Abstract
The increasing demands placed on natural resources for fuel and food production require that we explore the use of efficient, sustainable feedstocks such as brown macroalgae. The full potential of brown macroalgae as feedstocks for commercial-scale fuel ethanol production, however, requires extensive re-engineering of the alginate and mannitol catabolic pathways1,2,3 in the standard industrial microbe Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we present the discovery of an alginate monomer (4-deoxy-l-erythro-5-hexoseulose uronate, or DEHU) transporter from the alginolytic eukaryote Asteromyces cruciatus4. The genomic integration and overexpression of the gene encoding this transporter, together with the necessary bacterial alginate and deregulated native mannitol catabolism genes, conferred the ability of an S. cerevisiae strain to efficiently metabolize DEHU and mannitol. When this platform was further adapted to grow on mannitol and DEHU under anaerobic conditions, it was capable of ethanol fermentation from mannitol and DEHU, achieving titres of 4.6% (v/v) (36.2āgālā1) and yields up to 83% of the maximum theoretical yield from consumed sugars. These results show that all major sugars in brown macroalgae can be used as feedstocks for biofuels and value-added renewable chemicals in a manner that is comparable to traditional arable-land-based feedstocks.
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Change history
08 January 2014
A present address was added for author Avinash Gill.
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Acknowledgements
We thank R. Schekman, J. H. D. Cate and P. A. Silver for critical discussion and suggestions. This work is supported by the DOE under an Advanced Research Projects AgencyāEnergy (ARPA-E) award (DE-AR0000006), by CORFO INNOVA CHILE (cĆ³digo 09CTEI-6866), and by Statoil ASA. This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the US government. Neither the US government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favouring by the US government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the US government or any agency thereof.
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Y.Y. conceived the overall project. C.S., Y.Y., M.E.-N., N.L.O., R.B.B., H.K.K. and V.R. supervised the overall project. R.M.R., S.R.C., P.D.D., Y.M. and A.G. characterised the A. cruciatus alginate degradation profiles. A.M.E.F., M.E.-N., P.K., L.L., M.Y.C. and S.A.T. constructed all S. cerevisiae host strains for screening. R.M.R. and P.D.D. prepared A. cruciatus genomic DNA and total RNA for the high-throughput sequencing analysis. D.D.R., R.M.R. and Y.Y. assembled and analysed the RNA-seq data. C.N.S.S., P.T., M.E.-N., J.G. and C.J.P. constructed and screened the A. cruciatus cDNA library. M.E.-N. and J.L.V. identified yeast strains that can grow on mannitol and performed microarray analyses to isolate mannitol catabolism genes. A.M.E.F., M.E.-N., L.L., M.Y.C., P.D.D. and J.G. constructed all S. cerevisiae host strains for fermentation experiments. Y.Y., D.D.B., M.E.-N. and A.C. carried out all adaptation and ethanol fermentation experiments. A.H. and P.S. developed and carried out biochemical assays for enzyme characterisation. S.R.C., P.S., Y.Y., D.D.B., B.L. and A.H. performed all necessary analytical experiments and analysed all fermentation samples. L.P., C.L., E.J.K., N.L.O. and D.J.M. conducted sample preparation and the NMR analysis of the DEHU structure. C.L., P.S., D.D.B. and Y.Y. prepared media for fermentation, Y.Y., M.E.-N., A.M.E.F., C.S., D.D.B., C.N.S.S. and L.P. wrote and revised the manuscript.
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Y.Y., J.L.V., S.R.C., V.R., S.A.T., M.E.-N., R.M.R., A.G., A.H., C.N.S.S., D.D.R, C.S., R.B.B. and A.M.E.F. are co-inventors of a patent application entitled āMethods and Compositions for Growth of Yeast on Alginateā (PCT/US2013/021328).
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This file contains a list of abbreviations, Supplementary Discussion, Supplementary Tables 1-12, Supplementary Figures 1-15, Supplementary Sequence and Supplementary References. (PDF 2151 kb)
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Enquist-Newman, M., Faust, A., Bravo, D. et al. Efficient ethanol production from brown macroalgae sugars by a synthetic yeast platform. Nature 505, 239ā243 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12771
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12771
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