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Increasing risk of compound flooding from storm surge and rainfall for major US cities

Nature Climate Change volume 5, pages 1093–1097 (2015)Cite this article

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Abstract

When storm surge and heavy precipitation co-occur, the potential for flooding in low-lying coastal areas is often much greater than from either in isolation. Knowing the probability of these compound events and understanding the processes driving them is essential to mitigate the associated high-impact risks1,2. Here we determine the likelihood of joint occurrence of these two phenomena for the contiguous United States (US) and show that the risk of compound flooding is higher for the Atlantic/Gulf coast relative to the Pacific coast. We also provide evidence that the number of compound events has increased significantly over the past century at many of the major coastal cities. Long-term sea-level rise is the main driver for accelerated flooding along the US coastline3,4; however, under otherwise stationary conditions (no trends in individual records), changes in the joint distributions of storm surge and precipitation associated with climate variability and change also augment flood potential. For New York City (NYC)—as an example—the observed increase in compound events is attributed to a shift towards storm surge weather patterns that also favour high precipitation. Our results demonstrate the importance of assessing compound flooding in a non-stationary framework and its linkages to weather and climate.

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Figure 1: Data sets and spatial variability of the dependency between storm surge and precipitation.
Figure 2: Non-stationarity in the dependence between storm surge and precipitation.
Figure 3: Weather patterns associated with the increasing frequency of compound events in NYC.

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Acknowledgements

T.W. was supported by a fellowship within the postdoctoral programme of the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). I. D. Haigh assisted in editing the manuscript.

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Affiliations

  1. College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Avenue South, St Petersburg, Florida 33701, USA

    Thomas Wahl, Steven D. Meyers & Mark E. Luther

  2. Research Centre Siegen, University of Siegen, Weidenauer Str 169, 57076 Siegen, Germany

    Thomas Wahl & Jens Bender

  3. Civil and Environmental Engineering, Climate Change Institute & Mitchell Center for Sustainability Solutions, University of Maine, 5711 Boardman Hall Orono, Maine 04469-5711, USA

    Shaleen Jain

  4. Research Institute for Water and Environment, University of Siegen, Paul-Bonatz Str 9-11, 57076 Siegen, Germany

    Jens Bender

Authors
  1. Thomas Wahl
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  2. Shaleen Jain
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  3. Jens Bender
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  4. Steven D. Meyers
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  5. Mark E. Luther
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Contributions

T.W. conceived the idea of the study, performed the analyses and wrote the paper; J.B. assisted in writing MATLAB code, participated in technical discussions and co-wrote the paper; S.J. provided guidance on selecting the precipitation data, assisted in performing the statistical analyses and co-wrote the paper; S.D.M. and M.E.L. participated in technical discussions at an early stage when the idea for the study evolved and co-wrote the paper.

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Correspondence to Thomas Wahl.

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The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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Wahl, T., Jain, S., Bender, J. et al. Increasing risk of compound flooding from storm surge and rainfall for major US cities. Nature Clim Change 5, 1093–1097 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2736

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