Fuel cells typically function well only in rather limited temperature and humidity ranges. Now, a proton exchange membrane consisting of ion pair complexes is shown to enable improved fuel cell performance under a wide range of conditions that are unattainable with conventional approaches.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 digital issues and online access to articles
$119.00 per year
only $9.92 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
References
Lemmon, J. P. Nature 525, 447–449 (2015).
Park, C. H., Lee, C. H., Guiver, M. D. & Lee, Y. M. Prog. Polym. Sci. 36, 1443–1498 (2011).
Asensio, J. A., Sanchez, E. M. & Gómez-Romeo, P. Chem. Soc. Rev. 39, 3210–3239 (2010).
Quartarone, E. & Mustarelli, P. Energy Environ. Sci. 5, 6436–6444 (2012).
Lee, K.-S., Spendelow, J. S., Choe, Y.-K., Fujimoto, C. & Kim, Y. S. Nat. Energy 1 16120 (2016).
Park, C. H. et al. Nature 532, 480–483 (2016).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lee, Y. Fuel cells: Operating flexibly. Nat Energy 1, 16136 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016.136
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016.136