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Direct observation of the superfluid phase transition in ultracold Fermi gases

Nature volume 442, pages 54–58 (2006)Cite this article

Abstract

Phase transitions are dramatic phenomena: water freezes into ice, atomic spins spontaneously align in a magnet, and liquid helium becomes superfluid. Sometimes, such a drastic change in behaviour is accompanied by a visible change in appearance. The hallmark of Bose–Einstein condensation and superfluidity in trapped, weakly interacting Bose gases is the sudden formation of a dense central core inside a thermal cloud1,2,3,4,5,6,7. However, in strongly interacting gases—such as the recently observed fermionic superfluids8—there is no longer a clear separation between the superfluid and the normal parts of the cloud. The detection of fermion pair condensates has required magnetic field sweeps9,10,11 into the weakly interacting regime, and the quantitative description of these sweeps presents a major theoretical challenge. Here we report the direct observation of the superfluid phase transition in a strongly interacting gas of 6Li fermions, through sudden changes in the shape of the clouds—in complete analogy to the case of weakly interacting Bose gases. By preparing unequal mixtures of the two spin components involved in the pairing12,13, we greatly enhance the contrast between the superfluid core and the normal component. Furthermore, the distribution of non-interacting excess atoms serves as a direct and reliable thermometer. Even in the normal state, strong interactions significantly deform the density profile of the majority spin component. We show that it is these interactions that drive the normal-to-superfluid transition at the critical population imbalance of 70 ± 5 per cent (ref. 12).

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Figure 1: Direct observation of the phase transition in a strongly interacting two-state mixture of fermions with imbalanced spin populations.
Figure 2: Characterization of the phase transition.
Figure 3: Quantum phase transition to superfluidity for decreasing population imbalance.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the participants of the Aspen winter conference on strongly interacting fermions for discussions. This work was supported by the NSF, ONR and NASA.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, and Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA

    Martin W. Zwierlein, Christian H. Schunck, André Schirotzek & Wolfgang Ketterle

Authors
  1. Martin W. Zwierlein
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  2. Christian H. Schunck
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  3. André Schirotzek
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  4. Wolfgang Ketterle
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Correspondence to Martin W. Zwierlein.

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Supplementary Notes

This file contains Supplementary Figures 1 and 2, which provide further signatures of the condensate on resonance. A Supplementary Discussion on hydrodynamic versus ballistic expansion is included. Furthermore, we obtain lower and upper bounds for the critical chemical potential difference on resonance, which excludes the possibility of BCS-type superfluidity with unequal densities. This file also contains Supplementary Methods. (PDF 232 kb)

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Zwierlein, M., Schunck, C., Schirotzek, A. et al. Direct observation of the superfluid phase transition in ultracold Fermi gases. Nature 442, 54–58 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04936

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