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Irreversibility of mitotic exit is the consequence of systems-level feedback

Nature volume 459, pages 592–595 (2009)Cite this article

Abstract

The eukaryotic cell cycle comprises an ordered series of events, orchestrated by the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), leading from chromosome replication during S phase to their segregation in mitosis. The unidirectionality of cell-cycle transitions is fundamental for the successful completion of this cycle. It is thought that irrevocable proteolytic degradation of key cell-cycle regulators makes cell-cycle transitions irreversible, thereby enforcing directionality1,2,3. Here we have experimentally examined the contribution of cyclin proteolysis to the irreversibility of mitotic exit, the transition from high mitotic Cdk activity back to low activity in G1. We show that forced cyclin destruction in mitotic budding yeast cells efficiently drives mitotic exit events. However, these remain reversible after termination of cyclin proteolysis, with recovery of the mitotic state and cyclin levels. Mitotic exit becomes irreversible only after longer periods of cyclin degradation, owing to activation of a double-negative feedback loop involving the Cdk inhibitor Sic1 (refs 4, 5). Quantitative modelling suggests that feedback is required to maintain low Cdk activity and to prevent cyclin resynthesis. Our findings demonstrate that the unidirectionality of mitotic exit is not the consequence of proteolysis but of systems-level feedback required to maintain the cell cycle in a new stable state.

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Figure 1: Clb2 destruction promotes reversible mitotic exit events.
Figure 2: Irreversibility of mitotic exit requires feedback loop activation.
Figure 3: Sic1 turns mitotic exit irreversible.
Figure 4: Computational analysis of mitotic exit.

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Acknowledgements

We thank C. Bouchoux, J. Kilmartin, E. Schwob and W. Zachariae for antibodies and constructs, and members of our laboratory for discussion and critical reading of the manuscript. This work was supported by a European Commission Marie Curie Individual Fellowship to S.L.-A., and the BBSRC and EC FP7 (O.K.).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK ,

    Sandra López-Avilés & Frank Uhlmann

  2. Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK,

    Orsolya Kapuy & Béla Novák

  3. Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Gellért tér 4, 1521 Budapest, Hungary ,

    Orsolya Kapuy

Authors
  1. Sandra López-Avilés
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  2. Orsolya Kapuy
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  4. Frank Uhlmann
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Frank Uhlmann.

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López-Avilés, S., Kapuy, O., Novák, B. et al. Irreversibility of mitotic exit is the consequence of systems-level feedback. Nature 459, 592–595 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07984

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