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Face-to-face transfer of wafer-scale graphene films

Nature volume 505, pages 190–194 (2014)Cite this article

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Abstract

Graphene has attracted worldwide interest since its experimental discovery1,2, but the preparation of large-area, continuous graphene film on SiO2/Si wafers, free from growth-related morphological defects or transfer-induced cracks and folds, remains a formidable challenge3. Growth of graphene by chemical vapour deposition on Cu foils4,5,6,7 has emerged as a powerful technique owing to its compatibility with industrial-scale roll-to-roll technology6. However, the polycrystalline nature and microscopic roughness of Cu foils means that such roll-to-roll transferred films are not devoid of cracks and folds6,7. High-fidelity transfer or direct growth of high-quality graphene films on arbitrary substrates is needed to enable wide-ranging applications in photonics or electronics, which include devices such as optoelectronic modulators, transistors, on-chip biosensors and tunnelling barriers3,8,9. The direct growth of graphene film on an insulating substrate, such as a SiO2/Si wafer, would be useful for this purpose, but current research efforts remain grounded at the proof-of-concept stage, where only discontinuous, nanometre-sized islands can be obtained10. Here we develop a face-to-face transfer method for wafer-scale graphene films that is so far the only known way to accomplish both the growth and transfer steps on one wafer. This spontaneous transfer method relies on nascent gas bubbles and capillary bridges between the graphene film and the underlying substrate during etching of the metal catalyst, which is analogous to the method used by tree frogs to remain attached to submerged leaves11,12. In contrast to the previous wet4,5,13,14,15 or dry6,7 transfer results, the face-to-face transfer does not have to be done by hand and is compatible with any size and shape of substrate; this approach also enjoys the benefit of a much reduced density of transfer defects compared with the conventional transfer method. Most importantly, the direct growth and spontaneous attachment of graphene on the underlying substrate is amenable to batch processing in a semiconductor production line, and thus will speed up the technological application of graphene.

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Figure 1: Illustration of our face-to-face method for transferring graphene mediated by capillary bridges.
Figure 2: Characterization of intercalated water layer with capillary bridges during face-to-face transfer.
Figure 3: AFM images and height profiles of graphene on a SiO2/Si wafer transferred by our face-to-face technique.
Figure 4: Characterization of face-to-face transferred graphene on a SiO2/Si wafer.

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Acknowledgements

We thank C. T. Nai for help with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and B. K. Chong (Agilent Technologies) for the liquid AFM. This work was supported by MOE Tier 2 grant ‘Interface engineering of graphene hybrids for energy conversion’ (R-143-000-488-112) and by NRF-CRP grant ‘Novel 2D materials with tailored properties: beyond graphene’ (R-144-000-295-281).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, 117546 Singapore,

    Libo Gao, Guang-Xin Ni, Bo Liu, Antonio H. Castro Neto & Kian Ping Loh

  2. Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore,

    Libo Gao, Yanpeng Liu, Bo Liu & Kian Ping Loh

  3. Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, 117542 Singapore,

    Guang-Xin Ni & Antonio H. Castro Neto

Authors
  1. Libo Gao
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  2. Guang-Xin Ni
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  3. Yanpeng Liu
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  4. Bo Liu
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  6. Kian Ping Loh
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Contributions

L.G. and K.P.L. designed the experiments, interpreted the data and wrote the manuscript. L.G. performed graphene growth, transfer and calculations. L.G., G.-X.N. and B.L. fabricated the devices. Y.L. performed the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. L.G., K.P.L. and A.H.C.N. discussed the data.

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Correspondence to Kian Ping Loh.

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The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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This file contains Supplementary Text and Data 1-8, Supplementary Figures 1-11 and additional references. (PDF 1190 kb)

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Gao, L., Ni, GX., Liu, Y. et al. Face-to-face transfer of wafer-scale graphene films. Nature 505, 190–194 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12763

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