Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) has become increasingly prevalent in both developed and developing countries, and is associated with severe morbidity and mortality, especially in children. Uncertainty regarding the true incidence of AKI limits awareness of the problem, thereby reducing political visibility of the disorder and hampering efforts to prevent its occurrence. In developed countries, AKI occurs predominantly in urban intensive care units and is associated with multiorgan failure and sepsis, high mortality, and occurrence in older populations. While cases of AKI in urban areas of the developing world have similar characteristics to those in the developed world, AKI in rural regions commonly develops in response to a single disease and specific conditions (e.g. gastroenteritis) or infections (e.g. severe malaria, leptospirosis, or hemolytic–uremic syndrome) and in younger otherwise healthy individuals. Many causes of AKI in rural settings, such as diarrhea, poisoning, malaria, or septic abortion, can be prevented by interventions at the individual, community, and regional levels. Treatment with dialysis is often unavailable or too costly in developing regions, so there must be community-wide efforts to eradicate causes of AKI, expedite diagnosis, and aggressively manage prerenal conditions and specific infections. We have reviewed recent literature on AKI, identified differences and similarities in the condition between developed and developing areas, analyzed the practical implications of the identified differences, and made evidence-based recommendations for study and management.
Key Points
-
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is becoming increasingly prevalent, but uncertainty regarding its true incidence limits awareness, reduces the political visibility of the disorder, and hampers efforts to prevent its occurrence
-
AKI in the developing world occurs in both urban and rural areas and often affects younger individuals who have a single disease; volume-responsive renal failure or obstetric complications, infections or toxins are the main mechanisms of renal injury
-
AKI is often the primary cause of chronic kidney disease in the developing world, which increases demand for dialysis and transplantation
-
As renal replacement therapies are often unavailable or unaffordable, community-wide efforts must eradicate causes, expedite diagnosis, and aggressively manage reversible conditions and specific infections that cause severe renal injury
-
AKI in developing countries can be prevented by interventions at the individual, national, and regional levels
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$209.00 per year
only $17.42 per issue
Rent or buy this article
Prices vary by article type
from$1.95
to$39.95
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chitalia VC et al. (2002) Is peritoneal dialysis adequate for hypercatabolic acute renal failure in developing countries? Kidney Int 61: 747–757
Zatz R et al. (2003) Nephrology in Latin America, with special emphasis on Brazil. Kidney Int 83 (Suppl): S131–S134
Jha V et al. (1992) Spectrum of hospital-acquired acute renal failure in the developing countries—Chandigarh study. QJM 83: 497–505
Lameire N et al. (2006) The changing epidemiology of acute renal failure. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2: 364–377
Abraham G et al. (1989) Cause and prognosis of acute renal failure in Kuwait: a 2-year prospective study. J Trop Med Hyg 92: 325–329
Obialo CI et al. (2000) Epidemiology of de novo acute renal failure in hospitalized African Americans: comparing community-acquired vs hospital-acquired disease. Arch Intern Med 160: 1309–1313
Anochie IC and Eke FU (2005) Acute renal failure in Nigerian children: Port Harcourt experience. Pediatr Nephrol 20: 1610–1614
Seedat YK (1993) Acute renal failure in the black population of South Africa. Int J Artif Organs 16: 801–802
Seedat YK and Nathoo BC (1993) Acute renal failure in blacks and Indians in South Africa—comparison after 10 years. Nephron 64: 198–201
Noronha IL et al. (1997) Nephrology, dialysis and transplantation in Brazil. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12: 2234–2243
Barsoum RS (2004) Tropical acute renal failure. Contrib Nephrol 144: 44–52
Sitprija V (2003) Overview of tropical nephrology. Semin Nephrol 23: 3–11
Sitprija V (2003) Nephrology in South East Asia: fact and concept. Kidney Int 83 (Suppl): S128–S130
Arije A et al. (2000) The viability of hemodialysis as a treatment option for renal failure in a developing economy. Afr J Med Med Sci 29: 311–314
Mehta RL and Chertow GM (2003) Acute renal failure definitions and classification: time for change? J Am Soc Nephrol 14: 2178–2187
Hoste EA and Kellum JA (2006) RIFLE criteria provide robust assessment of kidney dysfunction and correlate with hospital mortality. Crit Care Med 34: 2016–2017
Lin CY et al. (2006) RIFLE classification is predictive of short-term prognosis in critically ill patients with acute renal failure supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21: 2867–2873
Herget-Rosenthal S et al. (2004) Early detection of acute renal failure by serum cystatin C. Kidney Int 66: 1115–1122
Bell M et al. (2005) Optimal follow-up time after continuous renal replacement therapy in actual renal failure patients stratified with the RIFLE criteria. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20: 354–360
Uchino S et al. (2006) An assessment of the RIFLE criteria for acute renal failure in hospitalized patients. Crit Care Med 34: 1913–1917
Cerda J et al. (2007) In severe acute kidney injury, a higher serum creatinine is paradoxically associated with better patient survival. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22: 2781–2784
Himmelfarb J and Ikizler TA (2007) Acute kidney injury: changing lexicography, definitions, and epidemiology. Kidney Int 71: 971–976
Molitoris BA et al. (2007) Improving outcomes of acute kidney injury: report of an initiative. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 3: 439–442
Lameire N et al. (2005) Acute renal failure. Lancet 365: 417–430
Lameire N et al. (2006) The rise of prevalence and the fall of mortality of patients with acute renal failure: what the analysis of two databases does and does not tell us. J Am Soc Nephrol 17: 923–925
Xue JL et al. (2006) Incidence and mortality of acute renal failure in Medicare beneficiaries, 1992 to 2001. J Am Soc Nephrol 17: 1135–1142
Waikar SS et al. (2006) Declining mortality in patients with acute renal failure, 1988 to 2002. J Am Soc Nephrol 17: 1143–1150
Nash K et al. (2002) Hospital-acquired renal insufficiency. Am J Kidney Dis 39: 930–936
Abernethy VE and Lieberthal W (2002) Acute renal failure in the critically ill patient. Crit Care Clin 18: 203–222
Hou SH et al. (1983) Hospital-acquired renal insufficiency: a prospective study. Am J Med 74: 243–248
Hsu CY et al. (2007) Community-based incidence of acute renal failure. Kidney Int 72: 208–212
Kaufman J et al. (1991) Community-acquired acute renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 17: 191–198
Obialo CI et al. (2002) Acute renal failure mortality in hospitalized African Americans: age and gender considerations. J Natl Med Assoc 94: 127–134
Lameire N and Hoste E (2004) Reflections on the definition, classification, and diagnostic evaluation of acute renal failure. Curr Opin Crit Care 10: 468–475
Uchino S et al. (2005) External validation of severity scoring systems for acute renal failure using a multinational database. Crit Care Med 33: 1961–1967
Metnitz PG et al. (2002) Effect of acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy on outcome in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 30: 2051–2058
Liano F et al. (1998) The spectrum of acute renal failure in the intensive care unit compared with that seen in other settings. The Madrid Acute Renal Failure Study Group. Kidney Int 66 (Suppl): S16–S24
Silvester W et al. (2001) Epidemiology, management, and outcome of severe acute renal failure of critical illness in Australia. Crit Care Med 29: 1910–1915
Bagshaw SM et al. (2005) Prognosis for long-term survival and renal recovery in critically ill patients with severe acute renal failure: a population-based study. Crit Care 9: R700–R709
Uchino S et al. (2005) Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a multinational, multicenter study. JAMA 294: 813–818
Llopart T et al. (1997) Acute renal failure in open heart surgery. Ren Fail 19: 319–323
Vukusich A et al. (2004) Epidemiology of severe acute renal failure in Metropolitan Santiago [Spanish]. Rev Med Chil 132: 1355–1361
Balbi AL et al. (2005) Assessment of mortality and specific index in acute renal failure [Portuguese]. Rev Assoc Med Bras 51: 318–322
Mahajan S et al. (2006) Spectrum of acute renal failure and factors predicting its outcome in an intensive care unit in India. Ren Fail 28: 119–124
Santa Cruz F et al. (2005) Kidney disease in Paraguay. Kidney Int 97 (Suppl): S120–S125
Bernieh B et al. (2004) Pattern of acute renal failure in a tertiary hospital in the United Arab Emirates. Transplant Proc 36: 1780–1783
Chugh KS (1998) Renal disease in India. Am J Kidney Dis 31: Ivii–Iix
Chugh KS (1989) Snake-bite-induced acute renal failure in India. Kidney Int 35: 891–907
Pinho FM et al. (2005) Acute renal failure after Crotalus durissus snakebite: a prospective survey on 100 patients. Kidney Int 67: 659–667
Bucaretchi F et al. (2002) Snakebites by Crotalus durissus ssp in children in Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 44: 133–138
Bucaretchi F et al. (2001) Snakebites by Bothrops spp in children in Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 43: 329–333
Ribeiro LA et al. (1998) Deaths caused by venomous snakes in the State of Sao Paulo: evaluation of 43 cases from 1988 to 1993 [Portuguese]. Rev Assoc Med Bras 44: 312–318
Ribeiro LA and Jorge MT (1997) Bites by snakes in the genus Bothrops: a series of 3,139 cases [Portuguese]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 30: 475–480
Sharma N et al. (2005) Snake envenomation in a north Indian hospital. Emerg Med J 22: 118–120
Sezerino UM et al. (1998) A clinical and epidemiological study of Loxosceles spider envenoming in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92: 546–548
Malaque CM et al. (2002) Clinical and epidemiological features of definitive and presumed loxoscelism in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 44: 139–143
Gamborgi GP et al. (2006) Acute renal failure provoked by toxin from caterpillars of the species Lonomia obliqua. Toxicon 47: 68–74
Bourgain C et al. (1998) Massive poisoning by African bee stings [French]. Presse Med 27: 1099–1101
Yang CW et al. (1997) Leptospirosis: an ignored cause of acute renal failure in Taiwan. Am J Kidney Dis 30: 840–845
Kohli HS et al. (2007) Predictors of mortality in acute renal failure in a developing country: a prospective study. Ren Fail 29: 463–469
Pereira BJ et al. (1989) Acute renal failure in infants in the tropics. Nephrol Dial Transplant 4: 535–538
Kandoth PW et al. (1994) Acute renal failure in children requiring dialysis therapy. Indian Pediatr 31: 305–309
Phadke KD and Dinakar C (2001) The challenges of treating children with renal failure in a developing country. Perit Dial Int 21 (Suppl 3): S326–S329
Agarwal I et al. (2004) Clinical profile and outcome of acute renal failure in South Indian children. J Indian Med Assoc 102: 353–354
Prakash J et al. (2001) Spectrum of renal diseases in the elderly: single center experience from a developing country. Int Urol Nephrol 33: 227–233
Kumar SS et al. (1990) Acute renal failure due to acute diarrhoeal diseases. J Assoc Physicians India 38: 164–166
Bamgboye EL et al. (1993) Acute renal failure at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital: a 10-year review. Ren Fail 15: 77–80
Olowu WA and Adelusola KA (2004) Pediatric acute renal failure in southwestern Nigeria. Kidney Int 66: 1541–1548
Prakash J et al. (1996) Acute renal failure in falciparum malaria—increasing prevalence in some areas of India—a need for awareness. Nephrol Dial Transplant 11: 2414–2416
Nalliah S and Abdullah AR (1990) Eclampsia in Kelantan. Med J Malaysia 45: 49–56
Ujah IA et al. (2005) Factors contributing to maternal mortality in north-central Nigeria: a seventeen-year review. Afr J Reprod Health 9: 27–40
Unuigbe JA et al. (1988) Abortion-related morbidity and mortality in Benin City, Nigeria: 1973–1985. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 26: 435–439
Were AJ and Otieno LS (1992) Acute renal failure as seen at Kenyatta National Hospital. East Afr Med J 69: 110–113
Hachim K et al. (2001) Obstetrical acute renal failure. Experience of the nephrology department, Central University Hospital ibn Rochd, Casablanca [French]. Nephrologie 22: 29–31
Mate-Kole MO et al. (1996) Hemodialysis in the treatment of acute renal failure in tropical Africa: a 20-year review at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra. Ren Fail 18: 517–524
Naqvi R et al. (1996) Acute renal failure of obstetrical origin during 1994 at one center. Ren Fail 18: 681–683
Rana A et al. (2004) Induced septic abortion: a major factor in maternal mortality and morbidity. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 30: 3–8
Khakurel S et al. (2005) Acute renal failure in a tertiary care center in Nepal. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 44: 32–35
Altintepe L et al. (2004) Assessment of acute renal failure patients treated in our nephrology clinic between 1996 and 2002. Transplant Proc 36: 3002–3005
Selcuk NY et al. (1998) Changes in frequency and etiology of acute renal failure in pregnancy (1980–1997). Ren Fail 20: 513–517
Randeree IG et al. (1995) Acute renal failure in pregnancy in South Africa. Ren Fail 17: 147–153
Anandh U et al. (2003) Acute renal failure in the tropics: emerging trends from a tertiary care hospital in South India. Clin Nephrol 59: 341–344
Bahloul M et al. (2003) Incidence and prognosis of acute renal failure in the intensive care unit. Retrospective study of 216 cases [French]. Tunis Med 81: 250–257
Jayakumar M et al. (2006) Epidemiologic trend changes in acute renal failure—a tertiary center experience from South India. Ren Fail 28: 405–410
Prakash J et al. (1997) Acute renal failure in the elderly: a demographic and clinical study of patients in eastern India. Geriatr Nephrol Urol 7: 67–72
Gordillo-Paniagua G and Hernandez-Rodriguez O (1991) Physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment of acute renal insufficiency [Spanish]. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 48: 656–662
Gokalp AS et al. (1991) Acute renal failure related to infectious disease in infancy and childhood. Ann Trop Paediatr 11: 119–121
Elzouki AY et al. (1983) Prevalence and pattern of renal disease in eastern Libya. Arch Dis Child 58: 106–109
Naqvi R et al. (1996) Analysis of factors causing acute renal failure. J Pak Med Assoc 46: 29–30
Prakash J et al. (2007) Decreasing incidence of renal cortical necrosis in patients with acute renal failure in developing countries: a single-centre experience of 22 years from Eastern India. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22: 1213–1217
Prakash J et al. (2006) Acute renal failure in pregnancy in a developing country: twenty years of experience. Ren Fail 28: 309–313
Shaheen FA and Al-Khader AA (2005) Preventive strategies of renal failure in the Arab world. Kidney Int 98 (Suppl): S37–S40
Al-Rohani M (2004) Renal failure in Yemen. Transplant Proc 36: 1777–1779
Essamie MA et al. (1995) Serious renal disease in Egypt. Int J Artif Organs 18: 254–260
Afifi AM et al. (2005) Pattern of renal diseases among elderly Egyptians patients with acute or chronic renal diseases in Ain Shams University and Nasser Institute Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 35: 911–924
Boonpucknavig V and Soontornniyomkij V (2003) Pathology of renal diseases in the tropics. Semin Nephrol 23: 88–106
Avasthi G et al. (2003) Acute renal failure in medical and surgical intensive care units—a one year prospective study. Ren Fail 25: 105–113
No authors listed] (1990) Severe and complicated malaria. World Health Organization, Division of Control of Tropical Diseases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 (Suppl 2): S1–S65
Breman JG et al. (2004) Conquering the intolerable burden of malaria: what's new, what's needed: a summary. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (Suppl 2): S1–S15
Zuccotti G and DeAngelis CD (2007) Malaria 2007—progressing research, persisting challenges. JAMA 297: 2285–2286
Blumberg L et al. (1996) Predictors of mortality in severe malaria: a two year experience in a non-endemic area. Anaesth Intensive Care 24: 217–223
Bryce J et al. (2005) WHO estimates of the causes of death in children. Lancet 365: 1147–1152
Mehta KS et al. (2001) Severe acute renal failure in malaria. J Postgrad Med 47: 24–26
Burchard GD et al. (2003) Renal dysfunction in children with uncomplicated, Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Tamale, Ghana. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 97: 345–350
Adu D et al. (1984) Acute renal failure in Ghanaian children. J Trop Pediatr 30: 36–39
Wiwanitkit V (2005) Peritoneal dialysis in falciparum malaria-induced acute renal failure: an appraisal on Thai patients. Ren Fail 27: 649
Sheiban AK (1999) Prognosis of malaria associated severe acute renal failure in children. Ren Fail 21: 63–66
Koh KH et al. (2004) A retrospective study of malaria infections in an intensive care unit of a general hospital in Malaysia. Singapore Med J 45: 28–36
Mishra SK et al. (2007) Influence of acute renal failure in patients with cerebral malaria—a hospital-based study from India. Trop Doct 37: 103–104
Zinna S et al. (1999) A case series of falciparum malaria-induced acute renal failure. Ann Acad Med Singapore 28: 578–582
Chen LH et al. (2007) Controversies and misconceptions in malaria chemoprophylaxis for travelers. JAMA. 297: 2251–2263
Chen LH et al. (2006) Prevention of malaria in long-term travelers. JAMA 296: 2234–2244
Vicas AE et al. (2005) Imported malaria at an inner-city hospital in the United States. Am J Med Sci 329: 6–12
Marsepoil T et al. (1984) Postoperative pernicious malarial attack in a subject, a native of an endemic zone [French]. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 3: 371–373
Bruneel F et al. (2002) Blackwater fever [French]. Presse Med 31: 1329–1334
Bruneel F et al. (2001) Resurgence of blackwater fever in long-term European expatriates in Africa: report of 21 cases and review. Clin Infect Dis 32: 1133–1140
Miller JM et al. (2007) Estimating the number of insecticide-treated nets required by African households to reach continent-wide malaria coverage targets. JAMA 297: 2241–2250
Hamer DH et al. (2007) Improved diagnostic testing and malaria treatment practices in Zambia. JAMA 297: 2227–2231
Zurovac D et al. (2007) Paediatric malaria case-management with artemether-lumefantrine in Zambia: a repeat cross-sectional study. Malar J 6: 31
Dorsey G et al. (2007) Combination therapy for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Ugandan children: a randomized trial. JAMA 297: 2210–2219
Kemble SK et al. (2006) Prevention and treatment strategies used for the community management of childhood fever in Kampala, Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 999–1007
Sitprija V (2006) Renal dysfunction in leptospirosis: a view from the tropics. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2: 658–659
Muthusethupathi MA et al. (1995) Leptospirosis in Madras—a clinical and serological study. J Assoc Physicians India 43: 456–458
Muthusethupathi MA et al. (1994) Renal involvement in leptospirosis—our experience in Madras City. J Postgrad Med 40: 127–131
Turhan V et al. (2005) Anicteric leptospirosis and renal involvement. Ren Fail 27: 491–492
Daher E et al. (1999) Risk factors for death and changing patterns in leptospirosis acute renal failure. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61: 630–634
Cengiz K et al. (2002) Acute renal failure in leptospirosis in the black-sea region in Turkey. Int Urol Nephrol 33: 133–136
Niwattayakul K et al. (2002) Hypotension, renal failure, and pulmonary complications in leptospirosis. Ren Fail 24: 297–305
Lombardi R (1997) Acute renal failure in leptospirosis in Uruguay. Ren Fail 19: 315–318
Marotto PC et al. (1997) Outcome of leptospirosis in children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56: 307–310
Bishara J et al. (2002) Epidemiological and clinical features of leptospirosis in Israel. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 21: 50–52
Hommel D et al. (1999) Acute renal failure associated with dengue fever in French Guiana. Nephron 83: 183
Cosgriff TM (1989) Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: four decades of research. Ann Intern Med 110: 313–316
Izzedine H et al. (2007) Acute renal failure in HIV patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22: 2757–2762
Mc'ligeyo SO (1998) The kidney: An important target for HIV infection. Afr J Health Sci 5: 63–66
Rollino C et al. (2003) Acute renal failure in leishmaniasis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18: 1950–1951
Adhikari M and Coovadia HM (1989) Acute obstructive urinary schistosomiasis mimicking clinical glomerulonephritis: an unrecognized syndrome. Ann Trop Paediatr 9: 206–211
Bircan Z et al. (2000) The etiology of renal failure in south-east Anatolia. Pediatr Nephrol 14: 87–88
el Tayeb SH et al. (1978) Streptococcal impetigo and acute glomerulonephritis in children in Cairo. Br J Dermatol 98: 53–62
Lasry F et al. (2003) Is the age of acute post-infectious glomerulonephritis decreasing in Morocco? [French]. Arch Pediatr 10: 462
Dieng MT et al. (1998) Scabies complicated by acute glomerulonephritis in children: 114 cases observed in two years in a pediatric service in Dakar [French]. Dakar Med 43: 201–204
Hallett AF et al. (1977) Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in African children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 71: 241–246
Walker A et al. (2007) Eosinophilic glomerulonephritis in children in Southwestern Uganda. Kidney Int 71: 569–573
Luyckx VA et al. (2005) Acute renal failure associated with the use of traditional folk remedies in South Africa. Ren Fail 27: 35–43
Jha V and Chugh KS (1997) Acute renal failure in the tropics. J Assoc Physicians India (Suppl 2): S18–S23
Mabina MH et al. (1997) The use of traditional herbal medication during pregnancy. Trop Doct 27: 84–86
Kadiri S et al. (1999) Traditional herbal preparations and acute renal failure in south west Nigeria. Trop Doct 29: 244–246
Adelekun TA et al. (1999) The pattern of acute toxic nephropathy in Ife, Nigeria. West Afr J Med 18: 60–63
Otieno LS et al. (1991) Acute renal failure following the use of herbal remedies. East Afr Med J 68: 993–998
Tagore R et al. (2003) Acute interstitial nephritis in Singapore: a report of five cases. Singapore Med J 44: 473–481
Wiwanitkit V (2005) Renal failure due to djenkolism: an appraisal of previously reported Thai cases. Clin Exp Nephrol 9: 343
O'Brien KL et al. (1998) Epidemic of pediatric deaths from acute renal failure caused by diethylene glycol poisoning. Acute Renal Failure Investigation Team. JAMA 279: 1175–1180
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (1996) Fatalities associated with ingestion of diethylene glycol-contaminated glycerin used to manufacture acetaminophen syrup—Haiti, November 1995–June 1996. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 45: 649–650
Junod SW (2000) Diethylene glycol deaths in Haiti. Public Health Rep 115: 78–86
Rahman M and Hossain M (1993) The bimodal mortality pattern of acute renal failure in children. Ren Fail 15: 55–59
Rashid HU et al. (1993) Outcome of acute renal failure in adults in a teaching hospital in Bangladesh. Ren Fail 15: 603–607
Hanif M et al. (1995) Fatal renal failure caused by diethylene glycol in paracetamol elixir: the Bangladesh epidemic. BMJ 311: 88–91
Rivas M et al. (2006) The epidemiology of hemolytic uremic syndrome in Argentina. Diagnosis of the etiologic agent, reservoirs and routes of transmission [Spanish]. Medicina (B Aires) 66 (Suppl 3): S27–S32
Creydt VP et al. (2006) Role of the Shiga toxin in the hemolytic uremic syndrome [Spanish]. Medicina (B Aires) 66 (Suppl 3): S11–S15
Pollock KG et al. (2007) Clinical surveillance of thrombotic microangiopathies in Scotland, 2003–2005. Epidemiol Infect [10.1017/S0950268807008217]
Mora A et al. (2007) Serotypes, virulence genes and intimin types of Shiga toxin (verocytotoxin)-producing Escherichia coli isolates from minced beef in Lugo (Spain) from 1995 through 2003. BMC Microbiol 7: 13
Srivastava RN et al. (1991) Hemolytic uremic syndrome in children in northern India. Pediatr Nephrol 5: 284–288
Arora P et al. (1997) Prognosis of acute renal failure in children: a multivariate analysis. Pediatr Nephrol 11: 153–155
Shimelis D and Tadesse Y (2004) Clinical profile of acute renal failure in children admitted to the department of pediatrics, Tikur Anbessa Hospital. Ethiop Med J 42: 17–22
Srivastava RN and Choudhry VP (1982) Acute renal failure in Delhi. Indian J Pediatr 49: 65–70
Srivastava RN et al. (1990) Acute renal failure in north Indian children. Indian J Med Res 92: 404–408
Gianantonio CA et al. (1973) The hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Nephron 11: 174–192
Rivero MA et al. (2004) Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and hemolytic-uremic syndrome in Argentina [Spanish]. Medicina (B Aires) 64: 352–356
Phu NH et al. (2002) Hemofiltration and peritoneal dialysis in infection-associated acute renal failure in Vietnam. N Engl J Med 347: 895–902
Youmbissi TJ and Ngu JL (1987) Management of renal failure in Yaounde. First 18 months' experience. Trop Doct 17: 9–11
Dirks JH and Levin NW (2006) Dialysis rationing in South Africa: a global message. Kidney Int 70: 982–984
Moosa MR and Kidd M (2006) The dangers of rationing dialysis treatment: the dilemma facing a developing country. Kidney Int 70: 1107–1114
Hooi LS et al. (2005) Prevention of renal failure: the Malaysian experience. Kidney Int 67 (Suppl): S70–S74
Gotuzzo E et al. (1994) Cholera. Lessons from the epidemic in Peru. Infect Dis Clin North Am 8: 183–205
Eko FO et al. (1994) Epidemiology and spectrum of vibrio diarrheas in the lower cross river basin of Nigeria. Cent Eur J Public Health 2: 37–41
Sever MS et al. (2006) Management of crush-related injuries after disasters. N Engl J Med 354: 1052–1063
Sever MS et al. (2004) Lessons learned from the catastrophic Marmara earthquake: factors influencing the final outcome of renal victims. Clin Nephrol 61: 413–421
Hatamizadeh P et al. (2006) Epidemiologic aspects of the Bam earthquake in Iran: the nephrologic perspective. Am J Kidney Dis 47: 428–438
Vanholder R (2006) Intervention of the renal disaster relief task force (RDRTF) in the Kashmir earthquake. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21: 40
Utas C et al. (2000) Acute renal failure in Central Anatolia. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15: 152–155
Muthusethupathi MA and Shivakumar S (1987) Acute renal failure in south India. Our experience with 187 patients. J Assoc Physicians India 35: 504–507
Hui-Stickle S et al. (2005) Pediatric ARF epidemiology at a tertiary care center from 1999 to 2001. Am J Kidney Dis 45: 96–101
Williams DM et al. (2002) Acute kidney failure: a pediatric experience over 20 years. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 156: 893–900
Bailey D et al. (2007) Risk factors of acute renal failure in critically ill children: A prospective descriptive epidemiological study. Pediatr Crit Care Med 8: 29–35
Hari P et al. (2006) Fatal encephalopathy and renal failure caused by diethylene glycol poisoning. J Trop Pediatr 52: 442–444
Gokcay G et al. (1991) An epidemiological approach to acute renal failure in children. J Trop Pediatr 37: 191–193
Vachvanichsanong P et al. (2006) Childhood acute renal failure: 22-year experience in a university hospital in southern Thailand. Pediatrics 118: e786–e791
Askenazi DJ et al. (2006)3–5 year longitudinal follow-up of pediatric patients after acute renal failure. Kidney Int 69: 184–189
Shaheen IS et al. (2006) Acute renal failure in children: etiology, treatment and outcome. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 17: 153–158
Loza R et al. (2006) Factors associated with mortality in acute renal failure (ARF) in children. Pediatr Nephrol 21: 106–109
Feest TG et al. (1993) Incidence of severe acute renal failure in adults: results of a community based study. BMJ 306: 481–483
Chanard J et al. (1994) Evaluation of the frequency of acute renal insufficiency and therapeutic modalities in the nephrological milieu [French]. Nephrologie 15: 13–16
Liano F and Pascual J (1996) Epidemiology of acute renal failure: a prospective, multicenter, community-based study. Madrid Acute Renal Failure Study Group. Kidney Int 50: 811–818
Khan IH et al. (1997) Acute renal failure: factors influencing nephrology referral and outcome. QJM 90: 781–785
Stevens PE et al. (2001) Non-specialist management of acute renal failure. QJM 94: 533–540
Metcalfe W et al. (2002) Acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy: incidence and outcome. QJM 95: 579–583
Prescott GJ et al. (2007) A prospective national study of acute renal failure treated with RRT: incidence, aetiology and outcomes. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22: 2513–2519
Ali T et al. (2007) Incidence and outcomes in acute kidney injury: a comprehensive population-based study. J Am Soc Nephrol 18: 1292–1298
Al-Homrany M (2003) Epidemiology of acute renal failure in hospitalized patients: experience from southern Saudi Arabia. East Mediterr Health J 9: 1061–1067
Wang Y et al. (2005) Retrospective analysis on Chinese patients diagnosed with acute renal failure hospitalized during the last decade (1994–2003). Am J Nephrol 25: 514–519
Wang Y et al. (2007) Hospital-acquired and community-acquired acute renal failure in hospitalized Chinese: a ten-year review. Ren Fail 29: 163–168
Thomas CN et al. (2000) Coronary artery bypass graft outcome: the Trinidad and Tobago experience. West Indian Med J 49: 290–293
Bagga A et al. (2007) Improving outcomes from acute kidney injury: report of an initiative. Pediatr Nephrol 22: 1655–1658
Kellum JA et al. (2005) Consensus development in acute renal failure: The Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative. Curr Opin Crit Care 11: 527–53255
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the invaluable collaboration of Anne Marie L'Hommedieu, MLS, and Sue Lahey, MLS, from the Schaffer Library of Health Sciences at the Albany Medical College, and of Kim Mitchell, MLS, currently at the George and Leona Lewis Library at the Albany College of Pharmacy, without whose help the development of the search strategy and document retrieval would not have been possible.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cerdá, J., Bagga, A., Kher, V. et al. The contrasting characteristics of acute kidney injury in developed and developing countries. Nat Rev Nephrol 4, 138–153 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpneph0722
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpneph0722
This article is cited by
-
Effects of aminophylline therapy on urine output and kidney function in children with acute kidney injury
Pediatric Nephrology (2024)
-
Nanoselenium attenuates renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology (2023)
-
Management of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Children
Indian Journal of Pediatrics (2023)
-
Serum myo-inositol oxygenase levels at hospital discharge predict progression to chronic kidney disease in community-acquired acute kidney injury
Scientific Reports (2022)
-
The epidemiology and long-term outcomes of acute kidney disease in a resource-limited setting
Journal of Nephrology (2022)