Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

Measurement of interaction between antiprotons

Nature volume 527, pages 345–348 (2015)Cite this article

Subjects

This article has been updated

Abstract

One of the primary goals of nuclear physics is to understand the force between nucleons, which is a necessary step for understanding the structure of nuclei and how nuclei interact with each other. Rutherford discovered the atomic nucleus in 1911, and the large body of knowledge about the nuclear force that has since been acquired was derived from studies made on nucleons or nuclei. Although antinuclei up to antihelium-4 have been discovered1 and their masses measured, little is known directly about the nuclear force between antinucleons. Here, we study antiproton pair correlations among data collected by the STAR experiment2 at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)3, where gold ions are collided with a centre-of-mass energy of 200 gigaelectronvolts per nucleon pair. Antiprotons are abundantly produced in such collisions, thus making it feasible to study details of the antiproton–antiproton interaction. By applying a technique similar to Hanbury Brown and Twiss intensity interferometry4, we show that the force between two antiprotons is attractive. In addition, we report two key parameters that characterize the corresponding strong interaction: the scattering length and the effective range of the interaction. Our measured parameters are consistent within errors with the corresponding values for proton–proton interactions. Our results provide direct information on the interaction between two antiprotons, one of the simplest systems of antinucleons, and so are fundamental to understanding the structure of more-complex antinuclei and their properties.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Relevant articles

Open Access articles citing this article.

Access options

Rent or buy this article

Get just this article for as long as you need it

$39.95

Learn more

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Figure 1: A schematic of the two-particle correlation process in a heavy-ion collision.
Figure 2: m2 versus nσz for negatively charged particles.
Figure 3: Correlation functions and their ratio.
Figure 4: d0 versus f0 for (anti)nucleon-(anti)nucleon interactions.

Change history

  • 18 November 2015

    In the Methods, the equation for the equal-time reduced Bethe-Salpeter amplitude (which can be approximated by the outer solution of the scattering problem) was corrected.

References

  1. STAR Collaboration. Observation of the antimatter helium-4 nucleus. Nature 473, 353–356 (2011); erratum 475, 412 (2011)

  2. STAR Collaboration. STAR detector overview. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 499, 624–632 (2003)

  3. Harrison, M., Ludlam, T. & Ozaki, S. RHIC project overview. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 499, 235–244 (2003)

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. Hanbury Brown, R. & Twiss, R. Q. A new type of interferometer for use in radio astronomy. Phil. Mag. 45, 663–682 (1954)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. Yamazaki, T., Ishikawa, K., Kuramashi, Y. & Ukawa, A. Helium nuclei, deuteron, and dineutron in 2 + 1 flavor lattice QCD. Phys. Rev. D 86, 074514 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. Riotto, A. & Trodden, M. Recent progress in baryogenesis. Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 49, 35–75 (1999)

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. Particle Data Group. Olive, K. A. et al. Review of particle physics. Chin. Phys. C 38, 090001, 96–106 (2014)

  8. Schellekens, M. et al. Hanbury Brown Twiss effect for ultracold quantum gases. Science 310, 648–651 (2005)

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. Kiesel, H., Renz, A. & Hasselbach, F. Observation of Hanbury Brown–Twiss anticorrelations for free electrons. Nature 418, 392–394 (2002)

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. Rom, T. et al. Free fermion antibunching in a degenerate atomic Fermi gas released from an optical lattice. Nature 444, 733–736 (2006)

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. Goldhaber, G., Goldhaber, S., Lee, W. & Pais, A. Influence of Bose-Einstein statistics on the antiproton-proton annihilation process. Phys. Rev. 120, 300–312 (1960)

    Article  CAS  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  12. Kopylov, G. I. & Podgoretskiĭ, M. I. Interference of two-particle states in elementary-particle physics and astronomy. Sov. Phys. JETP 42, 211–214 (1975)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. Podgoretskiĭ, M. I. Interference correlations of identical pions. Theory. Sov. J. Part. Nucl. 20, 266–282 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Gyulassy, M., Kauffmann, S. K. & Wilson, L. W. Pion interferometry of nuclear collisions. 1. Theory. Phys. Rev. C 20, 2267–2292 (1979)

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. Boal, H. D., Gelbke, C.-K. & Jennings, B. K. Intensity interferometry in subatomic physics. Rev. Mod. Phys. 62, 553–602 (1990)

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. Lednický, R. Correlation femtoscopy of multiparticle processes. Phys. Atom. Nucl . 67, 72–82 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. Lisa, M., Pratt, S., Soltz, R. & Wiedemann, U. Femtoscopy in relativistic heavy ion collisions: two decades of progress. Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci . 55, 357–402 (2005)

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. Koonin, S. E. Proton pictures of high-energy nuclear collisions. Phys. Lett. B 70, 43–47 (1977)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. Lednický, R. & Lyuboshitz, V. L. Influence of final-state interaction on correlations of two particles with nearly equal momenta. Sov. J. Nucl. Phys . 35, 770–788 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Lednický, R. Notes on correlation femtoscopy. Phys. Atom. Nucl . 71, 1572–1578 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. STAR Collaboration. Proton-Λ correlations in central Au+Au collisions at . Phys. Rev. C 74, 064906 (2006)

  22. STAR Collaboration. Λ-Λ correlation function in Au+Au collisions at . Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 022301 (2015)

  23. Anderson, M. et al. The STAR time projection chamber: a unique tool for studying high multiplicity events at RHIC. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 499, 659–678 (2003)

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. STAR Collaboration. Multigap RPCs in the STAR experiment at RHIC. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 661, S110–S113 (2012)

  25. Kisiel, A., Zbroszczyk, H. & Szymański, M. Extracting baryon-antibaryon strong-interaction potentials from femtoscopic correlation functions. Phys. Rev. C 89, 054916 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Chojnacki, M., Kisiel, A., Florkowski, W. & Broniowski, W. THERMINATOR 2: THERMal heavy IoN generATOR 2. Comput. Phys. Commun. 183, 746–773 (2012)

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. Pochodzalla, J. et al. Two-particle correlations at small relative momenta for 40Ar-induced reactions on 197Au at E/A = 60 MeV. Phys. Rev. C 35, 1695–1719 (1987)

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. ALICE Collaboration. One-dimensional pion, kaon, and proton femtoscopy in Pb-Pb collisions at . Preprint at http://arxiv.org/abs/1506.07884 (2015)

  29. Mathelitsch, L. & VerWest, B. J. Effective range parameters in nucleon-nucleon scattering. Phys. Rev. C 29, 739–746 (1984)

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. Šlaus, I., Akaishi, Y. & Tanaka, H. Neutron-neutron effective range parameters. Phys. Rep. 173, 257–300 (1989)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. Lednický, R. Femtoscopic correlations in multiparticle production and beta-decay. Braz. J. Phys. 37, 939–946 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. Lednický, R. Finite-size effect on two-particle production in continuous and discrete spectrum. Phys. Part. Nucl. 40, 307–352 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Erazmus, B. et al. Influence of the emitting nucleus on the light-particle correlation function. Nucl. Phys. A 583, 395–400 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. Gmitro, M., Kvasil, J., Lednický, R. & Lyuboshitz, V. L. On the sensitivity of nucleon-nucleon correlations to the form of short-range potential. Czech. J. Phys. B 36, 1281–1287 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. Landau, L. D. & Lifshitz, E. M. Kvantovaya Mekhanika: Nerelyativistskaya Teoriya 3rd edn 585–685 (Nauka, 1974); Landau, L. D. & Lifshitz, E. M. Quantum Mechanics: Non-relativistic theory 3rd edn (Pergamon, 2013) [transl.].

  36. Bodmer, A. R. & Usmani, Q. N. Coulomb effects and charge symmetry breaking for the A = 4 hypernuclei. Phys. Rev. C 31, 1400–1411 (1985)

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  37. Heller, L. Interaction of two nucleons at low energies. Rev. Mod. Phys. 39, 584–590 (1967)

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. Bergervoet, J. R., van Campen, P. C., van der Sanden, W. A. & de Swart, J. J. Phase shift analysis of 0–30 MeV pp scattering data. Phys. Rev. C 38, 15–50 (1988)

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank the RHIC Operations Group and RCF at BNL, the NERSC Center at LBNL, the KISTI Center in Korea, and the Open Science Grid consortium for providing resources and support. This work was supported in part by the Office of Nuclear Physics within the US DOE Office of Science, the US NSF, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, NSFC, the MoST of China (973 Programme No. 2014CB845400), CAS, MoST and MoE of China, the Korean Research Foundation, GA and MSMT of the Czech Republic, FIAS of Germany, DAE, DST and UGC of India, the National Science Centre of Poland, National Research Foundation, the Ministry of Science, Education and Sports of the Republic of Croatia, and RosAtom of Russia.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Cracow, 30-059, Poland

    L. Adamczyk, L. Fulek & R. Sikora

  2. University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506-0055, USA

    J. K. Adkins, R. Fatemi & S. Ramachandran

  3. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, 141 980, Russia

    G. Agakishiev, A. Aparin, G. S. Averichev, I. Bunzarov, T. G. Dedovich, L. G. Efimov, J. Fedorisin, P. Filip, A. Kechechyan, R. Lednicky, Y. Panebratsev, O. V. Rogachevskiy, E. Shahaliev, M. Tokarev, S. Vokal & Y. Zoulkarneeva

  4. Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India

    M. M. Aggarwal, A. K. Bhati, L. Kumar & B. Sharma

  5. Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, 700064, India

    Z. Ahammed, A. Banerjee, S. Chattopadhyay, T. K. Nayak, A. Roy, P. Tribedy & Y. P. Viyogi

  6. Alikhanov Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, 117218, Russia

    I. Alekseev, I. G. Bordyuzhin, D. Kalinkin & N. Svirida

  7. Kent State University, Kent, 44242, Ohio, USA

    J. Alford, J. Bouchet, A. Hamad, S. Kabana, D. Keane, M. Lomnitz, S. Margetis, A. Quintero & P. V. Shanmuganathan

  8. Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, 11973, New York, USA

    D. Arkhipkin, E. C. Aschenauer, L. C. Bland, I. Chakaberia, W. Christie, R. R. Debbe, B. di Ruzza, L. Didenko, J. C. Dunlop, O. Eyser, S. Fazio, Y. Fisyak, W. Guryn, S. Heppelmann, H. W. Ke, M. A. C. Lamont, J. M. Landgraf, J. Lauret, A. Lebedev, J. H. Lee, X. Li, T. Ljubicic, R. S. Longacre, R. Ma, A. Ogawa, B. S. Page, R. Pak, P. Pile, L. Ruan, W. B. Schmidke, D. Smirnov, P. Sorensen, A. H. Tang, T. Ullrich, G. Van Buren, G. van Nieuwenhuizen, F. Videbæk, H. Wang, J. C. Webb, G. Webb, Z. Xu & K. Yip

  9. National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, 751005, India

    V. Bairathi, R. Haque, D. Mishra & B. Mohanty

  10. University of Houston, Houston, 77204, Texas, USA

    R. Bellwied, D. McDonald, L. Song & A. R. Timmins

  11. University of Jammu, Jammu, 180001, India

    A. Bhasin, A. Gupta, S. Gupta & M. K. Sharma

  12. University of Texas, Austin, 78712, Texas, USA

    P. Bhattarai, G. W. Hoffmann, C. Markert, R. L. Ray & J. Schambach

  13. Czech Technical University in Prague, FNSPE, Prague, 115 19, Czech Republic

    J. Bielcik, P. Chaloupka, O. Rusnakova & B. A. Trzeciak

  14. Nuclear Physics Institute AS CR, Řež/Prague, 250 68, Czech Republic

    J. Bielcikova, P. Federic, J. Rusnak, M. Simko, M. Sumbera, D. Tlusty & R. Vertesi

  15. Rice University, Houston, 77251, Texas, USA

    J. D. Brandenburg, J. Butterworth, G. Eppley, F. Geurts, J. B. Roberts, K. Xin & P. Yepes

  16. Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, 115409, Russia

    A. V. Brandin, L. Kochenda, P. Kravtsov, G. Nigmatkulov, V. Okorokov & M. Strikhanov

  17. Yale University, New Haven, 06520, Connecticut, USA

    H. Caines, J. W. Harris, S. Horvat, R. Majka, J. Sandweiss, N. Smirnov & L. Yi

  18. University of California, Davis, 95616, California, USA

    M. Calderón de la Barca Sánchez, D. Cebra, J. E. Draper, C. E. Flores, K. Meehan & J. L. Romero

  19. Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, Ohio, USA

    J. M. Campbell, T. J. Humanic, M. A. Lisa, A. Peterson & I. Upsal

  20. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA

    M. C. Cervantes, Z. Chang, C. A. Gagliardi, A. Hamed, S. Mioduszewski, M. M. Mondal, N. R. Sahoo & R. E. Tribble

  21. Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Shanghai, 201800, China

    J. H. Chen, W. Li, G. L. Ma, Y. G. Ma, L. Ma, N. Shah, W. Q. Shen, Q. Y. Shou, Y. F. Xu, Z. Zhang, S. Zhang & C. Zhong

  22. Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou, 730000, China

    X. Chen, C. M. Du, Z. Sun, J. S. Wang, H. Xu, Y. Yang & J. Zhang

  23. Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    J. Cheng, X. Huang, K. Kang, Y. Li, Y. Wang, Z. G. Xiao, X. P. Zhang & X. Zhu

  24. Creighton University, Omaha, 68178, Nebraska, USA

    M. Cherney, L. C. De Silva & J. Seger

  25. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, 94720, California, USA

    G. Contin, X. Dong, L. Greiner, S. Klein, A. Manion, H. Masui, H. S. Matis, M. K. Mustafa, G. Odyniec, J. Porter, A. M. Poskanzer, H. Qiu, H. G. Ritter, I. Sakrejda, S. Salur, A. M. Schmah, E. P. Sichtermann, X. Sun, M. A. Szelezniak, J. H. Thomas, H. Wieman & N. Xu

  26. University of California, Berkeley, 94720, California, USA

    H. J. Crawford, J. Engelage, E. G. Judd & C. Perkins

  27. Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar, 751005, India

    S. Das, P. K. Sahu & S. K. Tripathy

  28. Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, Shandong, China

    J. Deng, Q. H. Xu & J. Zhang

  29. Institute of High Energy Physics, Protvino, 142281, Russia

    A. A. Derevschikov, N. G. Minaev, D. A. Morozov, L. V. Nogach, S. B. Nurushev & A. N. Vasiliev

  30. Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA

    C. Dilks, S. Heppelmann & B. Summa

  31. Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, 46383, Indiana, USA

    J. L. Drachenberg, A. Gibson, D. Grosnick, D. D. Koetke & T. D. S. Stanislaus

  32. University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, California, USA

    L. E. Dunkelberger, R. Esha, H. Z. Huang, G. Igo, K. D. Landry, Md. Nasim, Y. X. Pan, S. Trentalange, O. D. Tsai, G. Wang & L. Wen

  33. University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, 60607, Illinois, USA

    O. Evdokimov, D. J. Hofman, B. Huang, Z. H. Khan, Y. Pandit & Z. Ye

  34. Central China Normal University (HZNU), Wuhan, 430079, China

    Z. Feng, P. Huck, Z. M. Li, F. Liu, X. Luo, H. Pei, S. S. Shi, X. M. Sun, Y. Wang, Y. F. Wu, Y. Yang, N. Yu, J. B. Zhang & J. Zhao

  35. Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, Indiana, USA

    D. Garand, L. He, A. Hirsch, R. P. Scharenberg, B. Srivastava, M. Stepanov, B. Stringfellow, F. Wang & W. Xie

  36. Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, 00-661, Poland

    M. Girard, D. P. Kikoła, A. Kisiel, L. K. Kosarzewski, J. Pluta, K. Poniatowska & H. Zbroszczyk

  37. Temple University, Philadelphia, 19122, Pennsylvania, USA

    D. S. Gunarathne, A. F. Kraishan, X. Li, D. Olvitt, M. Posik, B. Surrow & M. Vandenbroucke

  38. University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China

    Y. Guo, K. Jiang, C. Li, M. Shao, Y. Sun, Z. Tang, C. Yang, S. Yang, Q. Yang, W. Zha, Y. Zhang & L. Zhou

  39. Indiana University, Bloomington, 47408, Indiana, USA

    W. W. Jacobs, M. J. Skoby, A. Vossen & S. W. Wissink

  40. Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, 305-701, South Korea

    H. Jang & S. Y. Noh

  41. Wayne State University, Detroit, 48201, Michigan, USA

    K. Kauder, W. J. Llope, J. Putschke & S. A. Voloshin

  42. Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies FIAS, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany

    I. Kisel, T. Kollegger, I. Kulakov, R. Stock & M. Zyzak

  43. Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, 60439, Illinois, USA

    K. Krueger, H. M. Spinka & D. G. Underwood

  44. Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Cracow, 31-342, Poland

    R. A. Kycia & B. Pawlik

  45. World Laboratory for Cosmology and Particle Physics (WLCAPP), Cairo, 11571, Egypt

    N. Magdy & A. Tawfik

  46. Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, 400076, India

    B. K. Nandi, A. Sarkar & R. Varma

  47. Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824, Michigan, USA

    J. Novak, T. Tarnowsky & G. D. Westfall

  48. Pusan National University, Pusan, 609735, South Korea

    K. Oh & I.-K. Yoo

  49. University of Zagreb, Zagreb, HR-10002, Croatia

    M. Planinic & N. Poljak

  50. University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302004, India

    R. Raniwala & S. Raniwala

  51. Max-Planck-Institut fur Physik, Munich, 80805, Germany

    N. Schmitz & P. Seyboth

  52. United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, 21402, Maryland, USA

    R. Witt

Consortia

The STAR Collaboration

  • L. Adamczyk
  • , J. K. Adkins
  • , G. Agakishiev
  • , M. M. Aggarwal
  • , Z. Ahammed
  • , I. Alekseev
  • , J. Alford
  • , A. Aparin
  • , D. Arkhipkin
  • , E. C. Aschenauer
  • , G. S. Averichev
  • , V. Bairathi
  • , A. Banerjee
  • , R. Bellwied
  • , A. Bhasin
  • , A. K. Bhati
  • , P. Bhattarai
  • , J. Bielcik
  • , J. Bielcikova
  • , L. C. Bland
  • , I. G. Bordyuzhin
  • , J. Bouchet
  • , J. D. Brandenburg
  • , A. V. Brandin
  • , I. Bunzarov
  • , J. Butterworth
  • , H. Caines
  • , M. Calderón de la Barca Sánchez
  • , J. M. Campbell
  • , D. Cebra
  • , M. C. Cervantes
  • , I. Chakaberia
  • , P. Chaloupka
  • , Z. Chang
  • , S. Chattopadhyay
  • , J. H. Chen
  • , X. Chen
  • , J. Cheng
  • , M. Cherney
  • , W. Christie
  • , G. Contin
  • , H. J. Crawford
  • , S. Das
  • , L. C. De Silva
  • , R. R. Debbe
  • , T. G. Dedovich
  • , J. Deng
  • , A. A. Derevschikov
  • , B. di Ruzza
  • , L. Didenko
  • , C. Dilks
  • , X. Dong
  • , J. L. Drachenberg
  • , J. E. Draper
  • , C. M. Du
  • , L. E. Dunkelberger
  • , J. C. Dunlop
  • , L. G. Efimov
  • , J. Engelage
  • , G. Eppley
  • , R. Esha
  • , O. Evdokimov
  • , O. Eyser
  • , R. Fatemi
  • , S. Fazio
  • , P. Federic
  • , J. Fedorisin
  • , Z. Feng
  • , P. Filip
  • , Y. Fisyak
  • , C. E. Flores
  • , L. Fulek
  • , C. A. Gagliardi
  • , D. Garand
  • , F. Geurts
  • , A. Gibson
  • , M. Girard
  • , L. Greiner
  • , D. Grosnick
  • , D. S. Gunarathne
  • , Y. Guo
  • , A. Gupta
  • , S. Gupta
  • , W. Guryn
  • , A. Hamad
  • , A. Hamed
  • , R. Haque
  • , J. W. Harris
  • , L. He
  • , S. Heppelmann
  • , S. Heppelmann
  • , A. Hirsch
  • , G. W. Hoffmann
  • , D. J. Hofman
  • , S. Horvat
  • , B. Huang
  • , H. Z. Huang
  • , X. Huang
  • , P. Huck
  • , T. J. Humanic
  • , G. Igo
  • , W. W. Jacobs
  • , H. Jang
  • , K. Jiang
  • , E. G. Judd
  • , S. Kabana
  • , D. Kalinkin
  • , K. Kang
  • , K. Kauder
  • , H. W. Ke
  • , D. Keane
  • , A. Kechechyan
  • , Z. H. Khan
  • , D. P. Kikoła
  • , I. Kisel
  • , A. Kisiel
  • , S. Klein
  • , L. Kochenda
  • , D. D. Koetke
  • , T. Kollegger
  • , L. K. Kosarzewski
  • , A. F. Kraishan
  • , P. Kravtsov
  • , K. Krueger
  • , I. Kulakov
  • , L. Kumar
  • , R. A. Kycia
  • , M. A. C. Lamont
  • , J. M. Landgraf
  • , K. D. Landry
  • , J. Lauret
  • , A. Lebedev
  • , R. Lednicky
  • , J. H. Lee
  • , X. Li
  • , Z. M. Li
  • , Y. Li
  • , W. Li
  • , X. Li
  • , C. Li
  • , M. A. Lisa
  • , F. Liu
  • , T. Ljubicic
  • , W. J. Llope
  • , M. Lomnitz
  • , R. S. Longacre
  • , X. Luo
  • , G. L. Ma
  • , R. Ma
  • , Y. G. Ma
  • , L. Ma
  • , N. Magdy
  • , R. Majka
  • , A. Manion
  • , S. Margetis
  • , C. Markert
  • , H. Masui
  • , H. S. Matis
  • , D. McDonald
  • , K. Meehan
  • , N. G. Minaev
  • , S. Mioduszewski
  • , D. Mishra
  • , B. Mohanty
  • , M. M. Mondal
  • , D. A. Morozov
  • , M. K. Mustafa
  • , B. K. Nandi
  • , Md. Nasim
  • , T. K. Nayak
  • , G. Nigmatkulov
  • , L. V. Nogach
  • , S. Y. Noh
  • , J. Novak
  • , S. B. Nurushev
  • , G. Odyniec
  • , A. Ogawa
  • , K. Oh
  • , V. Okorokov
  • , D. Olvitt
  • , B. S. Page
  • , R. Pak
  • , Y. X. Pan
  • , Y. Pandit
  • , Y. Panebratsev
  • , B. Pawlik
  • , H. Pei
  • , C. Perkins
  • , A. Peterson
  • , P. Pile
  • , M. Planinic
  • , J. Pluta
  • , N. Poljak
  • , K. Poniatowska
  • , J. Porter
  • , M. Posik
  • , A. M. Poskanzer
  • , J. Putschke
  • , H. Qiu
  • , A. Quintero
  • , S. Ramachandran
  • , R. Raniwala
  • , S. Raniwala
  • , R. L. Ray
  • , H. G. Ritter
  • , J. B. Roberts
  • , O. V. Rogachevskiy
  • , J. L. Romero
  • , A. Roy
  • , L. Ruan
  • , J. Rusnak
  • , O. Rusnakova
  • , N. R. Sahoo
  • , P. K. Sahu
  • , I. Sakrejda
  • , S. Salur
  • , J. Sandweiss
  • , A. Sarkar
  • , J. Schambach
  • , R. P. Scharenberg
  • , A. M. Schmah
  • , W. B. Schmidke
  • , N. Schmitz
  • , J. Seger
  • , P. Seyboth
  • , N. Shah
  • , E. Shahaliev
  • , P. V. Shanmuganathan
  • , M. Shao
  • , M. K. Sharma
  • , B. Sharma
  • , W. Q. Shen
  • , S. S. Shi
  • , Q. Y. Shou
  • , E. P. Sichtermann
  • , R. Sikora
  • , M. Simko
  • , M. J. Skoby
  • , N. Smirnov
  • , D. Smirnov
  • , L. Song
  • , P. Sorensen
  • , H. M. Spinka
  • , B. Srivastava
  • , T. D. S. Stanislaus
  • , M. Stepanov
  • , R. Stock
  • , M. Strikhanov
  • , B. Stringfellow
  • , M. Sumbera
  • , B. Summa
  • , Z. Sun
  • , X. M. Sun
  • , Y. Sun
  • , X. Sun
  • , B. Surrow
  • , N. Svirida
  • , M. A. Szelezniak
  • , Z. Tang
  • , A. H. Tang
  • , T. Tarnowsky
  • , A. Tawfik
  • , J. H. Thomas
  • , A. R. Timmins
  • , D. Tlusty
  • , M. Tokarev
  • , S. Trentalange
  • , R. E. Tribble
  • , P. Tribedy
  • , S. K. Tripathy
  • , B. A. Trzeciak
  • , O. D. Tsai
  • , T. Ullrich
  • , D. G. Underwood
  • , I. Upsal
  • , G. Van Buren
  • , G. van Nieuwenhuizen
  • , M. Vandenbroucke
  • , R. Varma
  • , A. N. Vasiliev
  • , R. Vertesi
  • , F. Videbæk
  • , Y. P. Viyogi
  • , S. Vokal
  • , S. A. Voloshin
  • , A. Vossen
  • , G. Wang
  • , H. Wang
  • , J. S. Wang
  • , Y. Wang
  • , Y. Wang
  • , F. Wang
  • , J. C. Webb
  • , G. Webb
  • , L. Wen
  • , G. D. Westfall
  • , H. Wieman
  • , S. W. Wissink
  • , R. Witt
  • , Y. F. Wu
  • , Z. G. Xiao
  • , W. Xie
  • , K. Xin
  • , Y. F. Xu
  • , Q. H. Xu
  • , H. Xu
  • , N. Xu
  • , Z. Xu
  • , Y. Yang
  • , C. Yang
  • , S. Yang
  • , Y. Yang
  • , Q. Yang
  • , Z. Ye
  • , P. Yepes
  • , L. Yi
  • , K. Yip
  • , I.-K. Yoo
  • , N. Yu
  • , H. Zbroszczyk
  • , W. Zha
  • , J. B. Zhang
  • , Z. Zhang
  • , J. Zhang
  • , S. Zhang
  • , X. P. Zhang
  • , J. Zhang
  • , Y. Zhang
  • , J. Zhao
  • , C. Zhong
  • , L. Zhou
  • , X. Zhu
  • , Y. Zoulkarneeva
  •  & M. Zyzak

Contributions

All authors contributed equally.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The author declare no competing financial interests.

Extended data figures and tables

Extended Data Table 1 The decomposition of systematic errors
Full size table

PowerPoint slides

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

The STAR Collaboration. Measurement of interaction between antiprotons. Nature 527, 345–348 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15724

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15724

This article is cited by

Comments

By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.

Search

Advanced search

Quick links

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing