , John S Witte
  • , Devin Absher
  • , Ingrid Agartz
  • , Huda Akil
  • , Farooq Amin
  • , Ole A Andreassen
  • , Adebayo Anjorin
  • , Richard Anney
  • , Verneri Anttila
  • , Dan E Arking
  • , Philip Asherson
  • , Maria H Azevedo
  • , Lena Backlund
  • , Judith A Badner
  • , Anthony J Bailey
  • , Tobias Banaschewski
  • , Jack D Barchas
  • , Michael R Barnes
  • , Thomas B Barrett
  • , Nicholas Bass
  • , Agatino Battaglia
  • , Michael Bauer
  • , Mònica Bayés
  • , Frank Bellivier
  • , Sarah E Bergen
  • , Wade Berrettini
  • , Catalina Betancur
  • , Thomas Bettecken
  • , Joseph Biederman
  • , Elisabeth B Binder
  • , Donald W Black
  • , Douglas H R Blackwood
  • , Cinnamon S Bloss
  • , Michael Boehnke
  • , Dorret I Boomsma
  • , Gerome Breen
  • , René Breuer
  • , Richard Bruggeman
  • , Paul Cormican
  • , Nancy G Buccola
  • , Jan K Buitelaar
  • , William E Bunney
  • , Joseph D Buxbaum
  • , William F Byerley
  • , Enda M Byrne
  • , Sian Caesar
  • , Wiepke Cahn
  • , Rita M Cantor
  • , Miguel Casas
  • , Aravinda Chakravarti
  • , Kimberly Chambert
  • , Khalid Choudhury
  • , Sven Cichon
  • , C Robert Cloninger
  • , David A Collier
  • , Edwin H Cook
  • , Hilary Coon
  • , Bru Cormand
  • , Aiden Corvin
  • , William H Coryell
  • , David W Craig
  • , Ian W Craig
  • , Jennifer Crosbie
  • , Michael L Cuccaro
  • , David Curtis
  • , Darina Czamara
  • , Susmita Datta
  • , Geraldine Dawson
  • , Richard Day
  • , Eco J De Geus
  • , Franziska Degenhardt
  • , Srdjan Djurovic
  • , Gary J Donohoe
  • , Alysa E Doyle
  • , Jubao Duan
  • , Frank Dudbridge
  • , Eftichia Duketis
  • , Richard P Ebstein
  • , Howard J Edenberg
  • , Josephine Elia
  • , Sean Ennis
  • , Bruno Etain
  • , Ayman Fanous
  • , Anne E Farmer
  • , I Nicol Ferrier
  • , Matthew Flickinger
  • , Eric Fombonne
  • , Tatiana Foroud
  • , Josef Frank
  • , Barbara Franke
  • , Christine Fraser
  • , Robert Freedman
  • , Nelson B Freimer
  • , Christine M Freitag
  • , Marion Friedl
  • , Louise Frisén
  • , Louise Gallagher
  • , Pablo V Gejman
  • , Lyudmila Georgieva
  • , Elliot S Gershon
  • , Daniel H Geschwind
  • , Ina Giegling
  • , Michael Gill
  • , Scott D Gordon
  • , Katherine Gordon-Smith
  • , Elaine K Green
  • , Tiffany A Greenwood
  • , Dorothy E Grice
  • , Magdalena Gross
  • , Detelina Grozeva
  • , Weihua Guan
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  • , International Inflammatory Bowel Disease Genetics Consortium (IIBDGC)
  • , Bernie Devlin
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  • , Patrick F Sullivan
  • , Jordan W Smoller
  • , Kenneth S Kendler
  •  & Naomi R Wray

Contributions

Project conception: K.S.K., N.R.W. and J.W.S. Analysis: S.H.L. and N.R.W. Writing of the manuscript: N.R.W., S.H.L., K.S.K. and S.V.F. Quality control for PGC data: S. Ripke and B.M.N. Revisions to the manuscript: S.M.P., J.W.S., R.H.P., B.J.M., P.F.S., A.T., C.O., M.J.D., R.D.O. and J.B. Statistical advice: M.E.G. and J.S.W. Data access: D.P. PGC Workgroup Chairs: M.J.D. (analysis), S.V.F. (ADHD), M.J.D. and B.D. (co-chairs ASD), J.K. and P. Sklar (co-chairs bipolar disorder), P.F.S. (major depressive disorder), M.C.O. (schizophrenia) and J.W.S. and K.S.K. (co-chairs cross-disorder group). Collection, genotyping and analysis for PGC Working Groups. PGC ADHD Working Group: B.M.N., S.V.F., A.T., R.A., P.A., T. Banaschewski, M. Bayés, J.B., J.K.B., M.C., B.C., J.C., A.E.D., R.P.E., J.E., B.F., C.M.F., L. Kent, J.K., K.-P.L., S.K.L., J.M., J.J.M., S.E.M., J.M.S., A. Miranda, S.F.N., R.D.O., J.A.R.-Q., A. Reif, M. Ribasés, H.R., A. Rothenberger, J.A.S., R.S., S.L. Smalley, E.J.S.S.-B., H.-C.S., A.A.T. and N.W. PGC ASD Working Group: R.A., D.E.A., A.J.B., A.B., C.B., J.D. Buxbaum, A. Chakravarti, E.H.C., H.C., M.L.C., G.D., E.D., S.E., E.F., C.M.F., L. Gallagher, D.H.G., M. Gill, D.E.G., J.L.H., H.H., J.H., V.H., S.M.K., L. Klei, D.H. Ledbetter, C. Lord, J.K.L., E.M., S.M.M., C.L.M., W.M.M., A.P.M., D.M.-D.-L., E.M.M., M. Murtha, G.O., A.P., J.R.P., A.D.P., M.A.P.-V., J. Piven, F.P., K. Rehnström, K. Roeder, G.R., S.J.S., S.L. Santangelo, G.D.S., S.W.S., M. State, J.S. Sutcliffe, P. Szatmari, A.M.V., V.J.V., C.A.W., T.H.W., E.M.W., A.J.W., T.W.Y., B.D. and M.J.D. PGC BPD Working Group: S.M.P., D.A., H.A., O.A.A., A.A., L.B., J.A.B., J.D. Barchas, T.B.B., N.B., M. Bauer, F.B., S.E.B., W.B., D.H.R.B., C.S.B., M. Boehnke, G.B., R. Breuer, W.E.B., W.F.B., S. Caesar, K. Chambert, S. Cichon, D.A.C., A. Corvin, W.H.C., D.W.C., R.D., F. Degenhardt, S. Djurovic, F. Dudbridge, H.J.E., B.E., A.E.F., I.N.F., M. Flickinger, T.F., J.F., C.F., L.F., E.S.G., M. Gill, K.G.-S., E.K.G., T.A.G., D.G., W.G., H.G., M.L.H., M. Hautzinger, S. Herms, M. Hipolito, P.A.H., C.M.H., S.J., E.G.J., I.J., L.J., R. Kandaswamy, J.L.K., G.K.K., D.L.K., P.K., M. Landén, N.L., M. Lathrop, J. Lawrence, W.B.L., M. Leboyer, P.H.L., J. Li, P.L., D.-Y.L., C. Liu, F.W.L., S.L., P.B.M., W.M., N.G.M., M. Mattheisen, K.M., M. Mattingsdal, K.A.M., P.M., M.G.M., A. McIntosh, R.M., A.W.M., F.J.M., A. McQuillin, S.M., I.M., F.M., G.W.M., J.L.M., G.M., D.W.M., V. Moskvina, P.M., T.W.M., W.J.M., B.M.-M., R.M.M., C.M.N., I.N., V.N., M.M.N., J.I.N., E.A.N., C.O., U.O., M.J.O., B.S.P., J.B.P., P.P., E.M.Q., S. Raychaudhuri, A. Reif, J.P.R., M. Rietschel, D. Ruderfer, M. Schalling, A.F.S., W.A.S., N.J.S., T.G.S., J. Schumacher, M. Schwarz, E.S., L.J.S., P.D.S., E.N.S., D.S.C., M. Steffens, J.S. Strauss, J. Strohmaier, S.S., R.C.T., F.T., J.T., J.B.V., S.J.W., T.F.W., S.H.W., W.X., A.H.Y., P.P.Z., P.Z., S. Zöllner, J.R.K., P. Sklar, M.J.D., M.C.O. and N.C. PGC MDD Working Group: M.R.B., T. Bettecken, E.B.B., D.H.R.B., D.I.B., G.B., R. Breuer, S. Cichon, W.H.C., I.W.C., D. Czamara, E.J.D.G., F. Degenhardt, A.E.F., J.F., S.D.G., M. Gross, S.P.H., A.C.H., A.K.H., S. Herms, I.B.H., F.H., W.J.H., S. Hoefels, J.-J.H., M.I., I.J., L.J., J.-Y. T., J.A.K., M.A.K., A.K., W.B.L., D.F.L., C.M.L., D.-Y.L., S.L., D.J.M., P.A.F.M., W.M.,. N.G.M., M. Mattheisen, P.J.M., P.M., A. McIntosh, A.W.M., C.M.M., L.M., G.W.M., P.M., B.M.-M., W.A.N., M.M.N., D.R.N., B.W.P., M.L.P., J.B.P., M. Rietschel, W.A.S., T.G.S., J. Shi, S.I.S., S.L. Slager, J.H.S., M. Steffens, F.T., J.T., M.U., E.J.C.G.v.d.O., G.V.G., M.M.W., G.W., F.G.Z., P.F.S. and N.R.W. PGC SCZ Working Group: S. Ripke, B.M.N., S.M.P., B.J.M., I.A., F.A., O.A.A., M.H.A., N.B., D.W.B., D.H.R.B., R. Bruggeman, N.G.B., W.F.B., W.C., R.M.C., K. Choudhury, S. Cichon, C.R.C., P.C., A. Corvin, D. Curtis, S. Datta, S. Djurovic, G.J.D., J.D., F. Dudbridge, A.F., R.F., N.B.F., M. Friedl, P.V.G., L. Georgieva, I.G., M. Gill, H.G., L.D.H., M.L.H., T.F.H., A.M.H., P.A.H., C.M.H., A.I., A.K.K, R.S.K., M.C.K., E.K., Y.K., G.K.K., B.K., L. Krabbendam, R. Krasucki, J. Lawrence, P.H.L., T.L., D.F.L., J.A.L., D.-Y.L., D.H. Linszen, P.K.E.M., W.M., A.K.M., M. Mattheisen, M. Mattingsdal, S.M., S.A.M., A. McIntosh, A. McQuillin, H.M., I.M., V. Milanova, D.W.M., V. Moskvina, I.M.-G., M.M.N., C.O., A.O., L.O., R.A.O., M.J.O., C.N.P., M.T.P., B.S.P., J. Pimm, D.P., V.P., D.J.Q., H.B.R., M. Rietschel, L.R., D. Ruderfer, D. Rujescu, A.R.S., T.G.S., J. Shi, J.M.S., D.S.C., T.S.S., S.T., J.V.O., P.M.V., T.W., S. Zammit, P. Sklar, M.J.D., M.C.O., N.C., P.F.S. and K.S.K. PGC Cross-Disorder Group Working Group: S.H.L., S. Ripke, B.M.N., S.M.P., R.H.P., A.T., A.F., M.C.N., J.I.N., B.W.P., M. Rietschel, T.G.S., N.C., S.L. Santangelo, P.F.S., J.W.S., K.S.K. and N.R.W. PGC Analysis Working Group: S.H.L., S. Ripke, B.M.N., S.M.P., V.A., E.M.B., P.H.L., S.E.M., M.C.N., D.P., M.J.D. and N.R.W.

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Correspondence to Naomi R Wray.

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The author declare no competing financial interests.

Additional information

A list of members appears in the Supplementary Note.

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Supplementary Text and Figures

Supplementary Tables 1–9, Supplementary Figures 1 and 2 and Supplementary Note (PDF 960 kb)

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Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs. Nat Genet 45, 984–994 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2711

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