Abstract
The AAA-ATPase VCP (also known as p97) cooperates with distinct cofactors to process ubiquitylated proteins in different cellular pathways1,2,3. VCP missense mutations cause a systemic degenerative disease in humans, but the molecular pathogenesis is unclear4,5. We used an unbiased mass spectrometry approach and identified a VCP complex with the UBXD1 cofactor, which binds to the plasma membrane protein caveolin-1 (CAV1) and whose formation is specifically disrupted by disease-associated mutations. We show that VCP–UBXD1 targets mono-ubiquitylated CAV1 in SDS-resistant high-molecular-weight complexes on endosomes, which are en route to degradation in endolysosomes6. Expression of VCP mutant proteins, chemical inhibition of VCP, or siRNA-mediated depletion of UBXD1 leads to a block of CAV1 transport at the limiting membrane of enlarged endosomes in cultured cells. In patient muscle, muscle-specific caveolin-3 accumulates in sarcoplasmic pools and specifically delocalizes from the sarcolemma. These results extend the cellular functions of VCP to mediating sorting of ubiquitylated cargo in the endocytic pathway and indicate that impaired trafficking of caveolin may contribute to pathogenesis in individuals with VCP mutations.
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Acknowledgements
We thank A. Helenius, M. Kaiser, P. Hanson and A. Pestronk for discussions and reagents, G. Dey for image analysis software, C. Brasseur and G. Csucs for technical help, and R. Deshaies for sharing results before publication. This work was supported by grants from the ETH (26/05-2 and 25/08-1), the DFG priority programme SPP1365/2 and the Fondation Suisse de recherche sur les maladies musculaires (to H.M.). C.C.W. is supported by the NIH (R01 AG031867) and the Muscular Dystrophy Association.
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D.R. generated cells, isolated VCP complexes and carried out the biochemical analyses with help from P.K., S.S. and S.B., and M.V. and M.B. carried out microscopy. A.H. helped design experiments and carried out the co-localization analysis. H.L, T.G., M.G. and R.A. carried out mass spectrometry analysis. C.L., R.H.B. and C.C.W. carried out electron microscopy and analysis of patient material. H.M. conceived the project and wrote the manuscript.
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Ritz, D., Vuk, M., Kirchner, P. et al. Endolysosomal sorting of ubiquitylated caveolin-1 is regulated by VCP and UBXD1 and impaired by VCP disease mutations. Nat Cell Biol 13, 1116–1123 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb2301
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb2301
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