Abstract
Understanding brain circuits begins with an appreciation of their component parts — the cells. Although GABAergic interneurons are a minority population within the brain, they are crucial for the control of inhibition. Determining the diversity of these interneurons has been a central goal of neurobiologists, but this amazing cell type has so far defied a generalized classification system. Interneuron complexity within the telencephalon could be simplified by viewing them as elaborations of a much more finite group of developmentally specified cardinal classes that become further specialized as they mature. Our perspective emphasizes that the ultimate goal is to dispense with classification criteria and directly define interneuron types by function.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 51 print issues and online access
$199.00 per year
only $3.90 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ascoli, G. A. et al. Petilla terminology: nomenclature of features of GABAergic interneurons of the cerebral cortex. Nature Rev. Neurosci. 9, 557–568 (2008). This is the best effort to date by physiologists, anatomists and developmental neurobiologists to come to a common nomenclature for GABAergic interneurons.
Freund, T. F. & Buzsáki, G. Interneurons of the hippocampus. Hippocampus 6, 347–470 (1996).
Markram, H. et al. Interneurons of the neocortical inhibitory system. Nature Rev. Neurosci. 5, 793–807 (2004).
Parra, P., Gulyás, A. I. & Miles, R. How many subtypes of inhibitory cells in the hippocampus? Neuron 20, 983–993 (1998).
Brody, T. & Odenwald, W. F. Regulation of temporal identities during Drosophila neuroblast lineage development. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 17, 672–675 (2005).
Xu, Q., Cobos, I., De La Cruz, E., Rubenstein, J. L. & Anderson, S. A. Origins of cortical interneuron subtypes. J. Neurosci. 24, 2612–2622 (2004).
Leone, D. P., Srinivasan, K., Chen, B., Alcamo, E. & McConnell, S. K. The determination of projection neuron identity in the developing cerebral cortex. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 18, 28–35 (2008).
Gelman, D., Griveau, A. & Dehorter, N. A wide diversity of cortical GABAergic interneurons derives from the embryonic preoptic area. J. Neurosci. 31, 16570–16580 (2011).
O'Leary, D. D. M. & Borngasser, D. Cortical ventricular zone progenitors and their progeny maintain spatial relationships and radial patterning during preplate development indicating an early protomap. Cereb. Cortex 16, i46–i56 (2006).
Anderson, S. A., Eisenstat, D. D., Shi, L. & Rubenstein, J. L. Interneuron migration from basal forebrain to neocortex: dependence on Dlx genes. Science 278, 474–476 (1997). This paper demonstrates that cortical interneurons are derived subpallially.
Wichterle, H., Turnbull, D. H., Nery, S., Fishell, G. & Alvarez-Buylla, A. In utero fate mapping reveals distinct migratory pathways and fates of neurons born in the mammalian basal forebrain. Development 128, 3759–3771 (2001). This paper provided in vivo evidence that specific interneurons are derived from specific embryonic progenitor zones.
Nery, S., Fishell, G. & Corbin, J. G. The caudal ganglionic eminence is a source of distinct cortical and subcortical cell populations. Nature Neurosci. 5, 1279–1287 (2002).
Butt, S. J. et al. The temporal and spatial origins of cortical interneurons predict their physiological subtype. Neuron 48, 591–604 (2005).
Lee, S., Hjerling-Leffler, J., Zagha, E., Fishell, G. & Rudy, B. The largest group of superficial neocortical GABAergic interneurons expresses ionotropic serotonin receptors. J. Neurosci. 30, 16796–16808 (2010).
Miyoshi, G. et al. Genetic fate mapping reveals that the caudal ganglionic eminence produces a large and diverse population of superficial cortical interneurons. J. Neurosci. 30, 1582–1594 (2010).
Fogarty, M. et al. Spatial genetic patterning of the embryonic neuroepithelium generates GABAergic interneuron diversity in the adult cortex. J. Neurosci. 27, 10935–10946 (2007).
Du, T., Xu, Q., Ocbina, P. J. & Anderson, S. A. NKX2.1 specifies cortical interneuron fate by activating Lhx6. Development 135, 1559–1567 (2008).
Tricoire, L. et al. Common origins of hippocampal Ivy and nitric oxide synthase expressing neurogliaform cells. J. Neurosci. 30, 2165–2176 (2010). This paper compared references 11–15 to demonstrate that similar interneuron subtypes in the cortex versus the hippocampus could be derived from distinct progenitor zones.
Armstrong, C. & Soltesz, I. Basket cell dichotomy in microcircuit function. J. Physiol. 590, 683–694 (2012).
McBain, C. J. & Fisahn, A. E. Interneurons unbound. Nature Rev. Neurosci. 2, 11–23 (2001).
Chittajallu, R. et al. Dual origins of functionally distinct O-LM interneurons revealed by differential 5–HT3AR expression. Nature Neurosci. 16, 1598–1607 (2013).
Marín, O., Anderson, S. A. & Rubenstein, J. L. R. Origin and molecular specification of striatal interneurons. J. Neurosci. 20, 6063–6076 (2000). This paper reports our best understanding so far of the origins of striatal interneurons.
Wang, B., Waclaw, R. R., Allen, Z. J., Guillemot, F. & Campbell, K. Ascl1 is a required downstream effector of Gsx gene function in the embryonic mouse telencephalon. Neural Dev. 4, 5 (2009).
Wang, B. et al. Loss of Gsx1 and Gsx2 function rescues distinct phenotypes in Dlx1/2 mutants. J. Comp. Neurol. 521, 1561–1584 (2013).
Long, J. E., Cobos, I., Potter, G. B. & Rubenstein, J. L. Dlx1&2 and Mash1 transcription factors control MGE and CGE patterning and differentiation through parallel and overlapping pathways. Cereb. Cortex 19 (Suppl. 1), i96–i106 (2009).
Schuurmans, C. & Guillemot, F. Molecular mechanisms underlying cell fate specification in the developing telencephalon. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 12, 26–34 (2002).
Stühmer, T., Anderson, S. A., Ekker, M. & Rubenstein, J. L. R. Ectopic expression of the Dlx genes induces glutamic acid decarboxylase and Dlx expression. Development 129, 245–252 (2002).
Cobos, I., Borello, U. & Rubenstein, J. L. Dlx transcription factors promote migration through repression of axon and dendrite growth. Neuron 54, 873–888 (2007).
Cobos, I. et al. Mice lacking Dlx1 show subtype-specific loss of interneurons, reduced inhibition and epilepsy. Nature Neurosci. 8, 1059–1068 (2005).
Colombo, E. et al. Inactivation of Arx, the murine ortholog of the X-linked lissencephaly with ambiguous genitalia gene, leads to severe disorganization of the ventral telencephalon with impaired neuronal migration and differentiation. J. Neurosci. 27, 4786–4798 (2007).
Bassett, E. A. & Wallace, V. A. Cell fate determination in the vertebrate retina. Trends Neurosci. 35, 565–573 (2012).
Leber, S. M., Breedlove, S. M. & Sanes, J. R. Lineage, arrangement, and death of clonally related motoneurons in chick spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 10, 2451–2462 (1990).
Walsh, C. & Cepko, C. L. Clonally related cortical cells show several migration patterns. Science 241, 1342–1345 (1988).
Sussel, L., Marín, O., Kimura, S. & Rubenstein, J. L. Loss of Nkx2.1 homeobox gene function results in a ventral to dorsal molecular respecification within the basal telencephalon: evidence for a transformation of the pallidum into the striatum. Development 126, 3359–3370 (1999).
Butt, S. J. et al. The requirement of Nkx2–1 in the temporal specification of cortical interneuron subtypes. Neuron 59, 722–732 (2008).
Taniguchi, H., Lu, J. & Huang, Z. J. The spatial and temporal origin of chandelier cells in mouse neocortex. Science 339, 70–74 (2013). References 35 and 36 provide support for Nkx2-1 functioning as a master regulator of the fate of specific cortical interneuron identities.
Inan, M., Welagen, J. & Anderson, S. A. Spatial and temporal bias in the mitotic origins of somatostatin- and parvalbumin-expressing interneuron subgroups and the chandelier subtype in the medial ganglionic eminence. Cereb. Cortex 22, 820–827 (2012).
Denaxa, M. et al. Maturation-promoting activity of SATB1 in MGE-derived cortical interneurons. Cell Rep. 2, 1351–1362 (2012).
Close, J. et al. Satb1 is an activity-modulated transcription factor required for the terminal differentiation and connectivity of medial ganglionic eminence-derived cortical interneurons. J. Neurosci. 32, 17690–17705 (2012).
Flames, N. et al. Delineation of multiple subpallial progenitor domains by the combinatorial expression of transcriptional codes. J. Neurosci. 27, 9682–9695 (2007).
Ciceri, G. et al. Lineage-specific laminar organization of cortical GABAergic interneurons. Nature Neurosci. 16, 1199–1210 (2013).
Brown, K. N. et al. Clonal production and organization of inhibitory interneurons in the neocortex. Science 334, 480–486 (2011).
Corbin, J. G., Nery, S. & Fishell, G. Telencephalic cells take a tangent: non-radial migration in the mammalian forebrain. Nature Neurosci. 4, 1177–1182 (2001).
Marín, O. & Rubenstein, J. L. R. A long, remarkable journey: tangential migration in the telencephalon. Nature Rev. Neurosci. 2, 780–790 (2001).
Hobert, O. Specification of the nervous system. In Wormbook: the Online Review of C. elegans Biology http://www.wormbook.org/ (2005).
Beier, K. T., Samson, M. E., Matsuda, T. & Cepko, C. L. Conditional expression of the TVA receptor allows clonal analysis of descendents from Cre-expressing progenitor cells. Dev. Biol. 353, 309–320 (2011).
Cancedda, L., Fiumelli, H., Chen, K. & Poo, M. M. Excitatory GABA action is essential for morphological maturation of cortical neurons in vivo. J. Neurosci. 27, 5224–5235 (2007).
Bortone, D. & Polleux, F. KCC2 expression promotes the termination of cortical interneuron migration in a voltage-sensitive calcium-dependent manner. Neuron 62, 53–71 (2009).
De Marco García, N. V., Karayannis, T. & Fishell, G. Neuronal activity is required for the development of specific cortical interneuron subtypes. Nature 472, 351–355 (2011). References 48 and 49 provide the best evidence so far for a role for activity in the positioning and maturation of cortical interneurons.
McKinsey, G. L., Lindtner, S., Trzcinski, B. & Visel, A. Dlx1&2-dependent expression of Zfhx1b (Sip1, Zeb2) regulates the fate switch between cortical and striatal interneurons. Neuron 77, 83–98 (2013).
van den Berghe, V. et al. Directed migration of cortical interneurons depends on the cell-qutonomous action of Sip1. Neuron 77, 70–82 (2013).
Lyons, M. R., Schwarz, C. M. & West, A. E. Members of the myocyte enhancer factor 2 transcription factor family differentially regulate Bdnf transcription in response to neuronal depolarization. J. Neurosci. 32, 12780–12785 (2012).
West, A. E. & Greenberg, M. E. Neuronal activity-regulated gene transcription in synapse development and cognitive function. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 3, a005744 (2011).
Southwell, D. G., Froemke, R. C., Alvarez-Buylla, A., Stryker, M. P. & Gandhi, S. P. Cortical plasticity induced by inhibitory neuron transplantation. Science 327, 1145–1148 (2010).
Bráz, J. M. et al. Forebrain GABAergic neuron precursors integrate into adult spinal cord and reduce injury-induced neuropathic pain. Neuron 74, 663–675 (2012).
Martínez-Cerdeño, V. et al. Embryonic MGE precursor cells grafted into adult rat striatum integrate and ameliorate motor symptoms in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Cell Stem Cell 6, 238–250 (2010).
Taniguchi, H. et al. A resource of Cre driver lines for genetic targeting of GABAergic neurons in cerebral cortex. Neuron 71, 995–1013 (2011).
Hippenmeyer, S. et al. A developmental switch in the response of DRG neurons to ETS transcription factor signaling. PLoS Biol. 3, e159 (2005).
Douglas, R. J. & Martin, K. A. A functional microcircuit for cat visual cortex. J. Physiol. 440, 735–69 (1991).
Douglas, R. J., Koch, C., Mahowald, M. & Martin, K. A. Recurrent excitation in neocortical circuits. Science 269, 981–985 (1995).
Buzsáki, G. & Draguhn, A. Neuronal oscillations in cortical networks. Science 304, 1926–1929 (2004).
Wang X. J., Tegnér, J., Constantinidis, C., Goldman-Rakic, P. S. Division of labor among distinct subtypes of inhibitory neurons in a cortical microcircuit of working memory. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 101, 1368–1373 (2004).
Silver, R. A. Neuronal arithmetic. Nature Rev. Neurosci. 11, 474–489 (2010).
Holt, G. R. & Koch, C. Shunting inhibition does not have a divisive effect on firing rates. Neural Comput. 9, 1001–1013 (1997).
Carandini, M. & Heeger, D. J. Normalization as a canonical neural computation. Nature Rev. Neurosci. 13, 51–62 (2012).
Schwartz, O. & Simoncelli, E. P. Natural signal statistics and sensory gain control. Nature Neurosci. 4, 819–825 (2001).
Mitchell, S. J. & Silver, R. A. Shunting inhibition modulates neuronal gain during synaptic excitation. Neuron 38, 433–445 (2003).
Tiesinga, P. H. & Sejnowski, T. J. Rapid temporal modulation of synchrony by competition in cortical interneuron networks. Neural Comput. 16, 251–275 (2004).
Chance, F. S., Abbott, L. F. & Reyes, A. D. Gain modulation from background synaptic input. Neuron 35, 773–782 (2002).
Taniguchi, H., Huang, Z. J. & Callaway, E. M. Contrast dependence and differential contributions from somatostatin- and parvalbumin-expressing neurons to spatial integration in mouse V1. J. Neurosci. 33, 11145–11154 (2013).
van Vreeswijk, C. & Sompolinsky, H. Chaos in neuronal networks with balanced excitatory and inhibitory activity. Science 274, 1724–1726 (1996).
Wehr, M. & Zador, A. M. Balanced inhibition underlies tuning and sharpens spike timing in auditory cortex. Nature 426, 442–446 (2003).
Haider, B., Duque, A. & Hasenstaub, A. R. Neocortical network activity in vivo is generated through a dynamic balance of excitation and inhibition. J. Neurosci. 26, 4535–4545 (2006).
Okun, M. & Lampl, I. Instantaneous correlation of excitation and inhibition during ongoing and sensory-evoked activities. Nature Neurosci. 11, 535–537 (2008).
Haider, B., Häusser, M. & Carandini, M. Inhibition dominates sensory responses in the awake cortex. Nature 493, 97–100 (2013). This study demonstrates that during wakefulness inhibition strongly shapes the spatial and temporal response properties of visual cortical neurons.
Pouille, F. & Scanziani, M. Enforcement of temporal fidelity in pyramidal cells by somatic feed-forward inhibition. Science 293, 1159–1163 (2001).
Renart, A. et al. The asynchronous state in cortical circuits. Science 327, 587–590 (2010).
Rudy, B., Fishell, G., Lee, S. & Hjerling-Leffler, J. Three groups of interneurons account for nearly 100% of neocortical GABAergic neurons. Dev. Neurobiol. 71, 45–61 (2011).
Xu, X., Roby, K. D. & Callaway, E. M. Immunochemical characterization of inhibitory mouse cortical neurons: three chemically distinct classes of inhibitory cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 518, 389–340 (2010).
Boyden, E. S., Zhang, F., Bamberg, E., Nagel, G. & Deisseroth, K. Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity. Nature Neurosci. 8, 1263–1268 (2005).
Zhang, F., Aravanis, A. M., Adamantidis, A., de Lecea, L. & Deisseroth, K. Circuit-breakers: optical technologies for probing neural signals and systems. Nature Rev. Neurosci. 8, 577–581 (2007).
Somogyi, P., Tamas, G., Lujan, R. & Buhl, E. H. Salient features of synaptic organisation in the cerebral cortex. Brain Res. Rev. 26, 113–135 (1998).
Galarreta, M. & Hestrin, S. A network of fast-spiking cells in the neocortex connected by electrical synapses. Nature 402, 72–75 (1999).
Kvitsiani, D., Ranade, S., Hangya, B., Taniguchi, H., Huang, J. Z. & Kepecs, A. Distinct behavioural and network correlates of two interneuron types in prefrontal cortex. Nature 498, 363–366 (2013). This study provides evidence that genetically identified interneuron classes are recruited at specific behavioural events.
Pfeffer, C. K., Xue, M., He, M., Huang, Z. J. & Scanziani, M. Inhibition of inhibition in visual cortex: the logic of connections between molecularly distinct interneurons. Nature Neurosci. 16, 1068–1076 (2013). This paper defines the rules of connectivity for marker-defined interneuron classes.
Szabadics, J., Lorincz, A. & Tamás, G. Beta and gamma frequency synchronization by dendritic gabaergic synapses and gap junctions in a network of cortical interneurons. J. Neurosci. 21, 5824–5831 (2001).
Royer, S. et al. Control of timing, rate and bursts of hippocampal place cells by dendritic and somatic inhibition. Nature Neurosci. 15, 769–775 (2012). The first direct demonstration of the distinct roles of PV and SST interneurons in awake hippocampus.
Lovett-Barron, M. et al. Regulation of neuronal input transformations by tunable dendritic inhibition. Nature Neurosci. 15, 423–430 (2012).
Losonczy, A., Zemelman, B. V., Vaziri, A. & Magee, J. C. Network mechanisms of theta related neuronal activity in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Nature Neurosci. 13, 967–972 (2010).
Wilson, N. R., Runyan, C. A., Wang, F. L. & Sur, M. Division and subtraction by distinct cortical inhibitory networks in vivo. Nature 488, 343–348 (2012).
Atallah, B. V., Bruns, W., Carandini, M. & Scanziani, M. Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons linearly transform cortical responses to visual stimuli. Neuron 73, 159–170 (2012).
Lee, S.-H. et al. Activation of specific interneurons improves V1 feature selectivity and visual perception. Nature 488, 379–383 (2012).
Murayama, M., Pérez-Garci, E., Nevian, T., Bock, T., Senn, W & Larkum, M. E. Dendritic encoding of sensory stimuli controlled by deep cortical interneurons. Nature 457, 1137–1141 (2009). This study reveals how a specific interneuron type gates bursting in layer 5 pyramidal cells.
Berger, T. K., Perin, R., Silberberg, G. & Markram, H. Frequency-dependent disynaptic inhibition in the pyramidal network: a ubiquitous pathway in the developing rat neocortex. J. Physiol. 587, 5411–5425 (2009).
Kapfer, C., Glickfeld, L. L., Atallah, B. V. & Scanziani, M. Supralinear increase of recurrent inhibition during sparse activity in the somatosensory cortex. Nature Neurosci. 10, 743–753 (2007).
Miles, R., Tóth, K., Gulyas, A. I., Hájos, N. & Freund, T. F. Differences between somatic and dendritic inhibition in the hippocampus. Neuron 16, 815–823 (1996).
Adesnik, H. & Scanziani, M. Lateral competition for cortical space by layer-specific horizontal circuits. Nature 464, 1155–1160 (2010).
Xu, H., Jeong, H. Y., Tremblay, R. & Rudy, B. Neocortical somatostatin-expressing GABAergic interneurons disinhibit the thalamorecipient layer 4. Neuron 77, 155–167 (2013).
Hájos, N., Acsády, L. & Freund, T. F. Target selectivity and neurochemical characteristics of VIP-immunoreactive interneurons in the rat dentate gyrus. Eur. J. Neurosci. 8, 1415–1431 (1996).
Acsády, L., Görcs, T. J. & Freund, T. F. Different populations of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive interneurons are specialized to control pyramidal cells or interneurons in the hippocampus. Neuroscience 73, 317–334 (1996).
Lee, S., Kruglikov, I., Huang, Z. J., Fishell, G. & Rudy, B. A disinhibitory circuit mediates motor integration in the somatosensory cortex. Nature Neurosci. 16, 1662–1670 (2013).
Pi, H.-J., Hangya, B., Kvitsiani, D., Sanders, J. I., Huang, Z. J. & Kepecs, A. Cortical interneurons that specialize in disinhibitory control. Nature 503, 521–524 (2013). This study is a direct demonstration that VIP-expressing interneurons are disinhibitory and are recruited by behavioural reinforcers, which together with references 85 and 101 reveals that this function is supported by a microcircuit conserved across regions.
Hestrin, S. & Armstrong, W. E. Morphology and physiology of cortical neurons in layer I. J. Neurosci. 16, 5290–5300 (1996).
Jiang, X., Wang, G., Lee, A. J., Stornetta, R. L. & Zhu, J. J. The organization of two new cortical interneuronal circuits. Nature Neurosci. 16, 210–218 (2013).
Letzkus, J. J. et al. A disinhibitory microcircuit for associative fear learning in the auditory cortex. Nature 480, 331–335 (2011). This paper demonstrates a functionally relevant disinhibitory circuit in the auditory cortex.
Lapray, D. et al. Behavior-dependent specialization of identified hippocampal interneurons. Nature Neurosci. 15, 1265–1271 (2012).
Varga, C., Golshani, P. & Soltesz, I. Frequency-invariant temporal ordering of interneuronal discharges during hippocampal oscillations in awake mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, E2726–E2734 (2012). This article demonstrates the hippocampal recruitment of distinct interneuron types in awake mice.
Gentet, L. J. et al. Unique functional properties of somatostatin-expressing GABAergic neurons in mouse barrel cortex. Nature Neurosci. 15, 607–612 (2012).
Gentet, L. J., Avermann, M., Matyas, F., Staiger, J. F. & Petersen, C. C. H. Membrane potential dynamics of GABAergic neurons in the barrel cortex of behaving mice. Neuron 65, 422–435 (2010).
Csicsvari, J., Hirase, H., Czurko, A. & Buzsáki, G. Reliability and state dependence of pyramidal cell-interneuron synapses in the hippocampus: an ensemble approach in the behaving rat. Neuron 21, 179–189 (1998).
Whittington, M. A. & Traub, R. D. Interneuron diversity series: inhibitory interneurons and network oscillations in vitro. Trends Neurosci. 26, 676–682 (2003).
Buzsáki, G. & Chrobak, J. J. Temporal structure in spatially organized neuronal ensembles: a role for interneuronal networks. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 5, 504–510 (1995).
Klausberger, T., et al. Brain-state- and cell-type-specific firing of hippocampal interneurons in vivo. Nature 421, 844–848 (2003). An elegant demonstration of how different interneuron types specialize in specific network oscillations.
Klausberger, T., Márton, L. F., Baude, A., Roberts, J., Magill, J. S. & Somogyi, P. Spike timing of dendrite-targeting bistratified cells during hippocampal network oscillations in vivo. Nature Neurosci. 7, 41–47 (2004).
Klausberger, T. et al. Complementary roles of cholecystokinin- and parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic neurons in hippocampal network oscillations. J. Neurosci. 25, 9782–9793 (2005).
Tukker, J. J., Fuentealba, P., Hartwich, K., Somogyi, P. & Klausberger, T. Cell type-specific tuning of hippocampal interneuron firing during gamma oscillations in vivo. J. Neurosci. 27, 8184–8189 (2007).
Klausberger, T. & Somogyi, P. Neuronal diversity and temporal dynamics: the unity of hippocampal circuit operations. Science 321, 53–57 (2008).
Cardin, J. A., et al. Driving fast-spiking cells induces gamma rhythm and controls sensory responses. Nature 459, 663–667 (2009).
Sohal, V. S., Zhang, F., Yizhar, O. & Deisseroth, K. Parvalbumin neurons and gamma rhythms enhance cortical circuit performance. Nature 459, 698–702 (2009). References 118 and 119 provided the first causal evidence for the role of PV interneurons in gamma oscillations.
Mountcastle, V. B., Talbot, W. H., Sakata, H., & Hyvarinen, J. Cortical neuronal mechanisms in flutter-vibration studied in unanesthetized monkeys: neuronal periodicity and frequency discrimination. J. Neurophysiol. 32, 452–484 (1969).
Mitchell, J. F., Sundberg, K. A. & Reynolds, J. H. Differential attention-dependent response modulation across cell classes in macaque visual area V4. Neuron 55, 131–141 (2007).
Isomura, Y., Harukuni, R., Takekawa, T., Aizawa, H. & Fukai, T. Microcircuitry coordination of cortical motor information in self-initiation of voluntary movements. Nature Neurosci. 12, 1586–1593 (2009).
Hayden, B. Y., Pearson, J. M. & Platt, M. L. Neuronal basis of sequential foraging decisions in a patchy environment. Nature Neurosci. 14, 933–939 (2011).
Carandini, M. From circuits to behavior: a bridge too far? Nature Neurosci. 15, 507–509 (2012).
Alitto, H. J. & Dan, Y. Cell-type-specific modulation of neocortical activity by basal forebrain input. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 6, 79 (2013).
Acknowledgements
Work in the authors' laboratories is supported by grants from the US National Institutes of Health (R01NS075531 to A.K. and MH071679, MH095147, NS074972 and NS081297 to G.F.) and generous support from the McKnight (A.K.) and Simons Foundations (G.F.). We are grateful to G. Buzsaki, C. McBain, B. Rudy, M. Long, R. Tsien and members of our laboratories for discussions and comments. We thank J. Demidschstein for creating Fig. 2. and J. Kuhl for Figs 1 and 3.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Additional information
Reprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kepecs, A., Fishell, G. Interneuron cell types are fit to function. Nature 505, 318–326 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12983
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12983
This article is cited by
-
Subfield-specific interneuron circuits govern the hippocampal response to novelty in male mice
Nature Communications (2024)
-
Diminished activation of excitatory neurons in the prelimbic cortex leads to impaired working memory capacity in mice
BMC Biology (2023)
-
The plasticitome of cortical interneurons
Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2023)
-
Dynorphin / kappa-opioid receptor regulation of excitation-inhibition balance toggles afferent control of prefrontal cortical circuits in a pathway-specific manner
Molecular Psychiatry (2023)
-
Voluntary running-induced activation of ventral hippocampal GABAergic interneurons contributes to exercise-induced hypoalgesia in neuropathic pain model mice
Scientific Reports (2023)
Comments
By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.
