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Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology

Nature volume 518, pages 197–206 (2015)Cite this article

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Abstract

Obesity is heritable and predisposes to many diseases. To understand the genetic basis of obesity better, here we conduct a genome-wide association study and Metabochip meta-analysis of body mass index (BMI), a measure commonly used to define obesity and assess adiposity, in up to 339,224 individuals. This analysis identifies 97 BMI-associated loci (P < 5 × 10−8), 56 of which are novel. Five loci demonstrate clear evidence of several independent association signals, and many loci have significant effects on other metabolic phenotypes. The 97 loci account for ∼2.7% of BMI variation, and genome-wide estimates suggest that common variation accounts for >20% of BMI variation. Pathway analyses provide strong support for a role of the central nervous system in obesity susceptibility and implicate new genes and pathways, including those related to synaptic function, glutamate signalling, insulin secretion/action, energy metabolism, lipid biology and adipogenesis.

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Figure 1: Cumulative variance explained and example of secondary signals.
Figure 2: Tissues and reconstituted gene sets significantly enriched for genes within BMI-associated loci.

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Acknowledgements

A full list of acknowledgements can be found in the Supplementary Information.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Jong-Young Lee

    Present address: Present address: Second Floor, B-dong, AICT Building, 145 Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongyong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do,443-270, South Korea.,

  2. Adam E. Locke, Bratati Kahali, Sonja I. Berndt, Anne E. Justice and Tune H. Pers: These authors contributed equally to this work.

  3. Kari E. North, Erik Ingelsson, Joel N. Hirschhorn, Ruth J. F. Loos and Elizabeth K. Speliotes: These authors jointly supervised this work.

  4. Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, Michigan, USA

    Adam E. Locke, Jennifer L. Bragg-Gresham, Anne U. Jackson, Heather M. Stringham, Gonçalo R. Abecasis & Michael Boehnke

  2. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, Michigan, USA

    Bratati Kahali, Corey Powell & Elizabeth K. Speliotes

  3. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA

    Sonja I. Berndt, Zhaoming Wang, Kevin B. Jacobs & Stephen J. Chanock

  4. Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.,

    Anne E. Justice, Keri L. Monda & Kari E. North

  5. Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA

    Tune H. Pers, Sailaja Vedantam, Tonu Esko, Cameron D. Palmer, Rany M. Salem & Joel N. Hirschhorn

  6. Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, 02142, Massachusetts, USA

    Tune H. Pers, Sailaja Vedantam, Tonu Esko, Cameron D. Palmer, Karol Estrada, Robert E. Handsaker, Sekar Kathiresan, Steven A. McCarroll, Rany M. Salem, Cecilia M. Lindgren & Joel N. Hirschhorn

  7. Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA

    Tune H. Pers, Tonu Esko, Robert E. Handsaker, Steven A. McCarroll, Rany M. Salem & Joel N. Hirschhorn

  8. Department of Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark.,

    Tune H. Pers

  9. MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.,

    Felix R. Day, Jian’an Luan, Jing Hua Zhao, Robert A. Scott, Nita G. Forouhi, Claudia Langenberg, Ken K. Ong, Nicholas J. Wareham & Ruth J. F. Loos

  10. Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, North Carolina, USA

    Martin L. Buchkovich, Damien C. Croteau-Chonka & Karen L. Mohlke

  11. Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.,

    Jian Yang, Anna A. E. Vinkhuyzen & Peter M. Visscher

  12. The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translation Research Institute, Brisbane 4012, Australia.,

    Jian Yang & Peter M. Visscher

  13. Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA

    Damien C. Croteau-Chonka, Lu Qi & David J. Hunter

  14. Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.,

    Tonu Esko, Reedik Mägi, Krista Fischer, Toomas Haller, Evelin Mihailov, Lili Milani, Eva Reinmaa, Andrew P. Morris, Mari Nelis, Andres Metspalu & Markus Perola

  15. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.,

    Tove Fall, Henrik Grönberg, Per Hall, Patrik K. E. Magnusson & Nancy L. Pedersen

  16. Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75185, Sweden.,

    Tove Fall, Stefan Gustafsson, Åsa K. Hedman, Johan Ärnlöv, Ann-Christine Syvänen & Erik Ingelsson

  17. Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75185, Sweden.,

    Tove Fall, Stefan Gustafsson, Åsa K. Hedman, Johan Ärnlöv & Erik Ingelsson

  18. Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.,

    Teresa Ferreira, Reedik Mägi, Joshua C. Randall, Åsa K. Hedman, Anuj Goel, Inga Prokopenko, Thorhildur Juliusdottir, Anubha Mahajan, Nigel W. Rayner, Neil R. Robertson, Alexander W. Drong, Sarah Keildson, John R. B. Perry, Krina T. Zondervan, Martin Farrall, Andrew P. Morris, Hugh Watkins, Mark I. McCarthy, Cecilia M. Lindgren & Erik Ingelsson

  19. Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne 1010, Switzerland.,

    Zoltán Kutalik

  20. Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.,

    Zoltán Kutalik & Jacques S. Beckmann

  21. Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland.,

    Zoltán Kutalik & Jacques S. Beckmann

  22. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,

    Joshua C. Randall, Nigel W. Rayner, Kathleen Stirrups, Panos Deloukas & Inês Barroso

  23. Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.,

    Thomas W. Winkler, Mathias Gorski & Iris M. Heid

  24. Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK.,

    Andrew R. Wood, Dorota Pasko, Michael N. Weedon, John R. B. Perry & Timothy M. Frayling

  25. Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA

    Tsegaselassie Workalemahu, Lu Qi, Paul W. Franks & David J. Hunter

  26. Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48104, Michigan, USA

    Jessica D. Faul & David R. Weir

  27. Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, Michigan, USA

    Jennifer A. Smith & Wei Zhao

  28. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, Michigan, USA

    Jin Chen & Cristen J. Willer

  29. Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.,

    Rudolf Fehrmann, Juha Karjalainen, Joanna Smolonska, Morris A. Swertz, Harm-Jan Westra, Pim van der Harst & Lude Franke

  30. Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, Michigan, USA

    Ellen M. Schmidt & Cristen J. Willer

  31. HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, 35806, Alabama, USA

    Devin Absher & Lindsay L. Waite

  32. Department of Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,

    Najaf Amin, Ayse Demirkan, Aaron Isaacs, Ben A. Oostra & Cornelia M. van Duijn

  33. Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6008, Western Australia, Australia

    Denise Anderson

  34. Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands.,

    Marian Beekman, Stefan Böhringer, Quinta Helmer, Hae-Won Uh, Lisette Stolk & P. Eline Slagboom

  35. Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.,

    Marian Beekman & P. Eline Slagboom

  36. Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.,

    Jennifer L. Bolton, Ross M. Fraser, Stela McLachlan, Harry Campbell, Jackie F. Price, Igor Rudan & James F. Wilson

  37. Kidney Epidemiology and Cost Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, Michigan, USA

    Jennifer L. Bragg-Gresham

  38. Department of Statistics & Biostatistics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, 08854, New Jersey, USA

    Steven Buyske

  39. Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, 08854, New Jersey, USA

    Steven Buyske & Tara C. Matise

  40. Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.,

    Ayse Demirkan

  41. Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK.,

    Guohong Deng, Weihua Zhang, William R. Scott, Sian-Tsung Tan, Jaspal S. Kooner & John C. Chambers

  42. Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.,

    Guohong Deng

  43. Institute of infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China

    Guohong Deng

  44. Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, Maryland, USA

    Georg B. Ehret & Aravinda Chakravarti

  45. Department of Specialties of Internal Medicine, Cardiology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.,

    Georg B. Ehret & François Mach

  46. Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen DK-2300, Denmark.,

    Bjarke Feenstra, Heather A. Boyd & Frank Geller

  47. Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, 63110, Missouri, USA

    Mary F. Feitosa, E. Warwick Daw, Mary K. Wojczynski, Qunyuan Zhang, Aldi T. Kraja, D. C. Rao & Ingrid B. Borecki

  48. Division of Cardiovacular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.,

    Anuj Goel, Martin Farrall & Hugh Watkins

  49. Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, 98109, Washington, USA

    Jian Gong, Jeffrey Haessler, Charles Kooperberg & Ulrike Peters

  50. William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.,

    Stavroula Kanoni, Kathleen Stirrups & Panos Deloukas

  51. Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68187 Mannheim, Germany.,

    Marcus E. Kleber, Graciela Delgado, Tanja B. Grammer & Winfried März

  52. Department of Internal Medicine II, Ulm University Medical Centre, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.,

    Marcus E. Kleber & Wolfgang Koenig

  53. National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.,

    Kati Kristiansson, Niina Eklund, Leena Kinnunen, Jaana Lindström, Johan G. Eriksson, Pekka Jousilahti, Antti M. Jula, Jaakko Kaprio, Paul Knekt, Satu Männistö, Veikko Salomaa, Jarmo Virtamo, Markus Perola & Jaakko Tuomilehto

  54. Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, 96813, Hawaii, USA

    Unhee Lim, Lynne R. Wilkens & Loic Le Marchand

  55. The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, New York, USA

    Vaneet Lotay, Janina M. Jeff, Yingchang Lu, Omri Gottesman, Erwin P. Bottinger & Ruth J. F. Loos

  56. Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.,

    Massimo Mangino, Cristina Menni, Alireza Moayyeri, John R. B. Perry & Tim D. Spector

  57. Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700RB Groningen, The Netherlands.,

    Irene Mateo Leach, Niek Verweij & Pim van der Harst

  58. Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,

    Carolina Medina-Gomez, Marjolein J. Peters, Oscar H. Franco, Albert Hofman, M. Carola Zillikens, Fernando Rivadeneira, André G. Uitterlinden & Cornelia M. van Duijn

  59. Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,

    Carolina Medina-Gomez, Oscar H. Franco, Albert Hofman, Jacqueline C. Witteman, Fernando Rivadeneira, André G. Uitterlinden & Cornelia M. van Duijn

  60. Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,

    Carolina Medina-Gomez, Marjolein J. Peters, Karol Estrada, Lisette Stolk, M. Carola Zillikens, Fernando Rivadeneira & André G. Uitterlinden

  61. QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia.,

    Sarah E. Medland, Scott D. Gordon, Grant W. Montgomery, Dale R. Nyholt & Nicholas G. Martin

  62. Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA

    Michael A. Nalls

  63. Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany.,

    Sonali Pechlivanis, Karl-Heinz Jöckel, Susanne Moebus & André Scherag

  64. Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK.,

    Inga Prokopenko, Amy Barrett, Amanda J. Bennett, Christopher J. Groves, Nigel W. Rayner, Neil R. Robertson, Fredrik Karpe & Mark I. McCarthy

  65. Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK.,

    Inga Prokopenko & Philippe Froguel

  66. Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic & Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Center, Skåne University Hosptial, Malmö 205 02, Sweden.,

    Dmitry Shungin, Frida Renstrom & Paul W. Franks

  67. Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden.,

    Dmitry Shungin & Paul W. Franks

  68. Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå 901 85, Sweden.,

    Dmitry Shungin

  69. University of Eastern Finland, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland.,

    Alena Stančáková

  70. Department of Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden.,

    Rona J. Strawbridge, Lasse Folkersen, Per Eriksson, Jesper R. Gådin, Ferdinand M. van’t Hooft & Anders Hamsten

  71. Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, 63110, Missouri, USA

    Yun Ju Sung, D. C. Rao & Treva K. Rice

  72. Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, 21225, Maryland, USA

    Toshiko Tanaka & Luigi Ferrucci

  73. Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.,

    Alexander Teumer, Georg Homuth & Uwe Völker

  74. Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.,

    Stella Trompet & J. Wouter Jukema

  75. Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.,

    Stella Trompet & Anton J. M. de Craen

  76. Division Heart and Lungs, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.,

    Sander W. van der Laan, Hester M. den Ruijter & Gerard Pasterkamp

  77. Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.,

    Jessica van Setten & Paul I. W. de Bakker

  78. Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.,

    Jana V. Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk

  79. Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.,

    Zhaoming Wang & Kevin B. Jacobs

  80. CNRS UMR 8199, F-59019 Lille, France.,

    Loïc Yengo, Elodie Eury, Stéphane Lobbens, Stéphane Cauchi & Philippe Froguel

  81. European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, F-59000 Lille, France.,

    Loïc Yengo, Elodie Eury, Stéphane Lobbens, Stéphane Cauchi & Philippe Froguel

  82. Université de Lille 2, F-59000 Lille, France.,

    Loïc Yengo, Elodie Eury, Stéphane Lobbens, Stéphane Cauchi & Philippe Froguel

  83. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.,

    Weihua Zhang, William R. Scott, Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin & John C. Chambers

  84. Center for Medical Sytems Biology, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.,

    Aaron Isaacs, Ben A. Oostra & Cornelia M. van Duijn

  85. Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,

    Eva Albrecht, Harald Grallert, Martina Müller-Nurasyid, Janina S. Ried, Christian Gieger, Konstantin Strauch & Iris M. Heid

  86. School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, SE-791 88 Falun, Sweden.,

    Johan Ärnlöv

  87. PathWest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia

    Gillian M. Arscott, John Beilby & Jennie Hui

  88. Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK.,

    Antony P. Attwood & Jennifer Jolley

  89. NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK.,

    Antony P. Attwood & Jennifer Jolley

  90. Geriatric Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Firenze (ASF), 50125 Florence, Italy.,

    Stefania Bandinelli

  91. USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc., University of San Carlos, Cebu City 6000, Philippines.,

    Isabelita N. Bas & Nanette R. Lee

  92. Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, 78227, Texas, USA

    Claire Bellis & John Blangero

  93. Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4001, Queensland, Australia

    Claire Bellis

  94. Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75185, Sweden.,

    Christian Berne

  95. Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Ulm University Medical Centre, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.,

    Roza Blagieva & Sigrun Merger

  96. Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.,

    Matthias Blüher, Yvonne Böttcher, Peter Kovacs, Anke Tönjes & Michael Stumvoll

  97. Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.,

    Matthias Blüher, Peter Kovacs, Anke Tönjes & Michael Stumvoll

  98. Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.,

    Stefan Böhringer, Quinta Helmer & Hae-Won Uh

  99. Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.,

    Lori L. Bonnycastle, Mario A. Morken, Amy J. Swift, Peter S. Chines & Francis S. Collins

  100. LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.,

    Marcel Bruinenberg & Salome Scholtens

  101. Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.,

    Ida H. Caspersen & Berit Johansen

  102. Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles, Torrance, 90502, California, USA

    Yii-Der Ida Chen

  103. Transgenomics Institute, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, 90502, California, USA

    Yii-Der Ida Chen

  104. Nuffield Department of Population Health, Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK.,

    Robert Clarke

  105. Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece.,

    Maria Dimitriou & George Dedoussis

  106. Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.,

    Alex S. F. Doney, Andrew D. Morris & Colin N. A. Palmer

  107. Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.,

    Niina Eklund, Jaakko Kaprio, Leif C. Groop & Markus Perola

  108. Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, Massachusetts, USA

    Karol Estrada & Stephan Ripke

  109. Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA

    Melissa E. Garcia & Tamara B. Harris

  110. Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75185, Sweden.,

    Vilmantas Giedraitis

  111. Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.,

    Bruna Gigante, Karin Leander & Ulf de Faire

  112. Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, 94612, California, USA

    Alan S. Go

  113. Service of Therapeutic Education for Diabetes, Obesity and Chronic Diseases, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland.,

    Alain Golay

  114. Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK.,

    Alison H. Goodall & Nilesh J. Samani

  115. National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK.,

    Alison H. Goodall & Nilesh J. Samani

  116. Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.,

    Mathias Gorski

  117. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, HELIOS-Hospital Stralsund, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.,

    Hans-Jörgen Grabe

  118. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock, Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.,

    Hans-Jörgen Grabe

  119. Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,

    Harald Grallert, Thomas Illig & Annette Peters

  120. German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,

    Harald Grallert & Barbara Thorand

  121. Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.,

    Jürgen Gräßler, Peter E. H. Schwarz & Stefan R. Bornstein

  122. Institut inter Régional pour la Santé, Synergies, F-37520 La Riche, France.,

    Gaëlle Gusto

  123. Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå 90187, Sweden.,

    Goran Hallmans

  124. Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700RB Groningen, The Netherlands.,

    Catharina A. Hartman & Albertine J. Oldehinkel

  125. Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, 70100 Kuopio, Finland.,

    Maija Hassinen, Timo A. Lakka & Rainer Rauramaa

  126. MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.,

    Caroline Hayward & Alan F. Wright

  127. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, 01702, Massachusetts, USA

    Nancy L. Heard-Costa, Joanne M. Murabito, L. Adrienne Cupples & Caroline S. Fox

  128. Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02118, Massachusetts, USA

    Nancy L. Heard-Costa

  129. Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,

    Quinta Helmer

  130. Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen (DZHK) (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, D-80636 Munich, Germany.,

    Christian Hengstenberg, Martina Müller-Nurasyid, Annette Peters & Heribert Schunkert

  131. Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, D-80636 Munich, Germany.,

    Christian Hengstenberg & Heribert Schunkert

  132. Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7489, Norway.,

    Oddgeir Holmen & Kristian Hveem

  133. Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,

    Jouke-Jan Hottenga & Gonneke Willemsen

  134. Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia

    Alan L. James

  135. School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia.,

    Alan L. James

  136. Department of Immunology, Uppsala University, Genetics, Pathology, SciLifeLab, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.,

    Åsa Johansson & Ulf Gyllensten

  137. Hjelt Institute Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.,

    Markku Koskenvuo & Jaakko Kaprio

  138. Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.,

    Wolfgang Kratzer & Thomas Seufferlein

  139. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, FI-90100 Oulu, Finland.,

    Jaana Laitinen

  140. Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,

    Claudia Lamina

  141. Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,

    Peter Lichtner

  142. Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75185, Sweden.,

    Lars Lind & Johan Sundström

  143. Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec H1T 1C8, Canada.,

    Ken Sin Lo & John D. Rioux

  144. Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.,

    Roberto Lorbeer

  145. The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, New York, USA

    Yingchang Lu & Ruth J. F. Loos

  146. School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.,

    Wendy L. McArdle & Josine L. Min

  147. Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.,

    Evelin Mihailov & Andres Metspalu

  148. Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK.,

    Alireza Moayyeri

  149. The Center for Observational Research, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, 91320, California, USA

    Keri L. Monda

  150. Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Sardinia 09042, Italy.,

    Antonella Mulas & Serena Sanna

  151. Center for Evidence-based Healthcare, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.,

    Gabriele Müller

  152. Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-81377 Munich, Germany.,

    Martina Müller-Nurasyid

  153. Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-81377 Munich, Germany.,

    Martina Müller-Nurasyid & Konstantin Strauch

  154. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia

    Arthur W. Musk

  155. Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, 21224, Maryland, USA

    Ramaiah Nagaraja & David Schlessinger

  156. Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.,

    Markus M. Nöthen

  157. Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.,

    Markus M. Nöthen

  158. Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.,

    Ilja M. Nolte

  159. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,

    Stefan Pilz

  160. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria.,

    Stefan Pilz

  161. Institute of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17495 Karlsburg, Germany.,

    Rainer Rettig

  162. Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, 02142, Massachusetts, USA

    Stephan Ripke & Steven A. McCarroll

  163. Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, 02215, Massachusetts, USA

    Lynda M. Rose, Daniel I. Chasman & Paul M. Ridker

  164. Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria.,

    Hubert Scharnagl & Winfried März

  165. Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90089, California, USA

    Fredrick R. Schumacher & Christopher A. Haiman

  166. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA

    Jianxin Shi

  167. Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland.,

    Albert Vernon Smith & Vilmundur Gudnason

  168. University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland.,

    Albert Vernon Smith & Vilmundur Gudnason

  169. Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.,

    Joanna Smolonska, Judith M. Vonk, Ronald P. Stolk & Harold Snieder

  170. Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.,

    Alice V. Stanton

  171. deCODE Genetics, Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland.,

    Valgerdur Steinthorsdottir, Gudmar Thorleifsson, Unnur Thorsteinsdottir & Kari Stefansson

  172. Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75144, Sweden.,

    Ann-Christine Syvänen

  173. National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK.,

    Sian-Tsung Tan, Miriam F. Moffatt & Jaspal S. Kooner

  174. Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, 61053, Illinois, USA

    Bamidele O. Tayo & Richard S. Cooper

  175. Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,

    Barbara Thorand & Annette Peters

  176. Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.,

    Jonathan P. Tyrer

  177. Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden.,

    Liesbeth Vandenput & Claes Ohlsson

  178. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,

    Frank C. Verhulst

  179. Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,

    Sita H. Vermeulen & Lambertus A. Kiemeney

  180. Department of Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,

    Sita H. Vermeulen

  181. Department of Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.,

    Helen R. Warren, Mark J. Caulfield & Patricia B. Munroe

  182. Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, 19406, Pennsylvania, USA

    Dawn Waterworth

  183. German Center for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Hamburg/Lubeck/Kiel, 23562 Lubeck, Germany.,

    Christina Willenborg & Jeanette Erdmann

  184. Institut für Integrative und Experimentelle Genomik, Universität zu Lübeck, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany.,

    Christina Willenborg & Jeanette Erdmann

  185. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.,

    Tom Wilsgaard & Inger Njølstad

  186. MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London WC1B 5JU, UK.,

    Andrew Wong, Ken K. Ong & Diana Kuh

  187. Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,

    Eoin P. Brennan

  188. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

    Murim Choi

  189. Departments of Human Genetics, Lady Davis Institute, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3T1E2, Canada.,

    Zari Dastani

  190. Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden.,

    Anders Franco-Cereceda

  191. Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 10032, New York, USA

    Ali G. Gharavi & Krzysztof Kiryluk

  192. Biosciences Research Division, Department of Primary Industries, Victoria 3083, Australia.,

    Michael E. Goddard

  193. Department of Food and Agricultural Systems, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,

    Michael E. Goddard

  194. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA

    Jinyan Huang, Liming Liang, Baoshan Ma & David J. Hunter

  195. State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

    Jinyan Huang

  196. NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, OUH Trust, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.,

    Fredrik Karpe

  197. Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Sekar Kathiresan

  198. Laboratory for Genotyping Development, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.,

    Michiaki Kubo

  199. Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Chungbuk 363–951, Republic of Korea.,

    Jong-Young Lee

  200. Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, 2115, Massachusetts, USA

    Liming Liang

  201. Department of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, New Haven, 06520, Connecticut, USA

    Richard P. Lifton

  202. College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, Liaoning, China

    Baoshan Ma

  203. Nephrology Research, Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, County Down BT9 7AB, UK.,

    Amy J. McKnight

  204. Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02118, Massachusetts, USA

    Joanne M. Murabito

  205. Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, 1 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK.,

    George Nicholson

  206. MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell OX11 0QG, UK.,

    George Nicholson

  207. Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059, Queensland, Australia

    Dale R. Nyholt

  208. Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.,

    Yukinori Okada & Atsushi Takahashi

  209. Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 113-8510 Tokyo, Japan.,

    Yukinori Okada & Toshihiro Tanaka

  210. Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 138672 Singapore.,

    Rajkumar Dorajoo

  211. Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science, Aalto University School of Science, Helsinki FI-00076, Finland.,

    Niina Sandholm

  212. Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland.,

    Niina Sandholm

  213. Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland.,

    Niina Sandholm

  214. Laboratory for Cardiovascular Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.,

    Toshihiro Tanaka

  215. Division of Disease Diversity, Bioresource Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 113-8510 Tokyo, Japan.,

    Toshihiro Tanaka

  216. Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center,

    Wei Zheng

  217. Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Nashville, 37075, Tennessee, USA

    Wei Zheng

  218. Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.,

    Krina T. Zondervan

  219. Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, 63110, Missouri, USA

    Andrew C. Heath, Pamela A. F. Madden, D. C. Rao & Treva K. Rice

  220. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, EA3430, University of Strasbourg, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg, France

    Dominique Arveiler

  221. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700RB Groningen, The Netherlands.,

    Stephan J. L. Bakker & Ron T. Gansevoort

  222. Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia

    John Beilby & Jennie Hui

  223. Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, 90048, California, USA

    Richard N. Bergman

  224. Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, 1010 Lausanne, Switzerland.,

    Pascal Bovet & Murielle Bochud

  225. Ministry of Health, Victoria, Republic of Seychelles

    Pascal Bovet & Murielle Bochud

  226. University of Milano, Bicocca, 20126, Italy.,

    Giancarlo Cesana

  227. Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA

    Daniel I. Chasman & Paul M. Ridker

  228. Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, 37203, Tennessee, USA

    Dana C. Crawford

  229. Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, 37232, Tennessee, USA

    Dana C. Crawford

  230. Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, 02118, Massachusetts, USA

    L. Adrienne Cupples

  231. Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano, I 20142, Italy.,

    Daniele Cusi

  232. Fondazione Filarete, Milano I 20139, Italy.,

    Daniele Cusi

  233. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK.,

    John Danesh & Danish Saleheen

  234. Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.,

    Hester M. den Ruijter

  235. Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.,

    Anna F. Dominiczak

  236. Clinic of Cardiology, West-German Heart Centre, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany.,

    Raimund Erbel

  237. Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland.,

    Johan G. Eriksson

  238. Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,

    Johan G. Eriksson

  239. Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.,

    Stephan B. Felix

  240. DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung – German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.,

    Stephan B. Felix, Uwe Völker & Henri Wallaschofski

  241. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy.,

    Ele Ferrannini

  242. National Research Council Institute of Clinical Physiology, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy.,

    Ele Ferrannini

  243. Department of Cardiology, Toulouse University School of Medicine, Rangueil Hospital, 31400 Toulouse, France.,

    Jean Ferrières

  244. Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.,

    Ian Ford

  245. UWI Solutions for Developing Countries, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica.,

    Terrence Forrester & Colin A. McKenzie

  246. NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Pablo V. Gejman

  247. Leeds MRC Medical Bioinformatics Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9LU, UK.,

    Alistair S. Hall

  248. Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK.,

    Andrew T. Hattersley

  249. Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen, Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano 39100, Italy (affiliated institute of the University of Lübeck, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany).,

    Andrew A. Hicks & Peter P. Pramstaller

  250. Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA

    Lucia A. Hindorff

  251. Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,

    Aroon D. Hingorani & Folkert W. Asselbergs

  252. Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,

    G. Kees Hovingh & John J. P. Kastelein

  253. Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK.,

    Steve E. Humphries

  254. Cardiovascular Genetics Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84108, Utah, USA

    Steven C. Hunt

  255. Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, South Australia, Australia

    Elina Hyppönen

  256. School of Population Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, South Australia, Australia

    Elina Hyppönen

  257. South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, 5000, South Australia, Australia

    Elina Hyppönen

  258. Population, Policy, and Practice, University College London Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK.,

    Elina Hyppönen & Chris Power

  259. Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.,

    Thomas Illig

  260. National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland.,

    Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin

  261. MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.,

    Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin

  262. Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland.,

    Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin

  263. Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.,

    Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin & Sirkka M. Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi

  264. Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands (ICIN), 3501 DG Utrecht, The Netherlands.,

    J. Wouter Jukema, Folkert W. Asselbergs & Pim van der Harst

  265. Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN), 3501 DG Utrecht, The Netherlands.,

    J. Wouter Jukema

  266. Unit of Primary Health Care/General Practice, Oulu University Hospital, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland.,

    Sirkka M. Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi

  267. Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,

    Lambertus A. Kiemeney

  268. Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK.,

    Jaspal S. Kooner & John C. Chambers

  269. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,

    Meena Kumari, Claudia Langenberg & Mika Kivimaki

  270. Department of Biological and Social Epidemiology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK.,

    Meena Kumari

  271. Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland.,

    Johanna Kuusisto & Markku Laakso

  272. Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.,

    Timo A. Lakka

  273. Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland.,

    Timo A. Lakka & Rainer Rauramaa

  274. Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine University of Tampere, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.,

    Terho Lehtimäki

  275. Steno Diabetes Center A/S, Gentofte DK-2820, Denmark.,

    Valeriya Lyssenko

  276. Lund University Diabetes Centre and Department of Clinical Science, Diabetes & Endocrinology Unit, Lund University, Malmö 221 00, Sweden.,

    Valeriya Lyssenko & Leif C. Groop

  277. Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.,

    André Marette

  278. Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.,

    André Marette, Marie-Claude Vohl & Louis Pérusse

  279. Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, Washington, USA

    Barbara McKnight

  280. Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.,

    Frans L. Moll

  281. Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK.,

    Andrew P. Morris

  282. Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242, Iowa, USA

    Jeffrey C. Murray

  283. Illumina, Inc, Little Chesterford, Cambridge CB10 1XL, UK.,

    John F. Peden

  284. Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Tuberculosis, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Dirkje S. Postma

  285. Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano 39100, Italy.,

    Peter P. Pramstaller

  286. Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, FI-20521 Turku, Finland.,

    Olli T. Raitakari

  287. Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, FI-20521 Turku, Finland.,

    Olli T. Raitakari

  288. Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, 70808, Louisiana, USA

    Tuomo Rankinen, Mark A. Sarzynski & Claude Bouchard

  289. Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H1T 1C8, Canada.,

    John D. Rioux

  290. Center for Systems Genomics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, Pennsylvania, USA

    Marylyn D. Ritchie

  291. Croatian Centre for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia.,

    Igor Rudan

  292. South Carelia Central Hospital, 53130 Lappeenranta, Finland.,

    Jouko Saramies

  293. Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 01307 Dresden, Germany.,

    Peter E. H. Schwarz

  294. International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.,

    Peter Sever

  295. Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21201, Maryland, USA

    Alan R. Shuldiner & Jeffrey R. O’Connell

  296. Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21201, Maryland, USA

    Alan R. Shuldiner & Jeffrey R. O’Connell

  297. Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Vetrans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, 21201, Maryland, USA

    Alan R. Shuldiner

  298. Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland.,

    Juha Sinisalo

  299. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1166, F-75013 Paris, France.,

    David-Alexandre Trégouët

  300. INSERM, UMR S 1166, Team Genomics and Physiopathology of Cardiovascular Diseases, F-75013 Paris, France.,

    David-Alexandre Trégouët

  301. Institute for Cardiometabolism And Nutrition (ICAN), F-75013 Paris, France.,

    David-Alexandre Trégouët

  302. Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec QC G1V 0A6, Canada.,

    Angelo Tremblay & Louis Pérusse

  303. Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano & Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan 20133, Italy.,

    Elena Tremoli

  304. Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec QC G1V 0A6, Canada.,

    Marie-Claude Vohl

  305. Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.,

    Gérard Waeber

  306. Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, North Carolina, USA

    Linda S. Adair

  307. Institut Pasteur de Lille; INSERM, U744; Université de Lille 2; F-59000 Lille, France.,

    Philippe Amouyel

  308. INSERM, U744,

    Philippe Amouyel

  309. Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.,

    Folkert W. Asselbergs

  310. Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, 94304, California, USA

    Themistocles L. Assimes, Mads Melbye & Thomas Quertermous

  311. Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Imperial College London and Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637553 Singapore, Singapore.,

    Bernhard O. Boehm

  312. Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.,

    Bernhard O. Boehm

  313. Health Science Center at Houston, University of Texas, Houston, 77030, Texas, USA

    Eric Boerwinkle

  314. Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA

    Paul I. W. de Bakker

  315. Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.,

    Paul I. W. de Bakker

  316. School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia

    Jennie Hui

  317. Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Belfer 1306, New York 10461, USA.,

    Robert C. Kaplan

  318. Division of Public Health Sciences, Center for Human Genetics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, 27157, North Carolina, USA

    Yongmei Liu

  319. Synlab Academy, Synlab Services GmbH, 68163 Mannheim, Germany.,

    Winfried März

  320. Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,

    Mads Melbye

  321. Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,

    Ben A. Oostra

  322. Finnish Diabetes Association, Kirjoniementie 15, FI-33680 Tampere, Finland.,

    Timo E. Saaristo

  323. Pirkanmaa Hospital District, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland.,

    Timo E. Saaristo

  324. Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karatchi, Pakistan

    Danish Saleheen

  325. Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, Pennsylvania, USA

    Danish Saleheen

  326. Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.,

    Naveed Sattar

  327. Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10580, New York, USA

    Eric E. Schadt

  328. Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland.,

    Unnur Thorsteinsdottir & Kari Stefansson

  329. Institute for Health Research, University Hospital of La Paz (IdiPaz), 28046 Madrid, Spain.,

    Jaakko Tuomilehto

  330. Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,

    Jaakko Tuomilehto

  331. Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria.,

    Jaakko Tuomilehto

  332. Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland

    Matti Uusitupa

  333. Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland.,

    Matti Uusitupa

  334. Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK.,

    Mark Walker

  335. Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.,

    Henri Wallaschofski

  336. Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-85764 Munich, Germany.,

    H-Erich Wichmann

  337. Klinikum Grosshadern, D-81377 Munich, Germany.,

    H-Erich Wichmann

  338. Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,

    H-Erich Wichmann

  339. Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.,

    Pieter Zanen

  340. Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,

    Panos Deloukas

  341. Division of Population Health Sciences & Education, St George’s, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK.,

    David P. Strachan

  342. Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK.,

    Mark I. McCarthy

  343. Clinical Epidemiology, Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany.,

    André Scherag

  344. Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, Michigan, USA

    Cristen J. Willer

  345. Service of Medical Genetics, CHUV University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.,

    Jacques S. Beckmann

  346. University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK.,

    Inês Barroso

  347. NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK.,

    Inês Barroso

  348. Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, North Carolina, USA

    Kari E. North

  349. The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, New York, USA

    Ruth J. F. Loos

Authors
  1. Adam E. Locke
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