Tech transfer (about half of which is biotech) from research institutions to business continues to swell; relatively steady startup growth in the US and UK contrasts with frenetic bursts of start-up activity in Europe, (e.g., France, Denmark, Germany and Sweden). Despite the fact that US universities raised >$1 billion from licenses/options in 2003, only a handful make a significant amount of income from tech transfer and devote a sizeable staff to managing it. Recent advances in marketing research to corporations have given US institutions an edge over their European counterparts.
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Lawrence, S. Tech transfer—slow progress. Nat Biotechnol 23, 12 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0105-12
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0105-12