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Global phytoplankton decline over the past century

Nature volume 466, pages 591–596 (2010)Cite this article

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Abstract

In the oceans, ubiquitous microscopic phototrophs (phytoplankton) account for approximately half the production of organic matter on Earth. Analyses of satellite-derived phytoplankton concentration (available since 1979) have suggested decadal-scale fluctuations linked to climate forcing, but the length of this record is insufficient to resolve longer-term trends. Here we combine available ocean transparency measurements and in situ chlorophyll observations to estimate the time dependence of phytoplankton biomass at local, regional and global scales since 1899. We observe declines in eight out of ten ocean regions, and estimate a global rate of decline of ∼1% of the global median per year. Our analyses further reveal interannual to decadal phytoplankton fluctuations superimposed on long-term trends. These fluctuations are strongly correlated with basin-scale climate indices, whereas long-term declining trends are related to increasing sea surface temperatures. We conclude that global phytoplankton concentration has declined over the past century; this decline will need to be considered in future studies of marine ecosystems, geochemical cycling, ocean circulation and fisheries.

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Figure 1: Data availability.
Figure 2: Local-scale trends in phytoplankton.
Figure 3: Regional and global trends in phytoplankton.
Figure 4: Temporal variability in phytoplankton trends.
Figure 5: Effects of climate variability on phytoplankton.
Figure 6: Physical drivers of phytoplankton trends.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to all data providers, to J. Mills-Flemming, W. Blanchard, M. Dowd, C. Field and C. Minto for statistical advice, to T. Boyer, J. Smart, D. Ricard and D. Tittensor for help with data extraction, and to J. Mills-Flemming, W. Blanchard, W. Li, H. Lotze, C. Muir and M. Dowd for critical review. Funding was provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the US Office of Naval Research, the Canada Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Sloan Foundation (Census of Marine Life FMAP Program), and the Lenfest Ocean Program.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4J1,

    Daniel G. Boyce & Boris Worm

  2. Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4J1,

    Marlon R. Lewis

Authors
  1. Daniel G. Boyce
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  2. Marlon R. Lewis
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  3. Boris Worm
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Contributions

The study was initiated by B.W. and M.R.L. in collaboration with the late R.A. Myers. Data were compiled by D.G.B. and M.R.L.; D.G.B. conducted the analyses and drafted the manuscript. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the writing of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Daniel G. Boyce.

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The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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This file contains Supplementary Methods, References, Supplementary Tables S1-S3 and Supplementary Figures S1-S9 with legends. (PDF 4276 kb)

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Boyce, D., Lewis, M. & Worm, B. Global phytoplankton decline over the past century. Nature 466, 591–596 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09268

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