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A gravitational-wave standard siren measurement of the Hubble constant

Nature volume 551, pages 85–88 (2017)Cite this article

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Abstract

On 17 August 2017, the Advanced LIGO1 and Virgo2 detectors observed the gravitational-wave event GW170817—a strong signal from the merger of a binary neutron-star system3. Less than two seconds after the merger, a γ-ray burst (GRB 170817A) was detected within a region of the sky consistent with the LIGO–Virgo-derived location of the gravitational-wave source4,5,6. This sky region was subsequently observed by optical astronomy facilities7, resulting in the identification8,9,10,11,12,13 of an optical transient signal within about ten arcseconds of the galaxy NGC 4993. This detection of GW170817 in both gravitational waves and electromagnetic waves represents the first ‘multi-messenger’ astronomical observation. Such observations enable GW170817 to be used as a ‘standard siren’14,15,16,17,18 (meaning that the absolute distance to the source can be determined directly from the gravitational-wave measurements) to measure the Hubble constant. This quantity represents the local expansion rate of the Universe, sets the overall scale of the Universe and is of fundamental importance to cosmology. Here we report a measurement of the Hubble constant that combines the distance to the source inferred purely from the gravitational-wave signal with the recession velocity inferred from measurements of the redshift using the electromagnetic data. In contrast to previous measurements, ours does not require the use of a cosmic ‘distance ladder’19: the gravitational-wave analysis can be used to estimate the luminosity distance out to cosmological scales directly, without the use of intermediate astronomical distance measurements. We determine the Hubble constant to be about 70 kilometres per second per megaparsec. This value is consistent with existing measurements20,21, while being completely independent of them. Additional standard siren measurements from future gravitational-wave sources will enable the Hubble constant to be constrained to high precision.

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Figure 1: GW170817 measurement of H0.
Figure 2: Inference on H0 and inclination.
Figure 3: Constraints on the inclination angle of GW170817.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the support of the United States National Science Foundation (NSF) for the construction and operation of the LIGO Laboratory and Advanced LIGO as well as the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) of the United Kingdom, the Max-Planck-Society (MPS), and the State of Niedersachsen/Germany for support of the construction of Advanced LIGO and construction and operation of the GEO600 detector. Additional support for Advanced LIGO was provided by the Australian Research Council. We acknowledge the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and the Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter supported by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research for the construction and operation of the Virgo detector and the creation and support of the EGO consortium. We acknowledge research support from these agencies as well as by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of India, the Department of Science and Technology, India, the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), India, the Ministry of Human Resource Development, India, the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación, the Vicepresidència i Conselleria d’Innovació, Recerca i Turisme and the Conselleria d’Educació i Universitat del Govern de les Illes Balears, the Conselleria d’Educació, Investigació, Cultura i Esport de la Generalitat Valenciana, the National Science Centre of Poland, the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Russian Science Foundation, the European Commission, the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF), the Royal Society, the Scottish Funding Council, the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA), the Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO), the National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary (NKFI), the National Research Foundation of Korea, Industry Canada and the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation, the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council Canada, the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations, and Communications, the International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR), the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), the Leverhulme Trust, the Research Corporation, the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan and the Kavli Foundation. We acknowledge the support of the NSF, STFC, MPS, INFN, CNRS and the State of Niedersachsen/Germany for provision of computational resources. This paper has been assigned the document number LIGO-P1700296. We thank the University of Copenhagen, DARK Cosmology Centre, and the Niels Bohr International Academy for hosting D.A.C., R.J.F., A.M.B., E. Ramirez-Ruiz and M.R.S. during the discovery of GW170817/SSS17a. R.J.F., A.M.B., E. Ramirez-Ruiz and D.E.H. were participating in the Kavli Summer Program in Astrophysics, ‘Astrophysics with gravitational wave detections’. This program was supported by the the Kavli Foundation, Danish National Research Foundation, the Niels Bohr International Academy, and the DARK Cosmology Centre. The UCSC group is supported in part by NSF grant AST–1518052, the Gordon & Betty Moore Foundation, the Heising-Simons Foundation, generous donations from many individuals through a UCSC Giving Day grant, and from fellowships from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (R.J.F.), the David and Lucile Packard Foundation (R.J.F. and E. Ramirez-Ruiz) and the Niels Bohr Professorship from the DNRF (E. Ramirez-Ruiz). A.M.B. acknowledges support from a UCMEXUS-CONACYT Doctoral Fellowship. Support for this work was provided by NASA through Hubble Fellowship grants HST–HF–51348.001 and HST–HF–51373.001 awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS5–26555. The Berger Time-Domain Group at Harvard is supported in part by the NSF through grants AST-1411763 and AST-1714498, and by NASA through grants NNX15AE50G and NNX16AC22G. Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the DOE and NSF (USA), MEC/MICINN/MINECO (Spain), STFC (UK), HEFCE (UK). NCSA (UIUC), KICP (U. Chicago), CCAPP (Ohio State), MIFPA (Texas A&M), CNPQ, FAPERJ, FINEP (Brazil), DFG (Germany) and the Collaborating Institutions in the Dark Energy Survey. The Collaborating Institutions are Argonne Lab, UC Santa Cruz, University of Cambridge, CIEMAT-Madrid, University of Chicago, University College London, DES-Brazil Consortium, University of Edinburgh, ETH Zürich, Fermilab, University of Illinois, ICE (IEEC-CSIC), IFAE Barcelona, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, LMU München and the associated Excellence Cluster Universe, University of Michigan, NOAO, University of Nottingham, Ohio State University, University of Pennsylvania, University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Lab, Stanford University, University of Sussex, Texas A&M University and the OzDES Membership Consortium. Based in part on observations at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. The DES Data Management System is supported by the NSF under grant numbers AST-1138766 and AST-1536171. The DES participants from Spanish institutions are partially supported by MINECO under grants AYA2015-71825, ESP2015-88861, FPA2015-68048, and Centro de Excelencia SEV-2012-0234, SEV-2016-0597 and MDM-2015-0509. Research leading to these results has received funding from the ERC under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme including grants ERC 240672, 291329 and 306478. We acknowledge support from the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), through project number CE110001020. This manuscript has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under contract number DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. D.J.S. acknowledges support for the DLT40 programme from NSF grant AST-1517649. Support for I. Arcavi was provided by NASA through the Einstein Fellowship Program, grant PF6-170148. G. Hosseinzadeh, D.A.H. and C. McCully are supported by NSF grant AST-1313484. D. Poznanski acknowledges support by Israel Science Foundation grant 541/17. VINROUGE is an European Southern Observatory Large Survey (id: 0198.D-2010). MASTER acknowledges the Lomonosov MSU Development Programme and the Russian Federation Ministry of Education and Science. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED), which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with NASA.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 91125, California, USA

    B. P. Abbott, R. Abbott, R. X. Adhikari, A. Ananyeva, S. B. Anderson, S. Appert, K. Arai, M. C. Araya, J. C. Barayoga, B. C. Barish, B. K. Berger, G. Billingsley, S. Biscans, J. K. Blackburn, C. D. Blair, R. Bork, A. F. Brooks, S. Brunett, C. Cahillane, T. A. Callister, C. B. Cepeda, M. W. Coughlin, P. Couvares, D. C. Coyne, P. Ehrens, J. Eichholz, T. Etzel, J. Feicht, E. M. Fries, S. E. Gossan, K. E. Gushwa, E. K. Gustafson, A. W. Heptonstall, M. Isi, B. Kamai, J. B. Kanner, V. Kondrashov, W. Z. Korth, D. B. Kozak, A. Lazzarini, A. Markowitz, E. Maros, T. J. Massinger, F. Matichard, G. McIntyre, J. McIver, S. Meshkov, L. Nevin, M. Pedraza, A. Perreca, E. A. Quintero, D. H. Reitze, N. A. Robertson, J. G. Rollins, S. Sachdev, E. J. Sanchez, L. E. Sanchez, P. Schmidt, R. J. E. Smith, R. Taylor, C. I. Torrie, R. Tso, A. L. Urban, G. Vajente, S. Vass, G. Venugopalan, A. R. Wade, L. Wallace, A. J. Weinstein, S. E. Whitcomb, R. D. Williams, J. L. Willis, C. C. Wipf, S. Xiao, H. Yamamoto, L. Zhang, M. E. Zucker & J. Zweizig

  2. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 70803, Louisiana, USA

    T. D. Abbott, C. Austin, C. C. Buchanan, T. R. Corbitt, J. Cripe, T. J. Cullen, J. A. Giaime, G. González, T. Hardwick, W. W. Johnson, M. Kasprzack & G. Valdes

  3. Università di Salerno, Fisciano, I-84084, Salerno, Italy

    F. Acernese, F. Barone & R. Romano

  4. INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, Napoli, I-80126, Italy

    F. Acernese, F. Barone, E. Calloni, M. De Laurentis, R. De Rosa, L. Di Fiore, T. Di Girolamo, F. Garufi, A. Grado, L. Milano & R. Romano

  5. University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611, Florida, USA

    K. Ackley, I. Bartos, C. R. Billman, H.-P. Cheng, H. Chia, G. Ciani, C. F. Da Silva Costa, S. S. Eikenberry, P. Fulda, R. Goetz, S. Klimenko, A. L. Miller, G. Mitselmakher, G. Mueller, L. F. Ortega, D. H. Reitze, D. B. Tanner, J. Trinastic, B. F. Whiting & M. Yazback

  6. OzGrav, School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Victoria, Australia

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  7. LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, 70754, Louisiana, USA

    C. Adams, S. M. Aston, J. Betzwieser, J. Birch, K. Bossie, P. Corban, M. J. Cowart, R. T. DeRosa, A. Effler, T. M. Evans, V. V. Frolov, M. Fyffe, J. A. Giaime, K. D. Giardina, J. Hanson, M. C. Heintze, K. Holt, T. Huynh-Dinh, S. Kandhasamy, W. Katzman, M. Laxen, M. Lormand, S. McCormick, A. Mullavey, T. J. N. Nelson, D. Nolting, Richard J. Oram, B. O’Reilly, H. Overmier, W. Parker, A. Pele, J. H. Romie, D. Sellers, B. Smith, A. L. Stuver, M. Thomas, K. A. Thorne & G. Traylor

  8. Laboratoire d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy, F-74941, France

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  9. University of Sannio at Benevento, I-82100 Benevento, Italy and INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, I-80100, Italy

    P. Addesso, E. Mejuto-Villa, V. Pierro, I. M. Pinto & M. Principe

  10. Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Hannover, D-30167, Germany

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  11. The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA

    M. Afrough, M. Cavaglià, C. Cocchieri, K. L. Dooley & K. Mogushi

  12. NCSA, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, 61801, Illinois, USA

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  13. University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1TN, UK

    M. Agathos, A. J. K. Chua & C. J. Moore

  14. Nikhef, Science Park, Amsterdam, 1098 XG, The Netherlands

    K. Agatsuma, M. K. M. Bader, A. Bertolini, B. A. Boom, H. J. Bulten, S. Caudill, Archisman Ghosh, S. Ghosh, R. J. G. Jonker, S. Koley, J. Meidam, G. Nelemans, S. Nissanke, M. Tacca, K. W. Tsang, N. van Bakel, M. van Beuzekom, J. F. J. van den Brand, C. Van Den Broeck, L. van der Schaaf, J. V. van Heijningen & R. Walet

  15. LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, Massachusetts, USA

    N. Aggarwal, L. Barsotti, S. Biscans, A. Buikema, N. Demos, F. Donovan, R. A. Eisenstein, R. C. Essick, M. Evans, A. Fernandez-Galiana, P. Fritschel, S. Gras, E. D. Hall, E. Katsavounidis, A. Kontos, R. K. Lanza, R. Lynch, M. MacInnis, D. V. Martynov, K. Mason, F. Matichard, N. Mavalvala, L. McCuller, J. Miller, R. Mittleman, S. R. P. Mohapatra, D. H. Shoemaker, M. Tse, S. Vitale, R. Weiss, Hang Yu, Haocun Yu & M. E. Zucker

  16. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil

    O. D. Aguiar, M. Constancio Jr., C. A. Costa, E. C. Ferreira, M. A. Okada & A. D. Silva

  17. Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), L’Aquila, I-67100, Italy

    L. Aiello, M. Branchesi, E. Coccia, M. De Laurentis, V. Fafone, O. Halim, J. Harms, I. Khan, M. Lorenzini, V. Sequino, A. Singhal, S. Tiwari & G. Wang

  18. INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi, I-67100, Italy

    L. Aiello, M. Branchesi, E. Coccia, O. Halim, J. Harms & M. Lorenzini

  19. Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune, 411007, India

    A. Ain, S. Bose, S. Dhurandhar, B. U. Gadre, S. G. Gaonkar, S. Mitra, N. Mukund, A. Parida, J. Prasad, T. Souradeep & J. Suresh

  20. International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, 560089, India

    P. Ajith, Abhirup Ghosh, Archisman Ghosh, B. R. Iyer & S. Kumar

  21. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, 53201, Wisconsin, USA

    B. Allen, W. G. Anderson, P. R. Brady, P. Brockill, S. Caudill, D. Chatterjee, J. D. E. Creighton, T. P. Downes, S. Ghosh, C. Horst, S. J. Kapadia, S. Kwang, X. Liu, I. Magaña Hernandez, M. Manske, R. A. Mercer, D. Mukherjee, M. A. Papa, M. Poe, T. Prestegard, H. Qi, L. Sadeghian, A. Sheperd, X. Siemens, J. A. Sonnenberg, K. Ueno, A. D. Viets & S. Walsh

  22. Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, D-30167, Germany

    B. Allen, P. Aufmuth, A. Bisht, S. L. Danilishin, K. Danzmann, M. Heurs, S. Kaufer, H. Lück, D. Schuette, A. Singh, H. Vahlbruch, L.-W. Wei, B. Willke & H. Wittel

  23. Università di Pisa, Pisa, I-56127, Italy

    A. Allocca, A. Basti, G. Cerretani, W. Del Pozzo, A. Di Lieto, F. Di Renzo, I. Ferrante, F. Fidecaro, J. M. Gonzalez Castro, R. Passaquieti, R. Poggiani, M. Razzano & M. Tonelli

  24. INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, I-56127, Italy

    A. Allocca, A. Basti, M. Bitossi, V. Boschi, C. Bradaschia, G. Cella, G. Cerretani, W. Del Pozzo, A. Di Lieto, F. Di Renzo, I. Ferrante, F. Fidecaro, F. Frasconi, A. Gennai, A. Giazotto, J. M. Gonzalez Castro, G. Losurdo, A. Moggi, F. Paoletti, R. Passaquieti, D. Passuello, B. Patricelli, R. Poggiani, M. Razzano, M. Tonelli & L. Trozzo

  25. OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, 0200, Australian Capital Territory, Australia

    P. A. Altin, J. H. Chow, P. W. F. Forsyth, N. Kijbunchoo, G. L. Mansell, M. Manske, D. E. McClelland, D. J. McManus, T. McRae, T. T. Nguyen, D. S. Rabeling, S. M. Scott, D. A. Shaddock, B. J. J. Slagmolen, R. L. Ward, K. Wette & M. J. Yap

  26. Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), CNRS/IN2P3, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France

    A. Amato, G. Cagnoli, J. Degallaix, C. De Rossi, V. Dolique, R. Flaminio, M. Granata, D. Hofman, C. Michel, R. Pedurand, L. Pinard & B. Sassolas

  27. SUPA, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, PA1 2BE, UK

    S. V. Angelova, J. Devenson, S. Macfoy, G. Rutins & D. J. Vine

  28. LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, F-91898, France

    S. Antier, N. Arnaud, I. Belahcene, M. A. Bizouard, V. Brisson, J. Casanueva Diaz, F. Cavalier, D. Cohen, M. Davier, V. Frey, P. Gruning, P. Hello, D. Huet, A. Lartaux-Vollard, N. Leroy & F. Robinet

  29. California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, 92831, California, USA

    J. S. Areeda, A. Avila-Alvarez, T. J. Cullen, G. Lovelace, J. Read, J. R. Smith & M. Walker

  30. European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), Cascina, I-56021, Italy

    N. Arnaud, G. Ballardin, M. Bitossi, V. Boschi, A. Bozzi, F. Carbognani, R. Cavalieri, A. Chiummo, S. Cortese, E. Cuoco, V. Dattilo, C. De Rossi, F. Ferrini, I. Fiori, E. Genin, M. Gosselin, G. Hemming, D. Hoak, M. Mantovani, M. Mohan, F. Nocera, A. Paoli, A. Pasqualetti, G. Pillant, P. Popolizio, P. Ruggi, L. Salconi, D. Sentenac, B. L. Swinkels, F. Travasso & T. Zelenova

  31. Chennai Mathematical Institute, Chennai, 603103, India

    K. G. Arun

  32. Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, I-00133, Italy

    S. Ascenzi, C. Casentini, V. Fafone, D. Lumaca, I. Nardecchia & V. Sequino

  33. INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, I-00133, Italy

    S. Ascenzi, C. Casentini, E. Cesarini, S. D’Antonio, V. Fafone, I. Khan, D. Lumaca, Y. Minenkov, I. Nardecchia, A. Rocchi & V. Sequino

  34. Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, D-22761, Germany

    M. Ast, L. Kleybolte, M. Korobko, A. Pal-Singh, A. Sawadsky, R. Schnabel, A. Schönbeck, J. Steinlechner & S. Steinlechner

  35. INFN, Sezione di Roma, Roma, I-00185, Italy

    P. Astone, A. Colla, S. Di Pace, I. Di Palma, S. Frasca, G. Intini, P. Leaci, E. Majorana, S. Mastrogiovanni, A. L. Miller, L. Naticchioni, C. Palomba, O. J. Piccinni, P. Puppo, P. Rapagnani, F. Ricci & A. Singhal

  36. Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK

    D. V. Atallah, I. Dorrington, S. Fairhurst, E. J. Fauchon-Jones, M. Fays, S. Gomes, E. Z. Hamilton, M. D. Hannam, P. Hopkins, C. V. Kalaghatgi, C. Kent, L. T. London, R. Macas, D. M. Macleod, A. W. Muir, C. North, L. K. Nuttall, F. Pannarale, V. Predoi, B. S. Sathyaprakash, B. F. Schutz, P. J. Sutton, V. Tiwari & S. A. Usman

  37. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, 86301, Arizona, USA

    K. AultONeal, S. Gaudio, K. Gill, E. M. Gretarsson, B. Hughey, M. Muratore, J. W. W. Pratt, S. G. Schwalbe, K. Staats, M. J. Szczepańczyk & M. Zanolin

  38. Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Potsdam-Golm, D-14476, Germany

    S. Babak, A. Bohe, A. Buonanno, V. Dergachev, H.-B. Eggenstein, S. Grunewald, I. W. Harry, B. D. Lackey, G. D. Meadors, J. Ming, S. Ossokine, M. A. Papa, H. P. Pfeiffer, S. Privitera, M. Pürrer, V. Raymond, L. Shao, A. Singh, A. Taracchini, S. Walsh & S. J. Zhu

  39. APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205, Paris Cedex 13, France

    P. Bacon, M. Barsuglia, Y. Bouffanais, C. Buy, E. Capocasa, E. Chassande-Mottin, D. Fiorucci, E. K. Porter & D. Steer

  40. Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea

    S. Bae & G. Kang

  41. West Virginia University, Morgantown, 26506, West Virginia, USA

    P. T. Baker, B. D. Cheeseboro, Z. B. Etienne, T. D. Knowles, A. Lenon & S. T. McWilliams

  42. Università di Perugia, Perugia, I-06123, Italy

    F. Baldaccini, L. Gammaitoni & H. Vocca

  43. INFN, Sezione di Perugia, Perugia, I-06123, Italy

    F. Baldaccini, M. Bawaj, F. Marchesoni, M. Punturo, F. Travasso & H. Vocca

  44. Syracuse University, Syracuse, 13244, New York, USA

    S. W. Ballmer, S. Bhagwat, C. Biwer, D. A. Brown, D. Davis, S. De, H. Fair, D. Finstad, R. P. Fisher, J. E. Lord, F. Magaña-Sandoval, L. Magaña Zertuche, E. A. Muñiz, L. Pekowsky, S. D. Reyes, J. R. Sanders, P. R. Saulson, D. C. Vander-Hyde & T. Vo

  45. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, Minnesota, USA

    S. Banagiri, M. Fitz-Axen, V. Mandic, A. Matas, P. M. Meyers & R. Ormiston

  46. SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK

    S. E. Barclay, B. Barr, J. C. Bayley, A. S. Bell, M. Chan, A. Cumming, L. Cunningham, L. E. H. Datrier, R. Douglas, P. Dupej, M. Fletcher, H. Gabbard, C. Graef, A. Grant, G. Hammond, M. J. Hart, K. Haughian, M. Hendry, I. S. Heng, J. Hennig, S. Hild, J. Hough, E. A. Houston, S. H. Huttner, H. N. Isa, R. Jones, D. Keitel, S. Leavey, K. Lee, V. Mangano, I. W. Martin, M. Masso-Reid, C. Messenger, P. G. Murray, G. Newton, D. Pascucci, B. L. Pearlstone, M. Phelps, M. Pitkin, J. Powell, N. A. Robertson, R. Robie, S. Rowan, J. Scott, B. Sorazu, A. P. Spencer, J. Steinlechner, K. A. Strain, S. C. Tait, K. Toland, Z. Tornasi, A. A. van Veggel, J. Veitch, D. Williams, G. Woan, J. L. Wright & T. Zhang

  47. LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, 99352, Washington, USA

    D. Barker, J. Bartlett, J. C. Batch, R. M. Blair, F. Clara, J. C. Driggers, S. E. Dwyer, B. Gateley, C. Gray, J. Hanks, K. Izumi, K. Kawabe, P. J. King, J. S. Kissel, M. Landry, R. McCarthy, G. Mendell, E. L. Merilh, D. Moraru, G. Moreno, J. Oberling, C. J. Perez, M. Pirello, F. J. Raab, H. Radkins, C. L. Romel, K. Ryan, T. Sadecki, V. Sandberg, R. L. Savage, T. J. Shaffer, D. Sigg, A. Strunk, P. Thomas, C. Vorvick, J. Warner, B. Weaver & J. Worden

  48. Caltech CaRT, Pasadena, 91125, California, USA

    K. Barkett, J. Blackman, Y. Chen, Y. Ma, B. Pang, M. Scheel & V. Varma

  49. Wigner RCP, RMKI, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 29-33, Budapest, H-1121, Hungary

    D. Barta & M. Vasúth

  50. Columbia University, New York, 10027, New York, USA

    I. Bartos, K. R. Corley, S. T. Countryman, T. Di Girolamo, M. Factourovich, S. Márka, Z. Márka, L. Matone & A. Staley

  51. Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, California, USA

    R. Bassiri, E. Bonilla, R. L. Byer, C. E. Cirelli, D. DeBra, M. M. Fejer, B. Lantz, A. S. Markosyan & B. Shapiro

  52. Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Camerino, Camerino, I-62032, Italy

    M. Bawaj & F. Marchesoni

  53. Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Padova, Padova, I-35131, Italy

    M. Bazzan, G. Ciani & M. Vardaro

  54. INFN, Sezione di Padova, Padova, I-35131, Italy

    M. Bazzan, G. Ciani, L. Conti, C. Lazzaro, M. Vardaro, G. Vedovato & J.-P. Zendri

  55. Institute of Physics, Eötvös University, Pázmány P. s. 1/A, Budapest, 1117, Hungary

    B. Bécsy, G. Dálya, Z. Frei & P. Raffai

  56. Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 00-716, Poland

    M. Bejger, D. Rosińska & M. Sieniawska

  57. Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, 14623, New York, USA

    J. J. Bero, J. Healy, J. Lange, C. O. Lousto, R. O’Shaughnessy, M. Rizzo, J. T. Whelan, J. Wofford, D. M. Wysocki & Y.-H. Zhang

  58. University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK

    C. P. L. Berry, S. J. Cooper, W. Del Pozzo, M. Dovale álvarez, W. M. Farr, A. Freise, S. M. Gaebel, A. C. Green, H. Miao, H. Middleton, C. M. Mow-Lowry, S. P. Stevenson, D. J. Stops, E. G. Thomas, D. Töyrä, A. Vecchio, S. Vinciguerra & H. Wang

  59. INFN, Sezione di Genova, Genova, I-16146, Italy

    D. Bersanetti, M. Canepa, A. Chincarini, A. Cirone, S. Farinon, G. Gemme, L. Rei & F. Sorrentino

  60. RRCAT, Indore, 452013, MP, India

    R. Bhandare, I. Dave, J. George, S. A. Pai, B. C. Pant, S. Raja & C. Rajan

  61. Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia

    I. A. Bilenko, M. L. Gorodetsky, F. Y. Khalili, V. P. Mitrofanov, L. G. Prokhorov, S. E. Strigin & S. P. Vyatchanin

  62. SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XQ, UK

    R. Birney, S. Jawahar, N. A. Lockerbie, S. Reid & K. V. Tokmakov

  63. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA

    S. Biscoveanu, S. J. Chamberlin, A. Gupta, C. Hanna, R. M. Magee, D. Meacher, C. Messick, A. E. Pace, B. S. Sathyaprakash & J. Z. Wang

  64. OzGrav, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Western Australia, Australia

    C. D. Blair, D. G. Blair, X. Chen, Q. Chu, S. Chung, D. M. Coward, E. J. Howell, L. Ju, J. Liu, M. A. Page, L. Wen & C. Zhao

  65. Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, Nijmegen, 6500, GL, The Netherlands

    S. Bloemen, P. Canizares, S. Ghosh, P. Groot, T. Hinderer, G. Nelemans, D. Nichols, S. Nissanke, P. Schmidt & A. R. Williamson

  66. Artemis, Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire Côte d’Azur, CNRS, CS 34229, Nice, F-06304, Cedex 4, France

    M. Boer, G. Bogaert, A. Brillet, N. Christensen, F. Cleva, J.-P. Coulon, J.-D. Fournier, H. Heitmann, A. Hreibi, F. Kéfélian, N. Man, L. Martellini, M. Merzougui, O. Minazzoli, M. Pichot, T. Regimbau & J.-Y. Vinet

  67. Institut FOTON, CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, F-35042, France

    F. Bondu

  68. Washington State University, Pullman, 99164, Washington, USA

    S. Bose, B. R. Hall & N. Mazumder

  69. University of Oregon, Eugene, 97403, Oregon, USA

    J. E. Brau, R. Frey, S. Karki, J. R. Palamos, R. Quitzow-James, V. J. Roma, P. Schale, R. M. S. Schofield & D. Talukder

  70. Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, Paris, F-75005, France

    T. Briant, S. Chua, P.-F. Cohadon, S. Deléglise, A. Heidmann, J.-M. Isac, T. Jacqmin & R. Metzdorff

  71. Carleton College, Northfield, 55057, Minnesota, USA

    J. E. Broida, N. Christensen, M. W. Coughlin, M. C. Edwards & J. D. Tasson

  72. OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, South Australia, Australia

    D. D. Brown, H. Cao, M. R. Ganija, W. Kim, E. J. King, J. Munch, D. J. Ottaway & P. J. Veitch

  73. Astronomical Observatory Warsaw University, Warsaw, 00-478, Poland

    T. Bulik & I. Kowalska

  74. VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands

    H. J. Bulten & J. F. J. van den Brand

  75. University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA

    A. Buonanno, M. Cho, P. Shawhan & C. C. Yancey

  76. Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, Georgia, USA

    L. Cadonati, J. Calderón Bustillo, J. A. Clark, E. E. Cowan, B. Day, S. S. Forsyth, S. Ghonge, K. Jani, S. J. Kimbrell, K. Napier, D. M. Shoemaker & K. Siellez

  77. Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France

    G. Cagnoli

  78. Università di Napoli ‘Federico II’, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, Napoli, I-80126, Italy

    E. Calloni, R. De Rosa, T. Di Girolamo, F. Garufi & L. Milano

  79. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, 20771, Maryland, USA

    J. B. Camp, T. Dal Canton, N. Gehrels & L. P. Singer

  80. Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, I-16146, Italy

    M. Canepa & A. Cirone

  81. RESCEU, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan

    K. C. Cannon, L. Tsukada & D. Tsuna

  82. Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    J. Cao, Z. Du, X. Fan & X. Guo

  83. Texas Tech University, Lubbock, 79409, Texas, USA

    S. Caride, A. Corsi, R. Coyne, R. Inta, B. J. Owen & B. Rajbhandari

  84. Kenyon College, Gambier, 43022, Ohio, USA

    M. F. Carney, T. Chmiel, C. Fee, D. Moffa, L. E. Wade & M. Wade

  85. Departamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Universitat de València, Burjassot, E-46100, Spain

    P. Cerdá-Durán, J. A. Font, N. Sanchis-Gual & A. Torres-Forné

  86. Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Roma, I-00184, Italy

    E. Cesarini

  87. National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan, 30013, China

    S. Chao, L. Kuo, Howard Pan & Huang-Wei Pan

  88. Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, 2678, New South Wales, Australia

    P. Charlton

  89. Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, 60208, Illinois, USA

    E. Chase, S. B. Coughlin, V. Kalogera, B. B. Miller, C. Pankow, L. M. Perri, L. M. Sampson, J. Scheuer, M. S. Shahriar, M. Zevin, M. Zhou & Z. Zhou

  90. Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3H8, Ontario, Canada

    K. Chatziioannou, H. Fong, C.-J. Haster, P. Kumar, H. P. Pfeiffer & A. B. Zimmerman

  91. University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA

    H. Y. Chen, Z. Doctor, B. Farr, M. Fishbach & D. E. Holz

  92. Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea

    H. S. Cho, Y.-M. Kim & C. H. Lee

  93. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong

    A. K. W. Chung, O. A. Hannuksela, K. Kim, K. H. Lai, T. G. F. Li, R. K. L. Lo, K. K. Y. Ng, P. T. H. Pang, Y. F. Wang & K. W. K. Wong

  94. INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, I-35122, Italy

    R. Ciolfi

  95. INFN, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, Povo, I-38123, Italy

    R. Ciolfi, M. Di Giovanni, M. Leonardi, A. Perreca, G. A. Prodi, S. Tiwari & M. C. Tringali

  96. OzGrav, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia

    P. Clearwater, A. Melatos & L. Sun

  97. Università di Roma ‘La Sapienza’, Roma, I-00185, Italy

    A. Colla, S. Di Pace, I. Di Palma, S. Frasca, G. Intini, P. Leaci, S. Mastrogiovanni, A. L. Miller, L. Naticchioni, O. J. Piccinni, P. Rapagnani & F. Ricci

  98. Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, 1050, Belgium

    C. G. Collette & J. Watchi

  99. Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, 94928, California, USA

    L. R. Cominsky

  100. Departamento de Matemáticas, Universitat de València, Burjassot, E-46100, Spain

    I. Cordero-Carrión & A. Marquina

  101. Montana State University, Bozeman, 59717, Montana, USA

    N. Cornish & M. Millhouse

  102. Universitat de les Illes Balears, IAC3—IEEC, Palma de Mallorca, E-07122, Spain

    P. B. Covas, C. Garcia-Quiros, S. Husa, F. Jiménez-Forteza, M. Oliver, G. Pratten, A. Ramos-Buades & A. M. Sintes

  103. The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, 78520, Texas, USA

    T. D. Creighton, M. C. Díaz, S. R. Morriss, S. Mukherjee, V. Quetschke, M. Rakhmanov, K. E. Ramirez, J. D. Romano, R. Stone, D. Tuyenbayev & W. H. Wang

  104. Bellevue College, Bellevue, 98007, Washington, USA

    S. G. Crowder

  105. Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar, 382428, India

    A. Dasgupta, M. K. Gupta, Z. Khan, R. Kumar, A. K. Srivastava & S. Sunil

  106. The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK

    E. J. Daw, T. B. Edo, R. Kennedy & E. Massera

  107. Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, Parma, I-43124, Italy

    R. De Pietri

  108. INFN, Sezione di Milano Bicocca, Gruppo Collegato di Parma, Parma, I-43124, Italy

    R. De Pietri

  109. California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, 90032, California, USA

    R. DeSalvo, L. Glover, S. D. Linker, M. C. Milovich-Goff, J. Neilson, G. D. O’Dea & M. B. Shaner

  110. Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, Povo, I-38123, Italy

    M. Di Giovanni, M. Leonardi, A. Perreca, G. A. Prodi & M. C. Tringali

  111. Montclair State University, Montclair, 07043, New Jersey, USA

    M. Favata & R. M. Martin

  112. National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8588, Japan

    R. Flaminio

  113. Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, Paterna, E-46980, Spain

    J. A. Font

  114. School of Mathematics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK

    J. R. Gair

  115. University and Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, 382007, Gujarat, India

    G. Gaur

  116. IISER-TVM, CET Campus, Trivandrum, 695016, Kerala, India

    V. Gayathri, A. Pai & M. Saleem

  117. University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, Szeged, 6720, Hungary

    L. Gergely & M. Tápai

  118. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, Michigan, USA

    E. Goetz, R. Gustafson, A. Neunzert, K. Riles & O. Sauter

  119. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, 400005, India

    A. Gopakumar & C. S. Unnikrishnan

  120. INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Napoli, I-80131, Italy

    A. Grado

  121. Università degli Studi di Urbino ‘Carlo Bo’, Urbino, I-61029, Italy

    G. Greco, G. M. Guidi, F. Martelli, M. Montani, F. Piergiovanni, G. Stratta, F. Vetrano & A. Viceré

  122. INFN, Sezione di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019, Italy

    G. Greco, G. M. Guidi, F. Martelli, M. Montani, F. Piergiovanni, G. Stratta, F. Vetrano, A. Viceré & G. Wang

  123. Physik-Institut, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland

    M. Haney

  124. American University, Washington, 20016, DC, USA

    G. M. Harry, M. Kinley-Hanlon & J. M. Newport

  125. University of Białystok, Białystok, 15-424, Poland

    P. Jaranowski

  126. University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK

    D. I. Jones

  127. University of Washington Bothell, 18115 Campus Way NE, Bothell, Washington, 98011, USA

    J. S. Key

  128. Institute of Applied Physics, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia

    E. A. Khazanov, O. Palashov & A. Sergeev

  129. Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon, 34055, South Korea

    Chunglee Kim

  130. Inje University Gimhae, South Gyeongsang, 50834, South Korea

    J. C. Kim & H. W. Lee

  131. National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon, 34047, South Korea

    W. S. Kim, J. J. Oh, S. H. Oh & E. J. Son

  132. NCBJ, Świerk-Otwock, 05-400, Poland

    A. Królak, A. Kutynia & A. Zadrożny

  133. Institute of Mathematics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 00656, Poland

    A. Królak & M. Patil

  134. Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, 49242, Michigan, USA

    R. N. Lang

  135. Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea

    H. K. Lee

  136. Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea

    H. M. Lee

  137. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, 35811, Alabama, USA

    T. B. Littenberg, J. Page, A. A. Shah & J. A. Taylor

  138. ESPCI, CNRS, Paris, F-75005, France

    V. Loriette & I. Maksimovic

  139. Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70813, USA

    S. C. McGuire

  140. College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, 23187, Virginia, USA

    E. E. Mikhailov & M. Zhang

  141. Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 quai Antoine Ier, MC-98000, Monaco

    O. Minazzoli

  142. Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India

    C. Mishra

  143. IISER-Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741252, West Bengal, India

    R. K. Nayak & A. Samajdar

  144. Whitman College, 345 Boyer Avenue, Walla Walla, Washington, 99362, USA

    G. H. Ogin

  145. Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, Maharashtra, India

    A. Pai

  146. Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, Pisa, I-56126, Italy

    B. Patricelli

  147. Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69361, France

    R. Pedurand

  148. Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, 14456, New York, USA

    S. Penn & S. V. Tewari

  149. OzGrav, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, 3122, Victoria, Australia

    J. Powell & S. P. Stevenson

  150. Janusz Gil Institute of Astronomy, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, 65-265, Poland

    D. Rosińska

  151. University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, Washington, USA

    M. P. Ross & K. Venkateswara

  152. King’s College London, University of London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK

    M. Sakellariadou

  153. Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar Ahmedabad, 382424, Gujarat, India

    A. S. Sengupta

  154. Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Khandi, 502285, Telangana, India

    S. Somala

  155. International Institute of Physics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, 59078-970, RN, Brazil

    R. Sturani

  156. Andrews University, Berrien Springs, 49104, Michigan, USA

    T. Z. Summerscales

  157. Università di Siena, Siena, I-53100, Italy

    L. Trozzo

  158. Trinity University, San Antonio, 78212, Texas, USA

    D. Ugolini

  159. Abilene Christian University, Abilene, 79699, Texas, USA

    J. L. Willis

  160. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 80523, Colorado, USA

    L. Yang

  161. Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, 95064, California, USA

    R. J. Foley, D. A. Coulter, C. D. Kilpatrick, A. Murguia-Berthier, Y.-C. Pan, J. X. Prochaska, E. Ramirez-Ruiz, C. Rojas-Bravo & M. R. Siebert

  162. The Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science, 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, 91101, California, USA

    M. R. Drout, B. F. Madore, A. L. Piro, B. J. Shappee & J. D. Simon

  163. Hubble and Carnegie-Dunlap Fellow,

    M. R. Drout

  164. Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, 94720, California, USA

    D. Kasen

  165. Departments of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, California, USA

    D. Kasen

  166. Dark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark

    E. Ramirez-Ruiz

  167. Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, 21218, Maryland, USA

    A. Rest

  168. Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai’i, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, 96822, Hawaii, USA

    B. J. Shappee

  169. Hubble and Carnegie-Princeton Fellow,

    B. J. Shappee

  170. Departamento de Física y Astronomía, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile

    N. Ulloa

  171. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 500, Batavia, 60510, Illinois, USA

    J. Annis, M. Soares-Santos, H. T. Diehl, J. Frieman, S. Allam, R. E. Butler, A. Drlica-Wagner, D. A. Finley, K. Herner, T. S. Li, H. Lin, J. Marriner, A. Stebbins, W. Wester, B. Yanny, E. Buckley-Geer, J. Estrada, B. Flaugher, G. Gutierrez, S. Kent, R. Kron, N. Kuropatkin, E. Neilsen, B. Nord, V. Scarpine, D. L. Tucker & Y. Zhang

  172. Department of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA

    M. Soares-Santos

  173. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, Pennsylvania, USA

    D. Brout, M. Sako, L. F. Secco, C. B. D’Andrea, B. Jain & M. March

  174. Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA

    D. Scolnic, J. Frieman, R. Kessler, S. Kent & R. Kron

  175. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, 02138, Massachusetts, USA

    E. Berger, K. D. Alexander, P. Cowperthwaite & M. Nicholl

  176. Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK

    E. Balbinot

  177. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, 02138, Massachusetts, USA

    P. Blanchard, T. Eftekhari, V. A. Villar & P. K. G. Williams

  178. Department of Astronomy, Indiana University, 727 East Third Street, Bloomington, 47405, Indiana, USA

    R. E. Butler

  179. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Astrophysical Institute, 251B Clippinger Lab, Ohio University, Athens, 45701, Ohio, USA

    R. Chornock

  180. and Department of Physics and Astronomy, George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843, Texas, USA

    E. R. Cook, J. L. Marshall, M. Sauseda & D. L. DePoy

  181. LSST, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, 85721, Arizona, USA

    E. R. Cook & K. Bechtol

  182. Hubble and Carnegie-Dunlap Fellow,

    M. R. Drout

  183. The Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science, 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, 91101, California, USA

    M. R. Drout

  184. Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris (UMR7095: CNRS and UPMC), 98 bis Bd Arago, Paris, F-75014, France

    F. Durret

  185. Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, 60208, Illinois, USA

    W. Fong

  186. Hubble Fellow,

    W. Fong

  187. Center for Theoretical Astrophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, 87544, New Mexico

    C. L. Fryer

  188. Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain

    J. García-Bellido

  189. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA

    M. S. S. Gill, D. L. Burke, D. Gruen, A. Roodman & E. S. Rykoff

  190. Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, 61801, Illinois, USA

    R. A. Gruendl & M. Carrasco Kind

  191. National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark Street, Urbana, 61801, Illinois, USA

    R. A. Gruendl, C. Hanna, F. Paz-Chinchón, M. Carrasco Kind & M. W. G. Johnson

  192. Department of Physics and Astronomy and Astrophysics,The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA

    C. Hanna

  193. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK

    W. Hartley, A. Palmese, F. B. Abdalla, A. Benoit-Lévy, D. Brooks, W. G. Hartley & O. Lahav

  194. Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 16, Zurich, CH-8093, Switzerland

    W. Hartley & W. G. Hartley

  195. Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, Michigan, USA

    D. Huterer, D. W. Gerdes, C. J. Miller, M. Schubnell & G. Tarle

  196. Departments of Physics and Astronomy, and Theoretical Astrophysics Center, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-7300, California, USA

    D. Kasen

  197. Observatòrio do Valongo, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ladeira do Pedro Antônio 43, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20080-090, Brazil

    P. A. A. Lopes & A. C. C. Lourenço

  198. Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, 60208, Illinois, USA

    R. Margutti

  199. National Optical Astronomy Observatory, 950 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, 85719, Arizona, USA

    T. Matheson

  200. Departamento de Astronomonía, Universidad de Chile, Camino del Observatorio 1515, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile

    G. E. Medina & R. R. Muñoz

  201. Department of Physics and Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, 10027, New York, USA

    B. D. Metzger

  202. Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, 48109-1040, Michigan, USA

    J. Muir

  203. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, 94720, California, USA

    P. Nugent, D. A. Goldstein & R. C. Thomas

  204. Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Astrophysics Center, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-3411, California, USA

    E. Quataert

  205. Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, 94720-8160, California, USA

    D. J. Schlegel

  206. Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, 85721, Arizona, USA

    N. Smith

  207. Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-859, Brazil

    F. Sobreira

  208. Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia — LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil

    F. Sobreira, A. Carnero Rosell, L. N. da Costa, M. Lima, M. A. G. Maia & R. L. C. Ogando

  209. Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory, Casilla, La Serena, 603, Chile

    A. K. Vivas, A. Zenteno, T. M. C. Abbott, R. C. Smith & A. R. Walker

  210. Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa

    F. B. Abdalla

  211. CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Paris, F-75014, France

    A. Benoit-Lévy & E. Bertin

  212. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Paris, F-75014, France

    A. Benoit-Lévy & E. Bertin

  213. Jodrell Bank Center for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK

    S. L. Bridle

  214. Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, PO Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, California, USA

    D. L. Burke, C. E. Cunha, C. Davis, D. Gruen, E. Krause, A. Roodman & E. S. Rykoff

  215. Observatório Nacional, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil

    A. Carnero Rosell, L. N. da Costa, M. A. G. Maia & R. L. C. Ogando

  216. Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain

    J. Carretero, E. Fernandez & R. Miquel

  217. Institute of Space Sciences, IEEC-CSIC, Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, Barcelona, 08193, Spain

    F. J. Castander, P. Fosalba & E. Gaztanaga

  218. Department of Physics, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, 502285, Telangana, India

    S. Desai

  219. Excellence Cluster Universe, Boltzmannstrasse 2, Garching, 85748, Germany

    J. P. Dietrich & J. Weller

  220. Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstrasse 1, Munich, 81679, Germany

    J. P. Dietrich

  221. Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, Michigan, USA

    D. W. Gerdes & C. J. Miller

  222. Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK

    T. Giannantonio

  223. Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK

    T. Giannantonio

  224. Universitäts-Sternwarte, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, München, 81679, Germany

    T. Giannantonio & J. Weller

  225. Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, 501 Campbell Hall, Berkeley, 94720, California, USA

    D. A. Goldstein

  226. Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, Ohio, USA

    K. Honscheid & M. A. Troxel

  227. Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, Ohio, USA

    K. Honscheid & M. A. Troxel

  228. Astronomy Department, University of Washington, Box 351580, Seattle, 98195, Washington, USA

    D. J. James

  229. Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Santa Cruz, 95064, California, USA

    T. Jeltema

  230. Australian Astronomical Observatory, North Ryde, 2113, New South Wales, Australia

    K. Kuehn

  231. Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, 60439, Illinois, USA

    S. Kuhlmann & V. Vikram

  232. Departamento de Física Matemática, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, CP 66318, SP 05314-970, Brazil

    M. Lima

  233. Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, E-08010, Spain

    R. Miquel

  234. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, 91109, California, USA

    A. A. Plazas

  235. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Pevensey Building, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, UK

    A. K. Romer

  236. Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain

    E. Sanchez & I. Sevilla-Noarbe

  237. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK

    M. Smith

  238. Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831

    E. Suchyta

  239. Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, UK

    D. Thomas

  240. Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse, Garching, 85748, Germany

    J. Weller

  241. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, North Carolina, USA

    J. B. Haislip, V. V. Kouprianov & D. E. Reichart

  242. Department of Astronomy and Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Ave, Tucson, 85719, Arizona, USA

    L. Tartaglia & D. J. Sand

  243. Department of Physics, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, 95616-5270, California, USA

    L. Tartaglia, S. Valenti & S. Yang

  244. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Via 8 Febbraio, Padova, 2-35122, Italy

    S. Yang

  245. INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo della Osservatorio 5, Padova, I-35122, Italy

    S. Yang

  246. Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, 93106-9530, California, USA

    Iair Arcavi, Griffin Hosseinzadeh, D. Andrew Howell, Curtis McCully & Sergiy Vasylyev

  247. Las Cumbres Observatory, 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, 93117-5575, California, USA

    Iair Arcavi, Griffin Hosseinzadeh, D. Andrew Howell, Curtis McCully & Sergiy Vasylyev

  248. School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel

    Dovi Poznanski

  249. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK

    N. R. Tanvir, P. A. Evans, P. O’Brien, J. P. Osborne, S. Rosetti & K. Wiersema

  250. Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK

    A. J. Levan, J. Lyman, D. T. H. Steeghs, K. Ulaczyk & K. Wiersema

  251. DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, Copenhagen Ø, 2100, Denmark

    J. Hjorth, J. P. U. Fynbo, B. Milvang-Jensen & D. Watson

  252. Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía, Granada, 18008, Spain

    Z. Cano, A. de Ugarte-Postigo & C. C. Thöne

  253. Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, IC2, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK

    C. Copperwheat & D. A. Perley

  254. Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK

    C. González-Fernández, M. Irwin & R. McMahon

  255. Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, Garching, 85740, Giessenbachstrasse 1, Germany

    J. Greiner

  256. Birmingham Institute for Gravitational Wave Astronomy and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK

    I. Mandel

  257. INAF, Institute of Space Astrophysics and Cosmic Physics, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, I-40129, Italy

    E. Pian & E. Palazzi

  258. School of Physics and Astronomy, and Monash Centre for Astrophysics, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Victoria, Australia

    E. Rol

  259. Department of Astronomy, The Oskar Klein Centre, AlbaNova, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden

    S. Rosswog

  260. Anton Pannekoek Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands

    A. Rowlinson

  261. ASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, Dwingeloo, 7990 AA, The Netherlands

    A. Rowlinson

  262. Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel

    S. Schulze

  263. Physics Department, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, GSP-1, Moscow, 119991, Russia

    V. M. Lipunov, V. G. Kornilov & D. Vlasenko

  264. M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Universitetsky pr., 13, Moscow, 119234, Russia

    V. M. Lipunov, E. Gorbovskoy, V. G. Kornilov, N. Tyurina, P. Balanutsa, D. Vlasenko, I. Gorbunov & O. Gress

  265. Observatorio Astronomico Felix Aguilar (OAFA), National University of San Juan, San Juan, Argentina

    R. Podesta

  266. Instituto de Ciencias Astronomicas,de la Tierra y del Espacio (ICATE), San Juan, Argentina

    H. Levato & C. Saffe

  267. South African Astrophysical Observatory, PO Box 9, 7935 Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa

    D. A. H. Buckley

  268. Irkutsk State University, Applied Physics Institute, 20 Gagarin boulevard, Irkutsk, 664003, Russia

    N. M. Budnev & O. Gress

  269. Blagoveschensk State Pedagogical University, Lenin street 104, Amur Region, 675000, Blagoveschensk, Russia

    V. Yurkov

  270. Instituto de Astrofacuteisica de Canarias Via Lactea, Laguna, E-38205La, Spain

    R. Rebolo & M. Serra-Ricart

Consortia

The LIGO Scientific Collaboration and The Virgo Collaboration

  • B. P. Abbott
  • , R. Abbott
  • , T. D. Abbott
  • , F. Acernese
  • , K. Ackley
  • , C. Adams
  • , T. Adams
  • , P. Addesso
  • , R. X. Adhikari
  • , V. B. Adya
  • , C. Affeldt
  • , M. Afrough
  • , B. Agarwal
  • , M. Agathos
  • , K. Agatsuma
  • , N. Aggarwal
  • , O. D. Aguiar
  • , L. Aiello
  • , A. Ain
  • , P. Ajith
  • , B. Allen
  • , G. Allen
  • , A. Allocca
  • , P. A. Altin
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the work presented in this paper.

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Reviewer Information Nature thanks N. Suntzeff and the other anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Extended data figures and tables

Extended Data Figure 1 Graphical model illustrating the statistical relationships between the data and parameters.

Open circles indicate parameters that require a prior; filled circles describe measured data, which are conditioned on in the analysis. Here we assume that we have measurements of the gravitational-wave data xGW, a recessional velocity (that is, redshift) vr, and the mean peculiar velocity in the neighborhood of NGC 4993 〈vp〉. Arrows flowing into a node indicate that the conditional probability density for the node depends on the source parameters; for example, the conditional distribution for the observed gravitational-wave data p(xGW | d, cosι) depends on the distance and inclination of the source (and additional parameters, here marginalized out).

Extended Data Figure 2 Using different assumptions compared to our canonical analysis.

The posterior distribution on H0 discussed in the main text is shown in black, the alternative flat prior on z (discussed in Methods) gives the distribution shown in blue, and the increased uncertainty (250 km s−1) applied to our peculiar velocity measurement (also discussed in Methods) is shown in pink. Minimal 68.3% (1σ) credible intervals are shown by dashed lines.

Extended Data Table 1 Summary of constraints on the Hubble constant, binary inclination and distance
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The LIGO Scientific Collaboration and The Virgo Collaboration., The 1M2H Collaboration., The Dark Energy Camera GW-EM Collaboration and the DES Collaboration. et al. A gravitational-wave standard siren measurement of the Hubble constant. Nature 551, 85–88 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24471

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