Abstract
Interactions lie at the heart of correlated many-body quantum phases1,2,3. Typically, the interactions between microscopic particles are described as two-body interactions. However, it has been shown that higher-order multi-body interactions could give rise to novel quantum phases with intriguing properties. So far, multi-body interactions have been observed as inelastic loss resonances in three- and four-body recombinations of atom–atom and atom–molecule collisions4,5,6. Here we demonstrate the presence of effective multi-body interactions7 in a system of ultracold bosonic atoms in a three-dimensional optical lattice, emerging through virtual transitions of particles from the lowest energy band to higher energy bands. We observe such interactions up to the six-body case in time-resolved traces of quantum phase revivals8,9,10,11, using an atom interferometric technique that allows us to precisely measure the absolute energies of atom number states at a lattice site. In addition, we show that the spectral content of these time traces can reveal the atom number statistics at a lattice site, similar to foundational experiments in cavity quantum electrodynamics that yield the statistics of a cavity photon field12. Our precision measurement of multi-body interaction energies provides crucial input for the comparison of optical-lattice quantum simulators with many-body quantum theory.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the European Union (Integrated Project SCALA), EuroQUAM (L.H.), the US Army Research Office with funding from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (Optical Lattice Emulator programme), the US Air Force Office of Scientific Research, MATCOR (S.W.) and the Gutenberg Akademie (S.W.).
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S.W. and T.B. carried out the measurements, S.W. performed the data analysis and D.-S.L. performed the numerical calculations. S.W. and I.B. wrote the manuscript with substantial contributions by all authors.
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This file contains Supplementary Information and Data 1-4, Supplementary Figures 1-4 with legends and References. (PDF 275 kb)
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Will, S., Best, T., Schneider, U. et al. Time-resolved observation of coherent multi-body interactions in quantum phase revivals. Nature 465, 197–201 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09036
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09036
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