Abstract
During immune responses, antibodies are selected for their ability to bind to foreign antigens with high affinity, in part by their ability to undergo homotypic bivalent binding. However, this type of binding is not always possible. For example, the small number of gp140 glycoprotein spikes displayed on the surface of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disfavours homotypic bivalent antibody binding1,2,3. Here we show that during the human antibody response to HIV, somatic mutations that increase antibody affinity also increase breadth and neutralizing potency. Surprisingly, the responding naive and memory B cells produce polyreactive antibodies, which are capable of bivalent heteroligation between one high-affinity anti-HIV-gp140 combining site and a second low-affinity site on another molecular structure on HIV. Although cross-reactivity to self-antigens or polyreactivity is strongly selected against during B-cell development4, it is a common serologic feature of certain infections in humans, including HIV, Epstein-Barr virus and hepatitis C virus. Seventy-five per cent of the 134 monoclonal anti-HIV-gp140 antibodies cloned from six patients5 with high titres of neutralizing antibodies are polyreactive. Despite the low affinity of the polyreactive combining site, heteroligation demonstrably increases the apparent affinity of polyreactive antibodies to HIV.
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Acknowledgements
We thank J. R. Mascola and R. T. Wyatt for discussion and supplying gp140 and gp120 proteins. This research was supported by the Rockefeller University, the National Institutes of Health (NIH 1 PO1 AI081677), the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. T.J.H. was supported by the National Institutes of Health (R01 AI047770). M.J.Z. and H.W. were supported by the German Research Foundation (GRK1121). B.D.W. and M.C.N. are Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigators.
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H.M., J.F.S., H.W. and M.C.N. conceived the general ideas for this study. H.M. and M.C.N. designed the experiments. M.J.Z., S.S., J.P., T.H. and H.W. generated and provided reagents. H.M., J.F.S., M.K., R.G.O. and M.S.S. performed the experiments. M.N.A., H.N.E. and A.K.C. developed the mathematical model for data analysis. M.C., F.P., B.D.W. and D.D.H. recruited the study patients. H.M., J.F.S., M.K., R.G.O., M.N.A., H.N.E., A.K.C. and M.C.N. analysed the data. H.M., J.F.S., J.V.R., H.W. and M.C.N. wrote the manuscript and all authors provided editorial input.
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Mouquet, H., Scheid, J., Zoller, M. et al. Polyreactivity increases the apparent affinity of anti-HIV antibodies by heteroligation. Nature 467, 591–595 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09385
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09385
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