Helium isotopic evidence for episodic mantle melting and crustal growth

Abstract

The timing of formation of the Earth’s continental crust is the subject of a long-standing debate^1,2, with models ranging from early formation with little subsequent growth, to pulsed growth, to steadily increasing growth. But most models do agree that the continental crust was extracted from the mantle by partial melting³. If so, such crustal extraction should have left a chemical fingerprint in the isotopic composition of the mantle. The subduction of oceanic crust and subsequent convective mixing, however, seems to have largely erased this record in most mantle isotopic systems (for example, strontium, neodymium and lead). In contrast, helium is not recycled into the mantle because it is volatile and degasses from erupted oceanic basalts. Therefore helium isotopes may potentially preserve a clearer record of mantle depletion than recycled isotopes. Here I show that the spectrum of ⁴He/³He ratios in ocean island basalts appears to preserve the mantle’s depletion history, correlating closely with the ages of proposed continental growth pulses^4,5. The correlation independently predicts both the dominant ⁴He/³He peak found in modern mid-ocean-ridge basalts, as well as estimates of the initial ⁴He/³He ratio of the Earth⁶. The correspondence between the ages of mantle depletion events and pulses of crustal production implies that the formation of the continental crust was indeed episodic and punctuated by large, potentially global, melting events. The proposed helium isotopic evolution model does not require a primitive, undegassed mantle reservoir, and therefore is consistent with whole mantle convection.