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A dynamic upper atmosphere of Venus as revealed by VIRTIS on Venus Express

Abstract

The upper atmosphere of a planet is a transition region in which energy is transferred between the deeper atmosphere and outer space. Molecular emissions from the upper atmosphere (90–120 km altitude) of Venus can be used to investigate the energetics and to trace the circulation of this hitherto little-studied region. Previous spacecraft1 and ground-based2,3,4 observations of infrared emission from CO2, O2 and NO have established that photochemical and dynamic activity controls the structure of the upper atmosphere of Venus. These data, however, have left unresolved the precise altitude of the emission1 owing to a lack of data and of an adequate observing geometry5,6. Here we report measurements of day-side CO2 non-local thermodynamic equilibrium emission at 4.3 µm, extending from 90 to 120 km altitude, and of night-side O2 emission extending from 95 to 100 km. The CO2 emission peak occurs at 115 km and varies with solar zenith angle over a range of 10 km. This confirms previous modelling7, and permits the beginning of a systematic study of the variability of the emission. The O2 peak emission happens at 96 km ± 1 km, which is consistent with three-body recombination of oxygen atoms transported from the day side by a global thermospheric sub-solar to anti-solar circulation, as previously predicted8.

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Figure 1: CO 2 non-LTE emission on the day side of Venus.
Figure 2: O 2 emission in the night side upper atmosphere of Venus.
Figure 3: Apparent motions in the O 2 emission in nadir geometry during orbits 84 (above) and 96 (below).

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the work of the entire Venus Express team of ESA and Astrium, who allowed these data to be obtained. This work is supported by the national space agencies CNES and ASI, and by SFTC in the UK. J.C.G. thanks the FNRS and the PRODEX-ESA program for funding.

Author Contributions P.D. and G.P. have coordinated the work as Principal Investigators of VIRTIS. J.C.G. contributed to the O2 model, L.Z. to the O2 data selection, and M.A.L.-V. to the CO2 model. A.S.-L. and R.H. contributed to the dynamics calculation for Fig. 3. All authors contributed equally to the planning of the work, instrumental calibration and data calibration. F.W.T. and B.B. helped to finalize the paper.

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Drossart, P., Piccioni, G., Gérard, J. et al. A dynamic upper atmosphere of Venus as revealed by VIRTIS on Venus Express. Nature 450, 641–645 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06140

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