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Changes of mind in decision-making

Nature volume 461, pages 263–266 (2009)Cite this article

Abstract

A decision is a commitment to a proposition or plan of action based on evidence and the expected costs and benefits associated with the outcome. Progress in a variety of fields has led to a quantitative understanding of the mechanisms that evaluate evidence and reach a decision1,2,3. Several formalisms propose that a representation of noisy evidence is evaluated against a criterion to produce a decision4,5,6,7,8. Without additional evidence, however, these formalisms fail to explain why a decision-maker would change their mind. Here we extend a model, developed to account for both the timing and the accuracy of the initial decision9, to explain subsequent changes of mind. Subjects made decisions about a noisy visual stimulus, which they indicated by moving a handle. Although they received no additional information after initiating their movement, their hand trajectories betrayed a change of mind in some trials. We propose that noisy evidence is accumulated over time until it reaches a criterion level, or bound, which determines the initial decision, and that the brain exploits information that is in the processing pipeline when the initial decision is made to subsequently either reverse or reaffirm the initial decision. The model explains both the frequency of changes of mind as well as their dependence on both task difficulty and whether the initial decision was accurate or erroneous. The theoretical and experimental findings advance the understanding of decision-making to the highly flexible and cognitive acts of vacillation and self-correction.

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Figure 1: Experimental set-up.
Figure 2: Accuracy improves through changes of mind.
Figure 3: A bounded-accumulation model of decision-making with post-initiation processing explains changes of mind.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust, the European grant SENSOPAC IST-2005-028056, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and US National Eye Institute grant EY11378. We thank A. Faisal, H. Vincent, I. Howard and J. Ingram for their assistance. M.N.S. thanks Trinity College, Cambridge, for support.

Author Contributions D.M.W. and M.N.S. planned the experiments. A.R. performed the experiments. All authors analysed and interpreted results, and all authors wrote the paper.

Author information

Affiliations

  1. Department of Engineering, Computational and Biological Learning Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK

    Arbora Resulaj & Daniel M. Wolpert

  2. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA

    Arbora Resulaj

  3. National Primate Research Center and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA

    Roozbeh Kiani & Michael N. Shadlen

Authors
  1. Arbora Resulaj
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  2. Roozbeh Kiani
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  3. Daniel M. Wolpert
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  4. Michael N. Shadlen
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael N. Shadlen.

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Resulaj, A., Kiani, R., Wolpert, D. et al. Changes of mind in decision-making. Nature 461, 263–266 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08275

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