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Phase transitions in the assembly of multivalent signalling proteins

Nature volume 483, pages 336–340 (2012)Cite this article

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Abstract

Cells are organized on length scales ranging from ångström to micrometres. However, the mechanisms by which ångström-scale molecular properties are translated to micrometre-scale macroscopic properties are not well understood. Here we show that interactions between diverse synthetic, multivalent macromolecules (including multi-domain proteins and RNA) produce sharp liquid–liquid-demixing phase separations, generating micrometre-sized liquid droplets in aqueous solution. This macroscopic transition corresponds to a molecular transition between small complexes and large, dynamic supramolecular polymers. The concentrations needed for phase transition are directly related to the valency of the interacting species. In the case of the actin-regulatory protein called neural Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP) interacting with its established biological partners NCK and phosphorylated nephrin1, the phase transition corresponds to a sharp increase in activity towards an actin nucleation factor, the Arp2/3 complex. The transition is governed by the degree of phosphorylation of nephrin, explaining how this property of the system can be controlled to regulatory effect by kinases. The widespread occurrence of multivalent systems suggests that phase transitions may be used to spatially organize and biochemically regulate information throughout biology.

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Figure 1: Macroscopic and microscopic phase transitions in multivalent SH3–PRM systems.
Figure 2: Multivalency drives phase separation and probably drives a sol–gel transition in the droplet phase.
Figure 3: Coexpression of SH3 5 and PRM 5 in cells produces dynamic puncta.
Figure 4: Phase transition correlates with biochemical activity transition in the nephrin–NCK–N-WASP system.

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Acknowledgements

We thank J. Onuchic and S. Padrick for discussion of the theoretical aspects of this study, L. Rice for sharing his fluorescence microscope, M. Socolich for a gift of purified eGFP, K. Luby-Phelps and A. Bugde for advice on FRAP experiments, S. Padrick and L. Doolittle for help in purifying actin and the Arp2/3 complex and for sharing reagents, N. Grishin and S. Shi for help with database searches, K. Lynch for providing the PTB expression construct, D. Billadeau and T. Gomez for providing antibodies, A. Ramesh, W. Winkler and P.-L. Tsai for advice on RNA experiments, K. Roybal and C. Wülfing for sharing unpublished data, and J. Liu for help with cryo-electron tomography. This work was supported by the following: the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (R01-GM56322) and Welch Foundation (I–1544) to M.K.R., a Chilton Foundation Fellowship to H.-C.C., an NIH EUREKA award (R01-GM088745) to Q.-X.J., an NIH Cancer Biology T32 Training Grant to M.L., a National Science Foundation award (DMR-1005707) to P.S.R. and a Gates Millennium Fund award to J.V.H. Use of the Advanced Photon Source was supported by the US Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences, Office of Science, under contract number W-31-109-ENG-38. BioCAT is NIH-supported Research Center RR-08630.

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Author notes

  1. Pilong Li, Sudeep Banjade and Hui-Chun Cheng: These authors contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390-8812, Texas, USA

    Pilong Li, Sudeep Banjade, Hui-Chun Cheng, Soyeon Kim, Baoyu Chen, Salman F. Banani & Michael K. Rosen

  2. BioCAT of IIT at the Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, 60439, Illinois, USA

    Liang Guo

  3. Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390-9148, Texas, USA

    Marc Llaguno & Qiu-Xing Jiang

  4. Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 70803, Louisiana, USA

    Javoris V. Hollingsworth & Paul S. Russo

  5. Howard Hughes Medical Institute Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, California, USA

    David S. King

  6. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA

    B. Tracy Nixon

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Contributions

M.K.R. oversaw the project, helped analyse all of the data and wrote the paper with assistance from all of the authors. P.L., H.-.C.C. and M.K.R. conceived of the project. P.L. developed and interpreted the theoretical and computational models, which promoted much of the experimentation. S.B. performed and analysed experiments on the nephrin–NCK–N-WASP system and performed monovalent competition studies. H.-.C.C. mapped and analysed the phase diagrams, and collected FRAP data, on the engineered model systems. S.K. performed and analysed the cellular experiments. S.B., B.C., L.G. and B.T.N. collected and/or analysed the SAXS data. S.B., M.L. and Q.-.X. J. collected and/or analysed the electron microscopy data. S.B., J.V.H. and P.S.R. collected and/or analysed the multi-angle DLS data. H.-.C.C. and S.B. collected and analysed the single-angle DLS data. D.S.K. synthesized the octameric PRM dendrimer. S.F.B. analysed the cyclization in the sol–gel transition.

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Correspondence to Michael K. Rosen.

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The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Supplementary information

Supplementary Information

This file contains Supplementary Text and Data, Supplementary Table 1, full legend for Supplementary Movie 1, Supplementary References and Supplementary Figures 1-23. (PDF 24828 kb)

Supplementary Movie 1

This zipped file contains a movie showing large polymer formation – see Supplementary Information file page 23 for full legend. (ZIP 218 kb)

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Li, P., Banjade, S., Cheng, HC. et al. Phase transitions in the assembly of multivalent signalling proteins. Nature 483, 336–340 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10879

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