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Directional dominance on stature and cognition in diverse human populations

Nature volume 523, pages 459–462 (2015)Cite this article

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Abstract

Homozygosity has long been associated with rare, often devastating, Mendelian disorders1, and Darwin was one of the first to recognize that inbreeding reduces evolutionary fitness2. However, the effect of the more distant parental relatedness that is common in modern human populations is less well understood. Genomic data now allow us to investigate the effects of homozygosity on traits of public health importance by observing contiguous homozygous segments (runs of homozygosity), which are inferred to be homozygous along their complete length. Given the low levels of genome-wide homozygosity prevalent in most human populations, information is required on very large numbers of people to provide sufficient power3,4. Here we use runs of homozygosity to study 16 health-related quantitative traits in 354,224 individuals from 102 cohorts, and find statistically significant associations between summed runs of homozygosity and four complex traits: height, forced expiratory lung volume in one second, general cognitive ability and educational attainment (P < 1 × 10−300, 2.1 × 10−6, 2.5 × 10−10 and 1.8 × 10−10, respectively). In each case, increased homozygosity was associated with decreased trait value, equivalent to the offspring of first cousins being 1.2 cm shorter and having 10 months’ less education. Similar effect sizes were found across four continental groups and populations with different degrees of genome-wide homozygosity, providing evidence that homozygosity, rather than confounding, directly contributes to phenotypic variance. Contrary to earlier reports in substantially smaller samples5,6, no evidence was seen of an influence of genome-wide homozygosity on blood pressure and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, or ten other cardio-metabolic traits. Since directional dominance is predicted for traits under directional evolutionary selection7, this study provides evidence that increased stature and cognitive function have been positively selected in human evolution, whereas many important risk factors for late-onset complex diseases may not have been.

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Figure 1: Runs of homozygosity by cohort.
Figure 2: Effects of genome-wide homozygosity, , on 16 traits.

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Acknowledgements

This paper is the work of the ROHgen consortium. We thank the participants in all ROHgen studies; cohort-specific acknowledgements are detailed in Supplementary Table 6. This work was funded by a UK Medical Research Council (MRC) PhD studentship to P.K.J.; and J.F.W. and O.P. acknowledge support from the MRC Human Genetics Unit “QTL in Health and Disease” programme. We thank W. G. Hill for discussions and comments on the manuscript and K. Lindsay for administrative assistance.

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Author notes

  1. Peter K. Joshi, Tonu Esko, Ozren Polašek and James F. Wilson: These authors contributed equally to this work.

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  1. Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK

    Peter K. Joshi, Igor Rudan, Harry Campbell, Ozren Polašek & James F. Wilson

  2. Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia

    Tonu Esko, Reedik Mägi, Evelin Mihailov, Lili Milani, Mari Nelis, Natalia Tšernikova, Andrew P. Morris, Andres Metspalu & Markus Perola

  3. Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Cambridge, 02141, Massachusetts, USA

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  4. Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, Massachusetts, USA

    Tonu Esko, Yingleong Chan, Sailaja Vedantam, Rany M. Salem, Cecilia M. Lindgren & Joel N. Hirschhorn

  5. Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA

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    Weihua Meng

  82. William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK

    Lazaros Lataniotis, Stavroula Kanoni & Panos Deloukas

  83. Division Heart and Lungs, Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands

    Sander W. van der Laan, Jessica van Setten & Gerard Pasterkamp

  84. Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, 19104, Pennsylvania, USA

    Jonathan P. Bradfield, Frank D. Mentch, Struan F.A. Grant & Hakon Hakonarson

  85. Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK

    Andrew R. Wood & Timothy M. Frayling

  86. COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Ledreborg Allé 34, Copenhagen, DK-2820, Denmark

    Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia & Hans Bisgaard

  87. Novo Nordisk Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark

    Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia & Thorkild I. A. Sørensen

  88. Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK

    Leanne M. Hall, Maciej Tomaszewski & Nilesh J. Samani

  89. Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, via A. di Rudinì 8, Milan, 20142, Italy

    Erika Salvi & Daniele Cusi

  90. Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, 2 Verdun Street, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia

    Seyhan Yazar & David A. Mackey

  91. Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen, 2300, Denmark

    Lisbeth Carstensen, Bjarke Feenstra, Frank Geller & Mads Melbye

  92. Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, 2300 RC, The Netherlands

    Hugoline G. de Haan & Astrid van Hylckama Vlieg

  93. Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 920 E. 58th Street, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA

    Mark Abney, William Wentworth-Shields & Carole Ober

  94. Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, 92093, California, USA

    Matthew A. Allison

  95. Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands

    Folkert W. Asselbergs

  96. Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Catharijnesingel 52, Utrecht, 3501 DG, The Netherlands

    Folkert W. Asselbergs & Pim van der Harst

  97. Institute of Cardiovascular Science, faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK

    Folkert W. Asselbergs

  98. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands

    Stephan J. L. Bakker

  99. Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 622 W. 168th Street, New York, 10032, New York, USA

    R. Graham Barr & Walter R. Palmas

  100. Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, W.-Rathenau-Str. 48, Greifswald, 17475, Germany

    Sebastian E. Baumeister & Alexander Teumer

  101. Department of Economics, Cornell University, 480 Uris Hall, Ithaca, 14853, New York, USA

    Daniel J. Benjamin

  102. Department of Economics and Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, 314C Dauterive Hall, 635 Downey Way, Los Angeles, 90089, California, USA

    Daniel J. Benjamin

  103. Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1200 Pressler Street, Suite, Houston, 453E, 77030, Texas, USA

    Eric Boerwinkle & Alanna Morrison

  104. Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK

    Archie Campbell, Generation Scotland, Sarah E. Harris & David J. Porteous

  105. McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, Maryland, USA

    Aravinda Chakravarti & Georg Ehret

  106. Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA

    Constance Chen & Peter Kraft

  107. Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA

    Francis S. Collins

  108. College of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, College Office, Level 10, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK

    John Connell

  109. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, Massachusetts, USA

    L. Adrienne Cupples, Caroline S. Fox, Nancy L. Heard-Costa, George T. O'Connor, Sudha Seshadri & Josée Dupuis

  110. Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK

    Gail Davies, Paul Redmond & Ian J. Deary

  111. Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK

    Gail Davies, Sarah E. Harris, David C.M. Liewald, John M. Starr, Ian J. Deary & David J. Porteous

  112. Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str. NK, Greifswald, 17475, Germany

    Marcus Dörr

  113. Cardiology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 4, Genève 14, 1211, Switzerland

    Georg Ehret

  114. Robertson Centre, University of Glasgow, Boyd Orr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland

    Ian Ford

  115. Division of Endocrinology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA

    Caroline S. Fox

  116. Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str. NK, Greifswald, 17475, Germany

    Nele Friedrich

  117. Division of Biostatistics, Washington University, 660 S Euclid, St Louis, 63110, Missouri, USA

    Charles Gu

  118. Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Edinburgh, UK

    Chris Haley

  119. National Institutes on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA

    Tamara B. Harris & Lenore J. Launer

  120. Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, 02118, Massachusetts, USA

    Nancy L. Heard-Costa & Sudha Seshadri

  121. Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, P.O.Box 41, Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland

    Kauko Heikkilä, Anu Loukola, Eero Vuoksimaa & Jaakko Kaprio

  122. Division of Applied Medicine, Musculoskeletal Research Programme, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD, Aberdeen, UK

    Lynne J. Hocking

  123. State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China

    Jinyan Huang

  124. Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000, CA, The Netherlands

    M. Arfan Ikram

  125. Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-17121, Sweden

    Erik Ingelsson

  126. Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75237, Sweden

    Åsa Johansson

  127. Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland

    Pekka Jousilahti, Satu Männistö, Veikko Salomaa, Johan G. Eriksson & Erkki Vartiainen

  128. Department of Cardiology C5-P, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, 2300 RC, The Netherlands

    J. Wouter Jukema

  129. Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, Tampere, FI-33521, Finland

    Mika Kähönen

  130. Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland

    Heikki A. Koistinen & Jaakko Tuomilehto

  131. Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O.Box 340, Haartmaninkatu 4, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland

    Heikki A. Koistinen & Kirsi Pietilainen

  132. Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki, FI-00290, Finland

    Heikki A. Koistinen

  133. Laboratory for Genotyping Development RCfIMS, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Kanagawa, Japan

    Michiaki Kubo

  134. Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, FI-70210, Finland

    Johanna Kuusisto & Markku Laakso

  135. Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland

    Jari Lahti

  136. Folkhälsan Reasearch Centre, PB 63, Helsinki, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

    Jari Lahti

  137. Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine University of Tampere, Tampere, FI-33520, Finland

    Terho Lehtimäki

  138. Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala, 75185, Sweden

    Lars Lind

  139. Transplantation laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland

    Marja-Liisa Lokki & Efthymia Vlachopoulou

  140. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA

    Stephanie J. London

  141. Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, 243 Charles Street, Boston, 02114, Massachusetts, USA

    Stephanie J. Loomis

  142. Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, 303.325 Science Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand

    Thomas Lumley

  143. Department of Health, Functional Capacity and Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland

    Annamari Lundqvist, Harri Rissanen & Paul Knekt

  144. Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 44, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland

    Pedro Marques-Vidal & Peter Vollenweider

  145. Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK

    Angela Matchan, Nicole Soranzo, Lorraine Southam & Eleftheria Zeggini

  146. Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21224, Maryland, USA

    Rasika A. Mathias

  147. Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan

    Koichi Matsuda

  148. Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford St, Boston, 02114, Massachusetts, USA

    James B. Meigs

  149. Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany

    Thomas Meitinger

  150. Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, München, 81675, Germany

    Thomas Meitinger

  151. Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Queensland, Australia

    Grant W. Montgomery

  152. Genome Science Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, E-304, Boston, 02118, Massachusetts, USA

    Richard H. Myers

  153. HUCH Heart and Lung center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 340, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland

    Markku S. Nieminen & Juha Sinisalo

  154. Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, 02118, Massachusetts, USA

    George T. O'Connor

  155. Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Adesola Ogunniyi & Babatunde Salako

  156. ICAMS, University of Glasgow, 126 University Way, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK

    Sandosh Padmanabhan

  157. Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, 1300 S 2nd Street, Minneapolis, 55454, Minnesota, USA

    James S. Pankow

  158. Centre for Global Health and Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, Split, 21000, Croatia

    Inga Patarcic & Ozren Polašek

  159. Obesity Research Unit, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland

    Kirsi Pietilainen

  160. International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1LA, UK

    Neil Poulter & Peter Sever

  161. Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK

    Inga Prokopenko & Philippe Froguel

  162. Department of Cardiology and Cardio thoracic Surgery Hero DMC Heart Institute, Civil Lines, Ludhiana, 141001, India

    Sarju Ralhan

  163. Department Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 3232 West Complex, Charlottesville, 22908, Virginia, USA

    Stephen S. Rich

  164. Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, 47405, Indiana, USA

    Richard Rose

  165. Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Harrachgasse 21, Graz, A-8010, Austria

    Helena Schmidt & Anna Maria Töglhofer

  166. Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-17121, Sweden

    Bengt Sennblad

  167. University of Dundee, Kirsty Semple Way, Dundee, DD2 4DB, UK

    Blair H. Smith

  168. Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, Washington, USA

    Nona Sotoodehnia

  169. Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland

    Alice V. Stanton

  170. UMR INSERM U1122,

    Maria G. Stathopoulou

  171. IGE-PCV “Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-Vasculaire”, INSERM, University of Lorraine, 30 Rue Lionnois, Nancy, 54000, France

    Maria G. Stathopoulou

  172. Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, 81377, Germany

    Konstantin Strauch

  173. Department of Endocrinology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar East, New Delhi, 110029, India

    Nikhil Tandon

  174. National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK

    Sian-Tsun Tang & Jaspal S. Kooner

  175. Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, 60153, Illinois, USA

    Bamidele O. Tayo & Richard S. Cooper

  176. NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK

    Maciej Tomaszewski & Nilesh J. Samani

  177. Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, Tartu, 51010, Estonia

    Natalia Tšernikova & Andres Metspalu

  178. Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, Krems, 3500, Austria

    Jaakko Tuomilehto

  179. Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia

    Jaakko Tuomilehto

  180. Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000, CA, The Netherlands

    Andre G. Uitterlinden

  181. Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21205, Maryland, USA

    Dhananjay Vaidya

  182. Finnish Lung Health Association, Sibeliuksenkatu 11 A 1, Helsinki, FI-00250, Finland

    Tuula Vasankari

  183. Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Queensland, Australia

    John B. Whitfield & Nicholas G. Martin

  184. Diabetes Unit, KEM Hospital and Research Centre, Rasta Peth, Pune, 411011, India.,

    Chittaranjan S. Yajnik

  185. Department of Medicine, Renal Unit, University of Verona, Piazzale A. Stefani 1, Verona, 37124, Italy

    Gianluigi Zaza

  186. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, 44106, Ohio, USA

    Xiaofeng Zhu

  187. Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, 94305, California, USA

    Mads Melbye

  188. Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, 19104, Pennsylvania, USA

    Struan F.A. Grant & Hakon Hakonarson

  189. Translational Gerontology Branch, National institute on Aging, Baltimore, 21225, Maryland, USA

    Luigi Ferrucci

  190. Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, No. 9 Edinburgh Bioquarter, 9 Little France Road, Edinburgh, EH16 4UX, UK

    Andrew D. Morris

  191. Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and School of Medicine, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK

    Colin N. A. Palmer

  192. Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia

    Panos Deloukas

  193. Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Campus, St Dunstan's Road, London, W6 8RP, UK

    Lars Bertram

  194. Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany

    Anke Tönjes

  195. Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, 2000, Denmark

    Thorkild I. A. Sørensen

  196. Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Boulevard, Birmingham, 35294, Alabama, USA

    Donna K. Arnett

  197. Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands

    Albertine J. Oldehinkel

  198. Epidemiology of diabetes, obesity and chronic kidney disease over the lifecourse, Inserm, CESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health U1018, 16 Avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94807 Villejuif, France

    Beverley Balkau

  199. Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Via G. Moscati 31/34, Roma, 00168, Italy

    Giovanni Gambaro

  200. Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Duncan Building, Daulby Stree, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK

    Andrew P. Morris

  201. Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland

    Johan G. Eriksson

  202. Vasa Central Hospital, Sandviksgatan 2-4, Vasa, FI-65130, Finland

    Johan G. Eriksson

  203. Folkhälsan Reasearch Centre, PB 63, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland

    Johan G. Eriksson

  204. Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, Helsinki, FI-00290, Finland

    Johan G. Eriksson

  205. Neuro-Imaging Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Queensland, Australia

    Margie J. Wright

  206. Cardiovascular Genetics Division, University of Utah, 420 Chipeta Way, Room 1160, Salt Lake City, 84117, Utah, USA

    Steven C. Hunt

  207. Alzheimer Scotland Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK

    John M. Starr

  208. Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000, CA, The Netherlands

    Henning Tiemeier

  209. National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O.Box 30, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland

    Jaakko Kaprio

  210. Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, 2300 rue de la Terrasse, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada

    Louis Pérusse

  211. Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, 39216, Mississippi, USA

    James G. Wilson

  212. Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FI-20521, Finland

    Olli Raitakari

  213. Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular medicine, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20521, Finland

    Olli Raitakari

  214. Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands

    Pim van der Harst

  215. Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Box 6501, Stockholm, SE-113 83, Sweden

    Magnus Johannesson

  216. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Box 281, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden

    Patrik K. E. Magnusson

  217. Department of Genetics and Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, Saint Louis, 63108, Missouri, USA

    Ingrid B. Borecki

  218. Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21205, Maryland, USA

    Diane M. Becker

  219. Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, 73104, Oklahoma, USA

    Dharambir K. Sanghera

  220. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, 73104, Oklahoma, USA

    Dharambir K. Sanghera

  221. Sidra Medical and Research Centre, Doha, Qatar

    Paolo Gasparini

  222. The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, New York, USA

    Ruth J. F. Loos

  223. Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, 138672, Singapore, Singapore

    Giriraj R. Chandak

  224. Department of Medicine, Program for Personalised and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 Baltimore St. MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, Maryland, USA

    Alan R. Shuldiner

  225. Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, 685 W Baltimore MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, Maryland, USA

    Alan R. Shuldiner

  226. BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK

    Naveed Sattar

  227. Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 137 E. Franklin Street, Suite 306, Chapel Hill, 27599, North Carolina, USA

    Kari E. North

  228. Departments of Medicine, Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, Washington, USA

    Bruce M. Psaty

  229. Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, Washington, USA

    Bruce M. Psaty

  230. Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK

    John C. Chambers & Jaspal S. Kooner

  231. Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK

    David P. Strachan

  232. Steno Diabetes Centre, Niels Steensens Vej 2, Gentofte, 2820, Denmark

    Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia

  233. Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, 138648, Singapore

    Marie Loh

  234. Centre for Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK

    Sarah Wild

  235. Institutes for Neurogenetics and Integrative & Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, 23562, Germany

    Lars Bertram

  236. School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India

    Dwaipayan Bharadwaj

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