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Agrochemicals increase trematode infections in a declining amphibian species

Nature volume 455, pages 1235–1239 (2008)Cite this article

Abstract

Global amphibian declines have often been attributed to disease1,2, but ignorance of the relative importance and mode of action of potential drivers of infection has made it difficult to develop effective remediation. In a field study, here we show that the widely used herbicide, atrazine, was the best predictor (out of more than 240 plausible candidates) of the abundance of larval trematodes (parasitic flatworms) in the declining northern leopard frog Rana pipiens. The effects of atrazine were consistent across trematode taxa. The combination of atrazine and phosphate—principal agrochemicals in global corn and sorghum production—accounted for 74% of the variation in the abundance of these often debilitating larval trematodes (atrazine alone accounted for 51%). Analysis of field data supported a causal mechanism whereby both agrochemicals increase exposure and susceptibility to larval trematodes by augmenting snail intermediate hosts and suppressing amphibian immunity. A mesocosm experiment demonstrated that, relative to control tanks, atrazine tanks had immunosuppressed tadpoles, had significantly more attached algae and snails, and had tadpoles with elevated trematode loads, further supporting a causal relationship between atrazine and elevated trematode infections in amphibians. These results raise concerns about the role of atrazine and phosphate in amphibian declines, and illustrate the value of quantifying the relative importance of several possible drivers of disease risk while determining the mechanisms by which they facilitate disease emergence.

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Figure 1: Proposed mechanisms for the relationship between atrazine and larval trematodes in amphibians.
Figure 2: Relationships between melanomacrophage aggregates and atrazine, phosphate and larval trematode loads.

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Acknowledgements

We thank J. Murphy, A. Antolin, K. Beckman, R. Cole, A. Koehler, C. Hall, T. Hollenhorst and J. Romansic for collection and compilation of field, parasitological or land cover data; R. Cole, M. Martin, M. Mescher, J. Romansic, J. Runyon and the O. Bjørnstad, C. De Moraes, E. Holmes, P. Hudson, B. Grenfell and M. Poss laboratories for comments and suggestions on this work; and J. Grace for reviewing sections of the paper on structural equation modelling. We also thank the USGS National Wildlife Health Center for laboratory space and support. Funds came from National Science Foundation (DEB-0809487) and US Department of Agriculture (NRI 2008-00622 and 2008-01785) grants to J.R.R., and US Environmental Protection Agency STAR grants to V.R.B. (R825867) and J.R.R. and T.R.R (R833835). This work does not necessarily reflect the views of these agencies.

Author Contributions For the field survey, V.R.B. and L.B.J. designed the data collection. C.M.J., P.K.S., C.L. and A.M.S. conducted the survey. C.M.J. coordinated data collection, assembly and management. M.D.P. conducted all analyte analyses. A.M.S. performed amphibian necropsies of R. pipiens for parasite quantification. C.L. quantified amphibian immunity. For the mesocosm study, J.R.R., T.R.R. and J.T.H. designed and implemented the experiment. J.R.R. oversaw all components the study. T.R.R. and N.H. processed amphibian samples and quantified amphibian immune parameters. H.J.C. quantified periphyton and phytoplankton. J.R.R. conducted all statistical analyses and wrote the paper. A.M.S. wrote parts of the Supplementary Methods. The paper was edited by all authors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biology Department, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA,

    Jason R. Rohr, Thomas R. Raffel & Neal Halstead

  2. Penn State Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA ,

    Jason R. Rohr & Thomas R. Raffel

  3. College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA ,

    Anna M. Schotthoefer, Camilla Lieske & Val R. Beasley

  4. School of Forest Resources, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA ,

    Hunter J. Carrick

  5. Department of Forest, Wildlife and Fisheries, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-4563, USA,

    Jason T. Hoverman

  6. Natural Resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55811, USA ,

    Catherine M. Johnson, Lucinda B. Johnson & Patrick K. Schoff

  7. Illinois Waste Management and Research Center, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA ,

    Marvin D. Piwoni

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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jason R. Rohr.

Supplementary information

Supplementary Information

This file contains Supplementary Methods and Discussion, Supplementary Tables S1-S8, and Supplementary Figures S1-S6. Supplementary Table S8 for this Letter should have been uploaded at the time of publication. This oversight was rectified no 06 January 2009 (PDF 2553 kb)

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Rohr, J., Schotthoefer, A., Raffel, T. et al. Agrochemicals increase trematode infections in a declining amphibian species. Nature 455, 1235–1239 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07281

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