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Inducing and quantifying forbidden reactivity with single-molecule polymer mechanochemistry

Nature Chemistry volume 7, pages 323–327 (2015)Cite this article

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Abstract

Forbidden reactions, such as those that violate orbital symmetry effects as captured in the Woodward–Hoffmann rules, remain an ongoing challenge for experimental characterization, because when the competing allowed pathway is available the reactions are intrinsically difficult to trigger. Recent developments in covalent mechanochemistry have opened the door to activating otherwise inaccessible reactions. Here we report single-molecule force spectroscopy studies of three mechanically induced reactions along both their symmetry-allowed and symmetry-forbidden pathways, which enables us to quantify just how ‘forbidden’ each reaction is. To induce reactions on the ~0.1 s timescale of the experiments, the forbidden ring-opening reactions of benzocyclobutene, gem-difluorocyclopropane and gem-dichlorocyclopropane require approximately 130 pN less, 560 pN more and 1,000 pN more force, respectively, than their corresponding allowed analogues. The results provide the first experimental benchmarks for mechanically induced forbidden reactions, and in some cases suggest revisions to prior computational predictions.

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Figure 1: Disrotatory and conrotatory pathways of three mechanically activated reactions studied in this work.
Figure 2: Polymers employed in this work.
Figure 3: Representative plateaus in the force–separation curves of BCB-containing polymers.
Figure 4: Representative plateaus in the force–separation curves of gDHC-containing polymers.

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Acknowledgements

This material is based on work supported by the US Army Research Laboratory and the US Army Research Office under grant W911NF-12-1-0337. S.L.C. acknowledges partial support from the National Science Foundation Materials Interdisciplinary Research Teams (DMR-1122483). Part of this work was performed under the auspices of the US Department of Energy by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-ACS2-07NA27344. The authors thank B. Akhremitchev for providing the original force-extension modelling code.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, 27708, North Carolina, USA

    Junpeng Wang, Tatiana B. Kouznetsova, Zhenbin Niu, Hope M. Klukovich & Stephen L. Craig

  2. Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, 94550, California, USA

    Mitchell T. Ong

  3. Department of Chemistry, University of California, La Jolla, 92093, California, USA

    Arnold L. Rheingold

  4. Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, California, USA

    Todd J. Martinez

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  1. Junpeng Wang
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  4. Mitchell T. Ong
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Contributions

J.W. and S.L.C. conceived and designed the experiments. J.W. and H.M.K. performed the synthesis. T.B.K. collected the AFM data. Z.N. and A.L.R. performed the crystallography. M.T.O. and T.J.M. performed the calculations of the transition states. J.W. and S.L.C. analysed the data and wrote the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Stephen L. Craig.

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The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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Crystallographic data for compound 4. (CIF 18 kb)

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Crystallographic data for compound 7. (CIF 898 kb)

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Wang, J., Kouznetsova, T., Niu, Z. et al. Inducing and quantifying forbidden reactivity with single-molecule polymer mechanochemistry. Nature Chem 7, 323–327 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2185

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