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Vitamin C degradation in plant cells via enzymatic hydrolysis of 4-O-oxalyl-l-threonate

Nature volume 433, pages 83–87 (2005)Cite this article

Abstract

Increasing the l-ascorbate (vitamin C) content of crops could in principle involve promoting its biosynthesis or inhibiting its degradation. Recent progress has revealed biosynthetic pathways for ascorbate1,2,3, but the degradative pathways remain unclear. The elucidation of such pathways could promote an understanding of the roles of ascorbate in plants4, and especially of the intriguing positive correlation between growth rate and ascorbate oxidase5,6 (or its products7). In some plants (Vitaceae), ascorbate is degraded via l-idonate to l-threarate (l-tartrate), with the latter arising from carbons 1–4 of ascorbate3,8,9,10,11. In most plants, however (including Vitaceae)11, ascorbate degradation can occur via dehydroascorbate, yielding oxalate12 plus l-threonate, with the latter from carbons 3–6 of ascorbate3,10,13. The metabolic steps between ascorbate and oxalate/l-threonate, and their subcellular location, were unknown. Here we show that this pathway operates extracellularly in cultured Rosa cells, proceeds via several novel intermediates including 4-O-oxalyl-l-threonate, and involves at least one new enzyme activity. The pathway can also operate non-enzymatically, potentially accounting for vitamin losses during cooking. Several steps in the pathway may generate peroxide; this may contribute to the role of ascorbate as a pro-oxidant14,15 that is potentially capable of loosening the plant cell wall and/or triggering an oxidative burst.

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Figure 1: Chemical characterization and metabolism of product F (4-O-oxalyl-l-threonate).
Figure 2: Periodate oxidation of 14C-F.
Figure 3: Inter-conversions involving compounds C, D, E, F and G (proposed chemical identities of D, F and G are shown in Fig. 4e).
Figure 4: Enzymatic and non-enzymatic degradation of vitamin C.

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Acknowledgements

We thank B. Dudley and J. Miller for technical assistance. M.A.G. thanks the BBSRC for a research studentship.

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  1. The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JH, UK

    Martha A. Green & Stephen C. Fry

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Correspondence to Stephen C. Fry.

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Green, M., Fry, S. Vitamin C degradation in plant cells via enzymatic hydrolysis of 4-O-oxalyl-l-threonate. Nature 433, 83–87 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03172

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