Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Review Article
  • Published:

Bacterial Fc Receptors

Bio/Technology volume 5, pages 697–703 (1987)Cite this article

Abstract

Unique proteins on the surface of certain bacteria bind selectively and with high affinity to the Fc region of various species of IgG. The interaction of bacterial Fc receptors with constant region determinants on the heavy chain of the IgG molecule does not influence the ability of the antibody to recognize its antigen. This property makes these receptors valuable tracers for quantitation of antigen–antibody complexes. The majority of studies to date have focused on the type I Fc receptor from Staphylococcus aureus more frequently designated as protein A. In this report we discuss the limitations of protein A and describe the properties of a second generation of bacterial Fc receptors that should find broad applications in immunochemistry, immuno–histology, and immuno–electronmicroscopy.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on Springer Link
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Langone, J.J. 1982. Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus and related immunoglobulin receptors produced by streptococci and pneumococci. Adv. Immunol. 32: 157–252.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Porter, R.R. 1959. The hydrolysis of rabbit γ-globulin and antibody with crystalline papain. J. Biochem. 73: 119–126.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Forsgren, A., Ghetie, V., Lindmark, R. and Sjöquist, H. 1983. Protein A and its exploitation, p. 429–480. In: Staphylococci and Staphylococcal Infections, Vol. 2. C. S. F. Easmon and C. Adlam (eds.). Academic Press Inc., London.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Langone, J.J., Boyle, M.D.P. and Borsos, T. 1977. 125I Protein A: Applications to the quantitative determination of fluid phase and cell-bound IgG. J. Immunol. Meth. 18: 281–293.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Langone, J.J. 1978. 125I Protein A: A tracer for immunoassay. J. Immunol. Method. 24: 269–285.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Boyle, M.D.P. 1984. Applications of bacterial Fc receptors in immunotechnology. Biotechniques. 2: 334–340.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Langone, J.J., Boyle, M.D.P. and Borsos, T. 1979. A solid phase immunoassay for human immunoglobulin E. Use of 125I protein A as the tracer. Analyt. Biochem. 93: 207–215.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. J.J., Langone . 1982. Use of labeled protein A in quantitative immuno-chemical analysis of antigens and antibodies. J. Immunol. Meth. 51: 3–22.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Gee, A.P. and Langone, J.J. 1981. Immunoassay using 125I- or enzyme-labeled protein A and antigen-coated tubes. Anal. Biochem. 116: 524–530.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Richman, D.D. 1983. The use of staphylococcal protein A in diagnostic virology. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 104: 159–576.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Duboid-Dalcq, M., McFarland, H. and McFarlin, D. 1977. Protein A-peroxidase: a valuable tool for the localization of antigens. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 25: 1201–1206.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Chang, H.C., Takashima, I., Arikawa, J. and Hashimoto, N. 1984. Biotin-labeled protein A enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Japanese encephalitis antibody in sera from humans, swine, and several animal species. J. Virol. Methods. 9: 143–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Jensen, K. 1958. A normally occurring Staphylococcus antibody in human serum. Acta Path. Microbiol. 44: 421–428.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Forsgren, A. and Sjöquist, J. 1966. Protein A from S. aureus. I. Pseudoimmune reaction with human γ-globulin. J. Immunol. 97: 822–827.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kronvall, G. 1973. A surface component of group A, C, and G streptococci with non-immune reactivity for immunoglobulin G. J. Immunol. 111: 1401–1406.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Myhre, E.B. and Kronvall, G. 1981. Immunoglobulin specificities of defined types of streptococcal Ig receptors, p. 209–210. In: Basic Concepts of Streptococci and Streptococcal Diseases. S. E. Holm and P. Christensen (eds). Redbook, Ltd. Chertsey, Surrey.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Reis, K.J., Ayoub, E.M. and Boyle, M.D.P. 1983. Detection of receptors for Fc region of IgG on streptococci. J. Immunol. Methods. 59: 83–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Reis, K.J., Ayoub, E.M. and Boyle, M.D.P. 1984. Streptococcl Fc receptors: I. Isolation and partial characterization of the receptors from a group C streptococcus. J. Immunol. 132: 3091–3097.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Van der Merwe, J.P. and Stegeman, J.H. 1985. Binding of Coprococcus comes to the Fc portion of IgG. A possible role in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease? Eur. J. Immunol. 15: 860–863.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Widders, P.R., Stoke, C.R., Newby, T.J. and Bourne, F.J. 1985. Nonimmune binding of equine immunoglobulin by the causative organism of contagious equine metritis, Taylorella equigenitalis Infect. Immunity 48: 417–421.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Harboe, M. and Fölliny, I. 1974. Recognition of two distinct groups of human IgM and IgA based on different binding to Staphylococci. Scand. J. Immunol. 3: 471–482.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Inganäs, M. 1981. Comparison of mechanisms of interaction between protein A from Staphylococcus aureus and human monoclonal IgG, IgA and IgM in relation to the classical Fcγ and the alternative F(ab′)2ε protein A interactions. Scand. J. Immunol. 13: 343–352.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Erntell, M., Myhre, E.B., and Kronvall, G. 1983. Alternative non-immune F(ab′)2-mediated immunoglobulin binding to group C and G streptococci. Scand. J. Immunol. 17: 201–209.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Christensen, P. and Oxelius, V.-A. 1975. A reaction between some streptococci and IgA myeloma proteins. Acta Path. Microbiol. Scand. Sect. C 83: 184–188.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Havlicek, J. 1978. Occurrence of Fc-reacting factor in acid extracts of Streptococcus pyogenes and its relationship to M protein. Expl. Cell. Biol. 46: 146–151.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Reis, K.J., Yarnall, M., Ayoub, E.M. and Boyle, M.D.P. 1984. Effect of mouse passage on Fc receptor expression by group A streptococci. Scand. J. Immunol. 20: 433–439.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Burova, L.A. and Christensen, P., Grubb, R., Jonsson, A., Samuelsson, G., Schalén, C. and Svensson, M.-L. 1980. Changes in virulence, M-protein and IgG Fc receptor activity in a type 12 group A streptococcal strain during mouse passages. Acta P. path. Microbiol. Scand. Sect. B 98: 199–205.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Burova, L.A., Christensen, P., Grubb, R., Krasilnikov, I.A., Samuelsson, G., Schalén, C., Svensson, M.-L., and Zätterström, U. 1981. IgG Fc-receptors in T-type 12 group A streptococci from clinical specimens: absence from M:type 12 and presence in M-type 22. Acta Path. Microbiol. Scand. Sect. B 89: 433–435.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Schwan, W.R. and Hartman, P.A. 1986. Binding of chicken, bovine, and rabbit immunoglobulins by avian, bovine, and human strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Poultry Science 65: 696–703.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Freimer, E.H., Raeder, R., Feinstein, A., Herbert, J., Gurner, B.W. and Coombs, R.R.A. 1979. Detection of protein A-like substances on hemolytic streptococci prior to use in mixed reverse passive antiglobu-lin hemagglutination (MRPHH). J. Immunol. Method. 31: 219–230.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Yarnall, M., Reis, K.J., Ayoub, E.M. and Boyle, M.D.P. 1984. An immunoblotting technique for the detection of bound and secreted bacterial Fc receptors. J. Microbiol. Methods 3: 83–93.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Sjöquist, J., Meloun, B. and Hjelm, H. 1972. Protein A isolated from Staphylococcus aureus after disgestion with lysostaphin. Eur. J. Biochem. 29: 572–578.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Sjödahl, J. 1977. Repetitive sequences in protein A from Staphylococcus aureus: Arrangement of five regions within the protein, four of them highly homologous and Fc-binding. Eur. J. Biochem. 73: 343–351.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Sjödahl, J. 1977. Structural studies on the four repetitive Fc-binding regions in protein A from Staphylococcus aureus. Eur. J. Biochem. 78: 471–490.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Deisenhofer, J. 1981. Crystallographic refinement and atomic models of a human Fc fragment and its complex with fragments B of protein A from Staphylococcus aureus at 2.9Å and 2.8Å resolution. Biochemistry 20: 2361–2370.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Deisenhofer, J., Jones, T.A., Huber, R., Sjödahl, J. and Sjöquist, J. 1978. Crystallization, crystal structure analysis and atomic model of the complex formed by a human Fc fragment and fragment B of protein A from Staphylococcus aureus . Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 395: 975–985.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Lofdahl, S., Guss, B., Uhlén, M., Philipson, L. and Lindberg, M. 1983. Gene for staphylococcal protein A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 80: 697–701.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Uhlén, M., Guss, B., Nilsson, B., Gatenbeck, S., Philipson, L. and Lindberg, M. 1984. Complete sequence of the Staphylococcal gene encoding protein A. J. Biol. Chem. 259: 1695–1702.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Duggleby, Clive, J. and Susan, A. 1983. Cloning and expression of the Staphylococcus aureus protein A gene in Escherichia coli. Nucleic Acids Research. 11: 3065–3076.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Uhlén, M., Lindberg, M. and Philipson, L. 1984. The gene for staphylococcal protein A. Immunol Today 5: 244–248.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Sjöquist, J. and Stålenheim, G. 1969. Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus. IX. Complement-fixing activity of protein A-IgG complexes. J. Immunol. 103: 467–473.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Stålenheim, G. and Sjöquist, J. 1970. Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus. X. Complement fixing activity of complexes between protein A and myeloma IgG or papain fragments of IgG. J. Immunol. 105: 944–948.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Kronvall, G. and Gewurz, H. 1970. Activation and inhibition of IgG mediated complement fixation by staphylococcal protein A. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 7: 211–220.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Ståhlenheim, G., Gotze, O., Cooper, N.R., Sjöquist, J. and Muller-Eberhard, H.J. 1973. Consumption of human complement components by complexes of IgG with protein A of Staphylococcus aureus. Immunochemistry 10: 501–507.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Langone, J.J., Boyle, M.D.P. and Borsos, T. 1978. Studies on the interaction between protein A and immunoglobulin G: Effect of protein A on the functional activity of IgG. J. Immunol. 121: 327–332.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Langone, J.J., Boyle, M.D.P. and Borsos, I. 1978. Studies on the interaction between protein A and immunoglobulin G: Composition and activity of complexes formed between protein A and IgG. J. Immunol. 121: 333–338.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Martin, R.R., Crowder, J.G. and White, A. 1967. Human reactions to Staphylococcus antigens. A possible role of leukocyte lysosomal enzymes. J. Immunol. 99: 269–275.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Gustafson, G.T., Stålenheim, G., Forsgren, A. and Sjöquist, J. 1968. “Protein A” from Staphylococcus aureus. IV. Production of anaphylaxis-like cutaneous and systemic reactions in non-immunized guinea-pigs. J. Immunol. 100: 530–534.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Lawman, M.J.P., Boyle, M.D.P., Gee, A.P. and Young, M. 1984. A rapid technique for measuring leukocyte chemotaxis in vivo. J. Immunol. Methods 69: 197–206.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Forsgren, A., Svedjelund, A. and Wigzell, H. 1976. Lymphocyte stimulation by protein A of Staphylococcus aureus. Eur. J. Immunol. 6: 207–213.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Romangnani, S., Amadori, A., Giudizi, M.G., Biagiotti, R., Maggi, E. and Ricci, M. 1978. Different mitogenic activity of soluble and insoluble staphylococcal protein A (SPA). Immunology 35: 471–470.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Smith, E., Johnson, H.M. and Blalock, J.E. 1983. Staphylococcus aureus protein A induces the production of interferon-α in human lymphocytes and interferon-α/β in mouse spleen cells. J. Immunol. 130: 773–776.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Pryjma, J., Munoz, J., Galbraith, R.M., Fudenberg, H.H. and Virella, G. 1980. Induction and suppression of immunoglobulin synthesis in cultures of human lymphocytes: effects of pokeweek mitogen and Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I. J. Immunol. 124: 56–661.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Ringden, O. 1985. Induction of immunoglobulin secretion by protein A from Staphylococcus aureus in human blood and bone marrow B cells. Scand. J. Immunol. 22: 7–26.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Pryjma, J., Munoz, J., Virella, G. and Fudenberg, H.H. 1980. Evaluation of IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD and IgE. Secretion by human peripheral blood lymphocytes in cultures stimulated with pokeweed mitogen and Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I. Cell Immunol. 50: 115–125.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Bansal, S.C., Bansal, B.R., Thomas, H.E., Siegel, P.D., Rhoads, J.E., Cooper, D.R., Terman, D.S. and Mark, R. 1978. Ex vivo removal of serum IgG in a patient with colon carcinoma. Cancer 42: 1–18.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Bansal, S.C., Bansal, B.R., Rhoads, J.E., Cooper, D.R., Boland, J.P. and Mark, R. 1978. Ex-vivo removal of mammalian immunoglobulin G: Methods and Immunological Alterations. Int. J. Artif. Organs 1: 94–103.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Terman, D.S., Yamamoto, T., Tillquist, R.L., Henry, J.F., Cook, G.L., Silver, A. and Shearer, W.T. 1980. Tumoricidal response induced by cytosine arabinoside after plasma perfusion over protein A. Science 209: 1257–1259.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Terman, D.S., Yamamoto, T., Mattioli, M., Cook, G.L., Tillquist, R., Henry, J.F., Poser, R. and Daskal, Y. 1980. Extensive necrosis of spontaneous canine mammary adenocarcinoma after extracorporeal perfusion over Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I: Description of acute tumoricidal response: Morphologic, histologic, immunohistochemical, immunologic and serologic findings. J. Immunol. 124: 795–805.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Brown, J.P., Tamerius, J.D. and Hellström, I. 1979. Indirect 125I labeled protein A assay for monoclonal antibodies to cell surface antigens. J. Immunol. Methods. 31: 201–209.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Suter, L., Brüggen, J. and Sorg, C. 1980. Use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for screening of hybridoma antibodies against cell surface antigens. J. Immunol. Methods. 39: 407–411.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Goding, J.W. 1983. Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice, 113–116. Academic Press. Inc. London and New York.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Christensen, P. and Oxelius, V.-A. 1974. Quantitation of the uptake of human IgG by some streptococci of groups A, B, C, and G. Acta Path. Microbiol. Scans. Sect. C. 82: 475–483.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Yarnall, M. and Boyle, M.D.P. 1986. Isolation and partial characterization of a type II Fc receptor from a group A streptococcus. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 70: 57–66.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Yarnall, M. and Boyle, M.D.P. 1986. Identification of a unique receptor on a group A streptococcus for the Fc region of human IgG3 . J. Immunol. 136: 2670–2673.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Yarnall, M. and Boyle, M.D.P. 1986. Isolation and characterization of Type IIa and Type IIb Fc receptors from a group A streptococcus. Scand. J. Immunol. 24: 549–557.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Yarnall, M. and Boyle, M.D.P. 1986. Influence of dipeptides on the interaction of immunoglobulins with bacterial Fc receptors. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 135: 1105–1111.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Christensen, P., Grubb, A., Grubb, R., Samuelsson, G., Schalén, C. and Svensson, M.-L. 1979. Demonstration of the non-identity between the Fc receptor for human IgG from group A streptococci type 15 and M protein, peptidoglycan and the group specific carbohydrate. Acta Path. Microbiol. Scand. Sect. C. 87: 257–261.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Schalén, C., Christensen, P., Grubb, A., Samuelsson, G. and Svensson, M.-L. 1980. Demonstration of separate receptors for human IgA and IgG in group A streptococci type 4. Acta Path. Microbiol. Scand. Sect. C. 88: 77–82.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Grubb, A., Grubb, R., Christensen, P. and Schalén, C. 1982. Isolation and some properties of an IgG Fc binding protein from group A streptococci type 15. Int. Archs. Allergy Appl. Immun. 67: 369–376.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Wagner, B., Wagner, M. and Ryc, M. 1983. Morphological evidence for different types of IgG-Fc receptors in group A streptococci. Zbl. Bakt. Hyg. A. 256: 61–71.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Burova, L., Ravdonikas, L.E., Christensen, P., Schalén, C. and Totolian, A.A. 1983. The genetic control of virulence in group A streptococci. II. Trigger effect by plasmids on anti-phagocytic activity, opacity factor and IgG and IgA Fc-receptors. Acta Path. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand. Sect. B. 91: 61–67.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Ravdonikas, L.E., Christensen, P., Burova, L.A., Grabovskaya, Björck, L., Schalén, C., Svensson, M.-L., and Totolian, A.A. 1984. The genetic control of virulence in group A streptococci. III. Plasmid-Induced. “switch-off”-effect on some pathogenic properties. Acta Path. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand. Sect. B. 92: 65–69.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Schalén, C., Truedsson, L., Christensen, K. and Christensen, P. 1985. Blocking of antibody complement-dependent effector functions by streptococcal IgG Fc-receptor and staphylococcal protein A. Acta Path. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand. Sect. B. 93: 395–400.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Björck, L. and Kronvall, G. 1984. Purification and some properties of streptococcal protein G, a novel IgG-binding reagent. J. Immunol. 133: 964–974.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Reis, K.J., Ayoub, E.M. and Boyle, M.D.P. 1985. A rapid method for the isolation and characterization of a homogeneous population of streptotoccal Fc receptors. J. Microbiol. Methods. 4: 45–58.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Reis, K.J., Ayoub, E.M. and Boyle, M.D.P. 1984. Streptococcal Fc receptors:II. Comparison of the reactivity of a receptor from a group C streptococcus with staphylococcal protein A. J. Immunol. 132: 3098–3102.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Åkerström, B., Brodin, T., Reis, K.J. and Björck, L. 1985. Protein G: A powerful tool for binding and detection of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. J. Immunol. 135: 2589–2592.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Müller, H.-P. and Blobel, H. 1983. Purification and properties of a receptor for the Fc-component of immunoglobulin G from Streptotoccus dysgalactiae. Zbl. Bact. Hyg., I. Abt. Orig. A 254: 352–360.

    Google Scholar 

  80. von Mering, G. and Boyle, M.D.P. 1986. Comparison of type III Fc receptors associated with group C and group G streptococci. Mol. Immunol. 23: 811–821.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Åkerström, B. and Björck, L. 1986. A physicochemical study of protein G, a molecule with unique immunoglobulin G-binding properties. J. Biol. Chem. 261: 10240–10247.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Reis, K.J., Hansen, H.F. and Björck, L. 1986. Extraction and characterization of streptococcal IgG Fc receptors from group C and group G streptococci. Mol. Immunol. 23: 425–431.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Boyle, M.D.P., Wallner, W.A., von Mering, G.O., Reis, K.J., and Lawman, M.J.P. 1985. Interaction of bacterial Fc receptors with goat immunoglobulins. Mol. Immunol. 220: 1115–1121.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Fahnestock, S.R., Alexander, P., Nagle, J. and Filpula, D. 1986. Gene for an immunoglobulin-binding protein from a group G streptococcus. J. Bacteriol. 167: 870–880.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Guss, B., Eliasson, M., Olsson, A., Uhlén, M., Frej, A.-K., Jörnvall, H., Flock, J.-I. and Lindberg, M. 1986. Structure of the IgG-binding regions of streptococcal protein G. EMBO Journal 5: 1567–1575.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Myhre, E.B., Holmberg, O. and Kronvall, G. 1979. Immunolgobulin-binding structures on bovine group G streptococci different from type III Fc receptors on human group G streptococci. Infect. Immun. 23: 1–7.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Myhre, E.B. and Kronvall, G. 1980. Immunochemical aspects of Fc-mediated binding of human IgG subclasses to group A, C and G streptococci. Mol. Immunol. 17: 1563–1573.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Myhre, E.B. and Kronvall, G. 1981. Specific binding of bovine, ovine, caprine and equine IgG subclasses to defined types of immunoglobulin receptors in Gram-positive cocci. Comp. Immun. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 4: 317–28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Myhre, E.B. and Kronvall, G. 1980. Demonstration of a new type of immunoglobulin G receptor in Streptococcus zooepidemicus strains. Infect. Immun. 27: 808–816.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Fahnestock, S.R. and Fisher, K.E. 1986. Expression of the staphylococcal protein A gene in Bacillus subtilis by gene fusions utilizing the promoter from a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens α-amylase gene. J. Bacteriol. 165: 796–804.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  91. Nilsson, B., Holmgren, E., Josephson, S., Gatenbeck, S., Philipson, L. and Uhlén, M. 1985. Efficient secretion and purification of human insulin-like growth factor I with a gene fusion vector in Staphylococci. Nucleic Acids. Res. 13: 1151–1162.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Nilsson, B., Abrahmsén and Uhlén, M. 1985. Immunobilization and purification of enzymes with staphylococcal protein A gene fusion vectors. EMBO J. 4: 1075–1080.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Reis, K.J., Boyle, M.D.P. and Ayoub, E.M. 1984. Identification of distinct Fc-receptor molecules on streptococci and Staphylococci. J. Clin. Lab. Immunol. 13: 75–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Yarnall, M., Ayoub, E.M. and Boyle, M.D.P. 1986. Analysis of surface receptor expression on bacteria isolated from patients with endocarditis. J. Gen. Microbiol. 132: 2049–2052.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Box J-266 JHMHC, Gainesville, Florida, 32610

    M. D. P. Boyle & K. J. Reis

Authors
  1. M. D. P. Boyle
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. K. J. Reis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Boyle, M., Reis, K. Bacterial Fc Receptors. Nat Biotechnol 5, 697–703 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0787-697

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0787-697

This article is cited by

Search

Advanced search

Quick links

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing