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Coral bleaching under unconventional scenarios of climate warming and ocean acidification

Nature Climate Change volume 5, pages 777–781 (2015)Cite this article

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Abstract

Elevated sea surface temperatures have been shown to cause mass coral bleaching1,2,3. Widespread bleaching, affecting >90% of global coral reefs and causing coral degradation, has been projected to occur by 2050 under all climate forcing pathways adopted by the IPCC for use within the Fifth Assessment Report4,5. These pathways include an extremely ambitious pathway aimed to limit global mean temperature rise to 2 °C (ref. 6; Representative Concentration Pathway 2.6—RCP2.6), which assumes full participation in emissions reductions by all countries, and even the possibility of negative emissions7. The conclusions drawn from this body of work, which applied widely used algorithms to estimate coral bleaching8, are that we must either accept that the loss of a large percentage of the world’s coral reefs is inevitable, or consider technological solutions to buy those reefs time until atmospheric CO2 concentrations can be reduced. Here we analyse the potential for geoengineering, through stratospheric aerosol-based solar radiation management (SRM), to reduce the extent of global coral bleaching relative to ambitious climate mitigation. Exploring the common criticism of geoengineering—that ocean acidification and its impacts will continue unabated—we focus on the sensitivity of results to the aragonite saturation state dependence of bleaching. We do not, however, address the additional detrimental impacts of ocean acidification on processes such as coral calcification9,10 that will further determine the benefit to corals of any SRM-based scenario. Despite the sensitivity of thermal bleaching thresholds to ocean acidification being uncertain11,12, stabilizing radiative forcing at 2020 levels through SRM reduces the risk of global bleaching relative to RCP2.6 under all acidification–bleaching relationships analysed.

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Figure 1: Scenarios of warming and ocean acidification.
Figure 2: Aragonite saturation state and bleaching thresholds.
Figure 3: DHM under RCP2.6 and RCP4.5 + SRM.
Figure 4: Annual coral bleaching under different Ωarag sensitivities.

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Acknowledgements

We thank J. Orr, D. Long and I. Chollett for assistance with data processing. The study was financially supported by a NERC grant to P.J.M. and P.C., the University of Exeter, and the EU FORCE project and was supported by the Joint DECC/Defra Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK

    Lester Kwiatkowski & Peter Cox

  2. Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, California 94305, USA

    Lester Kwiatkowski

  3. College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK

    Paul R. Halloran

  4. Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia

    Peter J. Mumby

  5. Hadley Centre, Met Office, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK

    Andy J. Wiltshire

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  1. Lester Kwiatkowski
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  2. Peter Cox
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Contributions

L.K., P.C. and P.R.H. designed and conducted the research and analysis. A.J.W. and P.R.H. performed the HadGEM2-ES simulations. L.K., P.C., P.R.H., A.J.W. and P.J.M. wrote the paper.

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Correspondence to Lester Kwiatkowski.

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Kwiatkowski, L., Cox, P., Halloran, P. et al. Coral bleaching under unconventional scenarios of climate warming and ocean acidification. Nature Clim Change 5, 777–781 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2655

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