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Dicalcium nitride as a two-dimensional electride with an anionic electron layer

Nature volume 494, pages 336–340 (2013)Cite this article

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Abstract

Recent studies suggest that electrides—ionic crystals in which electrons serve as anions—are not exceptional materials but rather a generalized form, particularly under high pressure1,2,3. The topology of the cavities confining anionic electrons determines their physical properties4. At present, reported confining sites consist only of zero-dimensional cavities or weakly linked channels4. Here we report a layered-structure electride of dicalcium nitride, Ca2N, which possesses two-dimensionally confined anionic electrons whose concentration agrees well with that for the chemical formula of [Ca2N]+·e−. Two-dimensional transport characteristics are demonstrated by a high electron mobility (520 cm2 V−1 s−1) and long mean scattering time (0.6 picoseconds) with a mean free path of 0.12 micrometres. The quadratic temperature dependence of the resistivity up to 120 Kelvin indicates the presence of an electron–electron interaction. A striking anisotropic magnetoresistance behaviour with respect to the direction of magnetic field (negative for the field perpendicular to the conducting plane and positive for the field parallel to it) is observed, confirming diffusive two-dimensional transport in dense electron layers. Additionally, band calculations support confinement of anionic electrons within the interlayer space, and photoemission measurements confirm anisotropic low work functions of 3.5 and 2.6 electronvolts, revealing the loosely bound nature of the anionic electrons. We conclude that Ca2N is a two-dimensional electride in terms of [Ca2N]+·e−.

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Figure 1: Structural and optical characterizations of Ca 2 N.
Figure 2: Electron transport properties of Ca 2 N single crystal.
Figure 3: Calculated electronic structure of Ca 2 N.
Figure 4: Determination of the work function by UPS.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Funding Program for World-Leading Innovative R&D on Science and Technology (FIRST), JSPS, and the Element Strategy Initiative Project, MEXT, Japan.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Frontier Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan ,

    Kimoon Lee, Sung Wng Kim, Yoshitake Toda & Hideo Hosono

  2. Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Cheoncheon-dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, South Korea,

    Sung Wng Kim

  3. Materials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan ,

    Satoru Matsuishi & Hideo Hosono

Authors
  1. Kimoon Lee
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  4. Satoru Matsuishi
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  5. Hideo Hosono
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Contributions

H.H. conceived and S.W.K. initiated the study. K.L. and S.W.K. synthesized the samples and measured electron transport properties. Y.T. carried out the UPS measurement. S.M. performed DFT calculations. K.L., S.W.K. and H.H. co-wrote the manuscript. All the authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Hideo Hosono.

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The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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This file contains Supplementary Text and Data 1-6, Supplementary Figures 1-2, Supplementary Tables 1-3 and additional references. (PDF 384 kb)

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Lee, K., Kim, S., Toda, Y. et al. Dicalcium nitride as a two-dimensional electride with an anionic electron layer. Nature 494, 336–340 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11812

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