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Structure and mechanism of the tRNA-dependent lantibiotic dehydratase NisB

Nature volume 517, pages 509–512 (2015)Cite this article

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Abstract

Lantibiotics are a class of peptide antibiotics that contain one or more thioether bonds. The lantibiotic nisin is an antimicrobial peptide that is widely used as a food preservative to combat food-borne pathogens1. Nisin contains dehydroalanine and dehydrobutyrine residues that are formed by the dehydration of Ser/Thr by the lantibiotic dehydratase NisB (ref. 2). Recent biochemical studies revealed that NisB glutamylates Ser/Thr side chains as part of the dehydration process3. However, the molecular mechanism by which NisB uses glutamate to catalyse dehydration remains unresolved. Here we show that this process involves glutamyl-tRNAGlu to activate Ser/Thr residues. In addition, the 2.9-Å crystal structure of NisB in complex with its substrate peptide NisA reveals the presence of two separate domains that catalyse the Ser/Thr glutamylation and glutamate elimination steps. The co-crystal structure also provides insights into substrate recognition by lantibiotic dehydratases. Our findings demonstrate an unexpected role for aminoacyl-tRNA in the formation of dehydroamino acids in lantibiotics, and serve as a basis for the functional characterization of the many lantibiotic-like dehydratases involved in the biosynthesis of other classes of natural products.

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Figure 1: Biosynthesis of the lantibiotic nisin.
Figure 2: Crystal structure of the lantibiotic dehydratase NisB.
Figure 3: Protein similarity map and phylogenetic tree analysis of various lantibiotic dehydratases and homologues.

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Protein Data Bank

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Atomic coordinates and structure factors for the reported crystal structure are deposited in the Protein Data Bank under accession code 4WD9.

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Acknowledgements

We thank K. Brister and colleagues for facilitating data collection at LS-CAT (Argonne National Labs, Illinois). This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (R01 GM 058822 to W.A.v.d.D., and RO1 GM079038 to S.K.N.). M.A.O. was supported partly by a National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)–NIH Chemistry–Biology Interface Training Grant (5T32-GM070421) and by the Ford Foundation. Y.H. was supported partly by a Lowell P. Hager fellowship from the Department of Biochemistry. The Bruker UltrafleXtreme MALDI–TOF/TOF mass spectrometer was purchased in part with a grant from the NIH (S10 RR027109 A). The content of this work is solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH or Ford Foundation.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Manuel A. Ortega and Yue Hao: These authors contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA,

    Manuel A. Ortega, Yue Hao, Wilfred A. van der Donk & Satish K. Nair

  2. Department of Chemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA,

    Qi Zhang, Mark C. Walker & Wilfred A. van der Donk

  3. Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA,

    Satish K. Nair

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  1. Manuel A. Ortega
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Contributions

M.A.O. performed all biochemical assays, which were designed and analysed by M.A.O. and W.A.V. Y.H. and S.K.N. performed and interpreted all structural studies. Q.Z. and M.C.W. performed bioinformatic analysis. M.A.O., S.K.N. and W.A.V. wrote the manuscript. M.A.O. and Y.H. contributed equally to this study.

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Correspondence to Wilfred A. van der Donk or Satish K. Nair.

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Extended data figures and tables

Extended Data Figure 1 RNA-dependent dehydration of His6–NisA.

a, Anion exchange chromatogram of E. coli cell extract. Fractionation was monitored at 280 nm (blue) and the sample was eluted with a NaCl gradient (red). Two peaks were observed at retention volumes of 7.3 and 10.3 ml, respectively. b–f, MALDI–TOF mass spectra of His6–NisA after in vitro reaction with His6–NisB, ATP and Glu, in the presence of the 10.3-ml fraction (b), the 7.3-ml fraction (c), E. coli cell extract (d), and E. coli cell extract treated with DNase (e) or RNase (f). Numbers above the peaks correspond to the number of dehydrations of His6–NisA after incubation with His6–NisB (b–f). M, unmodified His6–NisA (m/z 7,992, calc. m/z 7,996); 3, threefold dehydrated His6–NisA (m/z 7,941, calc. m/z 7,942); 5, fivefold dehydrated His6–NisA (m/z 7,905, calc. m/z 7,906); 7, sevenfold dehydrated His6–NisA (m/z 7,870, calc. m/z 7,870). Assays were performed in duplicate.

Extended Data Figure 2 Glutamyl-tRNA dependent dehydration of His6–NisA.

a, Glutamylation of in vitro transcribed E. coli tRNAGlu by purified E. coli GluRS using l-[U-14C]glutamic acid was analysed by gel electrophoresis. The gel was stained with methylene blue (top), dried, exposed to a phosphorimager screen, and scanned (bottom). Thus, recombinant purified GluRS is capable of aminoacylating E. coli tRNAGlu lacking post-transcriptional modifications. The gel was cropped for visualization purposes. b–d, MALDI–TOF mass spectra of the precursor peptide His6–NisA after incubation with His6–NisB, glutamyl-tRNAGlu and ATP (b), His6–NisB and glutamyl-tRNAGlu (c), and glutamyl-tRNAGlu in the absence of His6–NisB (d). Numbers above the mass spectra correspond to the number of dehydrations of His6–NisA after incubation with His6–NisB. M, unmodified His6–NisA (m/z 7,995, calc. m/z 7,996); 2, twofold dehydrated His6–NisA (m/z 7,959, calc. m/z 7,960); 4, fourfold dehydrated His6–NisA (m/z 7,924, calc. m/z 7,924). Dehydration assays were performed in duplicate.

Extended Data Figure 3 His6–NisB-catalysed dehydration of His6–NisA in the presence of L. lactis HP RNA and GluRS.

MALDI–TOF MS analysis of His6–NisA after incubation with His6–NisB, L. lactis His6–GluRS, RNA isolated from L. lactis, glutamate and ATP (a), His6–NisB, L. lactis His6–GluRS and RNA, and ATP (b), His6–NisB, L. lactis His6–GluRS, Glu and ATP (c), His6–NisB, L. lactis RNA, Glu and ATP (d), and L. lactis His6–GluRS and RNA, Glu and ATP (e). Numbers above the mass spectra correspond to the number of dehydrations of His6–NisA after incubation with His6–NisB. M, unmodified His6–NisA (m/z 7,997, calc. m/z 7,996); 5, fivefold dehydrated His6–NisA (m/z 7,906, calc. m/z 7,906); 7, sevenfold dehydrated His6–NisA (m/z 7,870, calc. m/z 7,870); 8, eightfold dehydrated His6–NisA (m/z 7,853, calc. m/z 7,852). Dehydration assays were performed in duplicate.

Extended Data Figure 4 Surface representation, structural homology, and model for tRNA engagement by NisB.

a, The NisB homodimer is shown with one monomer coloured in gold (glutamylation domain) and blue (glutamate elimination domain); the other monomer is coloured pink (glutamylation domain) and green (glutamate elimination domain). The NisA peptide is shown as spheres. b, Transparent cartoon representation of the dimer showing the clustering of the residues important for glutamylation (in the pink domain) and glutamate elimination (in the green domain) represented as yellow sticks. c, Calculated electrostatic potential mapped onto the NisB surface showing the basic patch (blue) that probably engages the glutamyl-tRNAGlu. The NisA peptide is shown in yellow. d, tRNAGlu-NisB binding model with the NisB glutamylation domain in pink and the elimination domain in green. The leader peptide is shown in a yellow ball-and-stick representation. The double-stranded RNA-binding protein A complexed with its cognate RNA (PDB 1DI2) was used to derive a NisB docking pose for binding to bacterial tRNAGlu (T. thermophilus tRNA taken from PDB 1N78). The model results in the placement of the aminoacylated CCA terminus in the vicinity of residues that have been shown to be important for glutamylation activity. e, Domains within the overall structure of NisB that share notable homology are shown for the leader-peptide-binding site (gold) and the site for glutamate elimination (cyan). Structures that are related by homology are shown adjacent to the respective domains.

Extended Data Figure 5 Structural analysis of the glutamate elimination domain in NisB.

a, Diagrammatic representation of the LsrG protein (PDB 3QMQ). Residues involved in LsrG catalysis are shown as sticks. The putative LsrG active site, located between the α-helices and the β-sheet, was proposed on the basis of the presence of an unidentified ligand17. Mutations of residues in the proposed active site of LsrG demonstrated their importance in activity, but no functions were assigned to individual residues17. b, Diagrammatic representation of the NisB glutamate elimination domain. The segment with structural homology to LsrG is coloured light blue; the remainder of the elimination domain is coloured yellow. Residues important for glutamate elimination or dehydration3 are shown as sticks. c, Residues important for glutamate elimination and net dehydration delineate a putative active site for glutamate elimination. Residues Arg 786, Arg 826 and His 961 are important for glutamate elimination3, and Glu 823 has previously been shown to be partly important for dehydration3. The importance of Arg 784 in the glutamate elimination step was determined in this study. d, MALDI–TOF MS analysis of His6–NisA purified after coexpression with His6–NisB-R784A. The presence of multiple glutamylated intermediates demonstrates that Arg 784 is important for glutamate elimination and not for glutamylation. The designations 1Glu and 2Glu above the peaks indicate the number of glutamate adducts on the family of peaks, with the number shown below indicating the additional number of dehydrations for each peak.

Extended Data Figure 6 NisB-catalysed glutamate elimination of glutamylated NisA core peptide, laser-induced deamination of full-length precursor peptide NisA, and sequence analysis of the glutamate elimination domain in NisB.

a, b, MALDI–TOF MS analysis of glutamylated NisA core peptide before (a) and after (b) incubation with His6–NisB. The data show that the leader peptide is not required for NisB-catalysed glutamate elimination. Numbers above correspond to the number of glutamate adducts or dehydrations of NisA core peptide. M, NisA core peptide (m/z 3,499, calc. m/z 3,498); 1, onefold dehydrated NisA core peptide (m/z 3,481, calc. m/z 3,480); 4, fourfold dehydrated NisA core peptide (m/z 3,427, calc. m/z 3,426); 1Glu-1, NisA core peptide after formation of one glutamate adduct and one dehydration (m/z 3,611, calc. m/z 3,609); 1Glu-2, NisA core peptide after formation of one glutamate adduct and two dehydrations (m/z 3,593, calc. m/z 3,591); 2Glu-1, NisA core peptide after formation of two glutamate adducts and one dehydration (m/z 3,740, calc. m/z 3,738); 2Glu-2, NisA core peptide after formation of two glutamate adducts and two dehydrations (m/z 3,722, calc. m/z 3,720). c, MALDI–TOF MS in reflective mode of the precursor peptide NisA. d, MALDI–TOF MS in reflective mode of NisA core peptide after treatment with the protease ArgC. ArgC cleaves after Arg −1 in the leader peptide of NisA (Fig. 1a). MALDI–TOF MS analysis of the precursor peptide NisA in reflective mode caused the appearance of smaller shoulder peaks next to the parent mass. These shoulder peaks correspond to laser-induced deamination of the parent mass and are observed only for high-molecular-mass peptides (>6 kDa). The shoulder peaks were not observed after proteolytic removal of the leader peptide, confirming that they were not the result of dehydrations. e, Sequence alignment of selected elimination domains (SpaB_C PFAM family) present in full LanBs (NisB and SpaB), thiopeptide dehydratases (NocD, SioK and CltF) and putative24 thiopeptide Diels–Alderases (NocO, SioL and CltG). Residues involved in glutamate elimination (red) are conserved in full LanBs and thiopeptide dehydratases but not in the putative Diels–Alderases.

Extended Data Table 1 Data collection, phasing and refinement statistics for NisB
Full size table
Extended Data Table 2 Oligonucleotides used in this study
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Supplementary information

Supplementary Table 1

This file contains the accession codes of the protein sequences that were used for building the protein similarity map and phylogenetic tree analysis (Fig. 3). (XLS 60 kb)

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Ortega, M., Hao, Y., Zhang, Q. et al. Structure and mechanism of the tRNA-dependent lantibiotic dehydratase NisB. Nature 517, 509–512 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13888

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