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Measurement of interaction between antiprotons

Nature volume 527, pages 345–348 (2015)Cite this article

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Abstract

One of the primary goals of nuclear physics is to understand the force between nucleons, which is a necessary step for understanding the structure of nuclei and how nuclei interact with each other. Rutherford discovered the atomic nucleus in 1911, and the large body of knowledge about the nuclear force that has since been acquired was derived from studies made on nucleons or nuclei. Although antinuclei up to antihelium-4 have been discovered1 and their masses measured, little is known directly about the nuclear force between antinucleons. Here, we study antiproton pair correlations among data collected by the STAR experiment2 at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)3, where gold ions are collided with a centre-of-mass energy of 200 gigaelectronvolts per nucleon pair. Antiprotons are abundantly produced in such collisions, thus making it feasible to study details of the antiproton–antiproton interaction. By applying a technique similar to Hanbury Brown and Twiss intensity interferometry4, we show that the force between two antiprotons is attractive. In addition, we report two key parameters that characterize the corresponding strong interaction: the scattering length and the effective range of the interaction. Our measured parameters are consistent within errors with the corresponding values for proton–proton interactions. Our results provide direct information on the interaction between two antiprotons, one of the simplest systems of antinucleons, and so are fundamental to understanding the structure of more-complex antinuclei and their properties.

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Figure 1: A schematic of the two-particle correlation process in a heavy-ion collision.
Figure 2: m2 versus nσz for negatively charged particles.
Figure 3: Correlation functions and their ratio.
Figure 4: d0 versus f0 for (anti)nucleon-(anti)nucleon interactions.

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Change history

  • 18 November 2015

    In the Methods, the equation for the equal-time reduced Bethe-Salpeter amplitude (which can be approximated by the outer solution of the scattering problem) was corrected.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the RHIC Operations Group and RCF at BNL, the NERSC Center at LBNL, the KISTI Center in Korea, and the Open Science Grid consortium for providing resources and support. This work was supported in part by the Office of Nuclear Physics within the US DOE Office of Science, the US NSF, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, NSFC, the MoST of China (973 Programme No. 2014CB845400), CAS, MoST and MoE of China, the Korean Research Foundation, GA and MSMT of the Czech Republic, FIAS of Germany, DAE, DST and UGC of India, the National Science Centre of Poland, National Research Foundation, the Ministry of Science, Education and Sports of the Republic of Croatia, and RosAtom of Russia.

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  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Cracow, 30-059, Poland

    L. Adamczyk, L. Fulek & R. Sikora

  2. University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506-0055, USA

    J. K. Adkins, R. Fatemi & S. Ramachandran

  3. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, 141 980, Russia

    G. Agakishiev, A. Aparin, G. S. Averichev, I. Bunzarov, T. G. Dedovich, L. G. Efimov, J. Fedorisin, P. Filip, A. Kechechyan, R. Lednicky, Y. Panebratsev, O. V. Rogachevskiy, E. Shahaliev, M. Tokarev, S. Vokal & Y. Zoulkarneeva

  4. Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India

    M. M. Aggarwal, A. K. Bhati, L. Kumar & B. Sharma

  5. Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, 700064, India

    Z. Ahammed, A. Banerjee, S. Chattopadhyay, T. K. Nayak, A. Roy, P. Tribedy & Y. P. Viyogi

  6. Alikhanov Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, 117218, Russia

    I. Alekseev, I. G. Bordyuzhin, D. Kalinkin & N. Svirida

  7. Kent State University, Kent, 44242, Ohio, USA

    J. Alford, J. Bouchet, A. Hamad, S. Kabana, D. Keane, M. Lomnitz, S. Margetis, A. Quintero & P. V. Shanmuganathan

  8. Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, 11973, New York, USA

    D. Arkhipkin, E. C. Aschenauer, L. C. Bland, I. Chakaberia, W. Christie, R. R. Debbe, B. di Ruzza, L. Didenko, J. C. Dunlop, O. Eyser, S. Fazio, Y. Fisyak, W. Guryn, S. Heppelmann, H. W. Ke, M. A. C. Lamont, J. M. Landgraf, J. Lauret, A. Lebedev, J. H. Lee, X. Li, T. Ljubicic, R. S. Longacre, R. Ma, A. Ogawa, B. S. Page, R. Pak, P. Pile, L. Ruan, W. B. Schmidke, D. Smirnov, P. Sorensen, A. H. Tang, T. Ullrich, G. Van Buren, G. van Nieuwenhuizen, F. Videbæk, H. Wang, J. C. Webb, G. Webb, Z. Xu & K. Yip

  9. National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, 751005, India

    V. Bairathi, R. Haque, D. Mishra & B. Mohanty

  10. University of Houston, Houston, 77204, Texas, USA

    R. Bellwied, D. McDonald, L. Song & A. R. Timmins

  11. University of Jammu, Jammu, 180001, India

    A. Bhasin, A. Gupta, S. Gupta & M. K. Sharma

  12. University of Texas, Austin, 78712, Texas, USA

    P. Bhattarai, G. W. Hoffmann, C. Markert, R. L. Ray & J. Schambach

  13. Czech Technical University in Prague, FNSPE, Prague, 115 19, Czech Republic

    J. Bielcik, P. Chaloupka, O. Rusnakova & B. A. Trzeciak

  14. Nuclear Physics Institute AS CR, Řež/Prague, 250 68, Czech Republic

    J. Bielcikova, P. Federic, J. Rusnak, M. Simko, M. Sumbera, D. Tlusty & R. Vertesi

  15. Rice University, Houston, 77251, Texas, USA

    J. D. Brandenburg, J. Butterworth, G. Eppley, F. Geurts, J. B. Roberts, K. Xin & P. Yepes

  16. Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, 115409, Russia

    A. V. Brandin, L. Kochenda, P. Kravtsov, G. Nigmatkulov, V. Okorokov & M. Strikhanov

  17. Yale University, New Haven, 06520, Connecticut, USA

    H. Caines, J. W. Harris, S. Horvat, R. Majka, J. Sandweiss, N. Smirnov & L. Yi

  18. University of California, Davis, 95616, California, USA

    M. Calderón de la Barca Sánchez, D. Cebra, J. E. Draper, C. E. Flores, K. Meehan & J. L. Romero

  19. Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, Ohio, USA

    J. M. Campbell, T. J. Humanic, M. A. Lisa, A. Peterson & I. Upsal

  20. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA

    M. C. Cervantes, Z. Chang, C. A. Gagliardi, A. Hamed, S. Mioduszewski, M. M. Mondal, N. R. Sahoo & R. E. Tribble

  21. Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Shanghai, 201800, China

    J. H. Chen, W. Li, G. L. Ma, Y. G. Ma, L. Ma, N. Shah, W. Q. Shen, Q. Y. Shou, Y. F. Xu, Z. Zhang, S. Zhang & C. Zhong

  22. Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou, 730000, China

    X. Chen, C. M. Du, Z. Sun, J. S. Wang, H. Xu, Y. Yang & J. Zhang

  23. Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    J. Cheng, X. Huang, K. Kang, Y. Li, Y. Wang, Z. G. Xiao, X. P. Zhang & X. Zhu

  24. Creighton University, Omaha, 68178, Nebraska, USA

    M. Cherney, L. C. De Silva & J. Seger

  25. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, 94720, California, USA

    G. Contin, X. Dong, L. Greiner, S. Klein, A. Manion, H. Masui, H. S. Matis, M. K. Mustafa, G. Odyniec, J. Porter, A. M. Poskanzer, H. Qiu, H. G. Ritter, I. Sakrejda, S. Salur, A. M. Schmah, E. P. Sichtermann, X. Sun, M. A. Szelezniak, J. H. Thomas, H. Wieman & N. Xu

  26. University of California, Berkeley, 94720, California, USA

    H. J. Crawford, J. Engelage, E. G. Judd & C. Perkins

  27. Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar, 751005, India

    S. Das, P. K. Sahu & S. K. Tripathy

  28. Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, Shandong, China

    J. Deng, Q. H. Xu & J. Zhang

  29. Institute of High Energy Physics, Protvino, 142281, Russia

    A. A. Derevschikov, N. G. Minaev, D. A. Morozov, L. V. Nogach, S. B. Nurushev & A. N. Vasiliev

  30. Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA

    C. Dilks, S. Heppelmann & B. Summa

  31. Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, 46383, Indiana, USA

    J. L. Drachenberg, A. Gibson, D. Grosnick, D. D. Koetke & T. D. S. Stanislaus

  32. University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, California, USA

    L. E. Dunkelberger, R. Esha, H. Z. Huang, G. Igo, K. D. Landry, Md. Nasim, Y. X. Pan, S. Trentalange, O. D. Tsai, G. Wang & L. Wen

  33. University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, 60607, Illinois, USA

    O. Evdokimov, D. J. Hofman, B. Huang, Z. H. Khan, Y. Pandit & Z. Ye

  34. Central China Normal University (HZNU), Wuhan, 430079, China

    Z. Feng, P. Huck, Z. M. Li, F. Liu, X. Luo, H. Pei, S. S. Shi, X. M. Sun, Y. Wang, Y. F. Wu, Y. Yang, N. Yu, J. B. Zhang & J. Zhao

  35. Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, Indiana, USA

    D. Garand, L. He, A. Hirsch, R. P. Scharenberg, B. Srivastava, M. Stepanov, B. Stringfellow, F. Wang & W. Xie

  36. Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, 00-661, Poland

    M. Girard, D. P. Kikoła, A. Kisiel, L. K. Kosarzewski, J. Pluta, K. Poniatowska & H. Zbroszczyk

  37. Temple University, Philadelphia, 19122, Pennsylvania, USA

    D. S. Gunarathne, A. F. Kraishan, X. Li, D. Olvitt, M. Posik, B. Surrow & M. Vandenbroucke

  38. University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China

    Y. Guo, K. Jiang, C. Li, M. Shao, Y. Sun, Z. Tang, C. Yang, S. Yang, Q. Yang, W. Zha, Y. Zhang & L. Zhou

  39. Indiana University, Bloomington, 47408, Indiana, USA

    W. W. Jacobs, M. J. Skoby, A. Vossen & S. W. Wissink

  40. Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, 305-701, South Korea

    H. Jang & S. Y. Noh

  41. Wayne State University, Detroit, 48201, Michigan, USA

    K. Kauder, W. J. Llope, J. Putschke & S. A. Voloshin

  42. Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies FIAS, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany

    I. Kisel, T. Kollegger, I. Kulakov, R. Stock & M. Zyzak

  43. Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, 60439, Illinois, USA

    K. Krueger, H. M. Spinka & D. G. Underwood

  44. Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Cracow, 31-342, Poland

    R. A. Kycia & B. Pawlik

  45. World Laboratory for Cosmology and Particle Physics (WLCAPP), Cairo, 11571, Egypt

    N. Magdy & A. Tawfik

  46. Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, 400076, India

    B. K. Nandi, A. Sarkar & R. Varma

  47. Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824, Michigan, USA

    J. Novak, T. Tarnowsky & G. D. Westfall

  48. Pusan National University, Pusan, 609735, South Korea

    K. Oh & I.-K. Yoo

  49. University of Zagreb, Zagreb, HR-10002, Croatia

    M. Planinic & N. Poljak

  50. University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302004, India

    R. Raniwala & S. Raniwala

  51. Max-Planck-Institut fur Physik, Munich, 80805, Germany

    N. Schmitz & P. Seyboth

  52. United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, 21402, Maryland, USA

    R. Witt

Consortia

The STAR Collaboration

  • L. Adamczyk
  • , J. K. Adkins
  • , G. Agakishiev
  • , M. M. Aggarwal
  • , Z. Ahammed
  • , I. Alekseev
  • , J. Alford
  • , A. Aparin
  • , D. Arkhipkin
  • , E. C. Aschenauer
  • , G. S. Averichev
  • , V. Bairathi
  • , A. Banerjee
  • , R. Bellwied
  • , A. Bhasin
  • , A. K. Bhati
  • , P. Bhattarai
  • , J. Bielcik
  • , J. Bielcikova
  • , L. C. Bland
  • , I. G. Bordyuzhin
  • , J. Bouchet
  • , J. D. Brandenburg
  • , A. V. Brandin
  • , I. Bunzarov
  • , J. Butterworth
  • , H. Caines
  • , M. Calderón de la Barca Sánchez
  • , J. M. Campbell
  • , D. Cebra
  • , M. C. Cervantes
  • , I. Chakaberia
  • , P. Chaloupka
  • , Z. Chang
  • , S. Chattopadhyay
  • , J. H. Chen
  • , X. Chen
  • , J. Cheng
  • , M. Cherney
  • , W. Christie
  • , G. Contin
  • , H. J. Crawford
  • , S. Das
  • , L. C. De Silva
  • , R. R. Debbe
  • , T. G. Dedovich
  • , J. Deng
  • , A. A. Derevschikov
  • , B. di Ruzza
  • , L. Didenko
  • , C. Dilks
  • , X. Dong
  • , J. L. Drachenberg
  • , J. E. Draper
  • , C. M. Du
  • , L. E. Dunkelberger
  • , J. C. Dunlop
  • , L. G. Efimov
  • , J. Engelage
  • , G. Eppley
  • , R. Esha
  • , O. Evdokimov
  • , O. Eyser
  • , R. Fatemi
  • , S. Fazio
  • , P. Federic
  • , J. Fedorisin
  • , Z. Feng
  • , P. Filip
  • , Y. Fisyak
  • , C. E. Flores
  • , L. Fulek
  • , C. A. Gagliardi
  • , D. Garand
  • , F. Geurts
  • , A. Gibson
  • , M. Girard
  • , L. Greiner
  • , D. Grosnick
  • , D. S. Gunarathne
  • , Y. Guo
  • , A. Gupta
  • , S. Gupta
  • , W. Guryn
  • , A. Hamad
  • , A. Hamed
  • , R. Haque
  • , J. W. Harris
  • , L. He
  • , S. Heppelmann
  • , S. Heppelmann
  • , A. Hirsch
  • , G. W. Hoffmann
  • , D. J. Hofman
  • , S. Horvat
  • , B. Huang
  • , H. Z. Huang
  • , X. Huang
  • , P. Huck
  • , T. J. Humanic
  • , G. Igo
  • , W. W. Jacobs
  • , H. Jang
  • , K. Jiang
  • , E. G. Judd
  • , S. Kabana
  • , D. Kalinkin
  • , K. Kang
  • , K. Kauder
  • , H. W. Ke
  • , D. Keane
  • , A. Kechechyan
  • , Z. H. Khan
  • , D. P. Kikoła
  • , I. Kisel
  • , A. Kisiel
  • , S. Klein
  • , L. Kochenda
  • , D. D. Koetke
  • , T. Kollegger
  • , L. K. Kosarzewski
  • , A. F. Kraishan
  • , P. Kravtsov
  • , K. Krueger
  • , I. Kulakov
  • , L. Kumar
  • , R. A. Kycia
  • , M. A. C. Lamont
  • , J. M. Landgraf
  • , K. D. Landry
  • , J. Lauret
  • , A. Lebedev
  • , R. Lednicky
  • , J. H. Lee
  • , X. Li
  • , Z. M. Li
  • , Y. Li
  • , W. Li
  • , X. Li
  • , C. Li
  • , M. A. Lisa
  • , F. Liu
  • , T. Ljubicic
  • , W. J. Llope
  • , M. Lomnitz
  • , R. S. Longacre
  • , X. Luo
  • , G. L. Ma
  • , R. Ma
  • , Y. G. Ma
  • , L. Ma
  • , N. Magdy
  • , R. Majka
  • , A. Manion
  • , S. Margetis
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The STAR Collaboration. Measurement of interaction between antiprotons. Nature 527, 345–348 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15724

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