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Dynamic activation of an allosteric regulatory protein

Nature volume 462, pages 368–372 (2009)Cite this article

Abstract

Allosteric regulation is used as a very efficient mechanism to control protein activity in most biological processes, including signal transduction, metabolism, catalysis and gene regulation1,2,3,4,5,6. Allosteric proteins can exist in several conformational states with distinct binding or enzymatic activity. Effectors are considered to function in a purely structural manner by selectively stabilizing a specific conformational state, thereby regulating protein activity. Here we show that allosteric proteins can be regulated predominantly by changes in their structural dynamics. We have used NMR spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry to characterize cyclic AMP (cAMP) binding to the catabolite activator protein (CAP), a transcriptional activator that has been a prototype for understanding effector-mediated allosteric control of protein activity7. cAMP switches CAP from the ‘off’ state (inactive), which binds DNA weakly and non-specifically, to the ‘on’ state (active), which binds DNA strongly and specifically. In contrast, cAMP binding to a single CAP mutant, CAP-S62F, fails to elicit the active conformation; yet, cAMP binding to CAP-S62F strongly activates the protein for DNA binding. NMR and thermodynamic analyses show that despite the fact that CAP-S62F-cAMP2 adopts the inactive conformation, its strong binding to DNA is driven by a large conformational entropy originating in enhanced protein motions induced by DNA binding. The results provide strong evidence that changes in protein motions may activate allosteric proteins that are otherwise structurally inactive.

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Figure 1: Conformational states of CAP and effect of cAMP binding assessed by NMR.
Figure 2: Energetics of CAP interaction with DNA.
Figure 3: CAP-S62F-cAMP 2 visits an active, low-populated conformational state.
Figure 4: Reaction pathways and energetics for cAMP-mediated CAP activation and DNA binding.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to L. Kay for critical reading of the manuscript and valuable suggestions. We thank R. H. Ebright and Y. Ebright for providing the DNA fragment and N. Popovych for her help with the preparation of some CAP mutants. This work was supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) grant MCB618259 to C.G.K.

Author Contributions C.G.K. conceived the project. S.-R.T. and C.G.K. designed the experiments. S.-R.T. performed all experiments. S.-R.T. and C.G.K. analysed and interpreted data and wrote the manuscript.

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  1. Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology,,

    Shiou-Ru Tzeng & Charalampos G. Kalodimos

  2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA,

    Shiou-Ru Tzeng & Charalampos G. Kalodimos

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Correspondence to Charalampos G. Kalodimos.

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Tzeng, SR., Kalodimos, C. Dynamic activation of an allosteric regulatory protein. Nature 462, 368–372 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08560

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