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Food-web interactions govern the resistance of communities after non-random extinctions

Nature volume 429, pages 174–177 (2004)Cite this article

Abstract

Growing concern about how loss of biodiversity will affect ecosystems has stimulated numerous studies1,2,3,4,5. Although most studies have assumed that species go extinct randomly6,7,8, species often go extinct in order of their sensitivity to a stress that intensifies through time (such as climate change)9. Here we show that the consequences of random and ordered extinctions differ. Both depend on food-web interactions that create compensation; that is, the increase of some species when their competitors and/or predators decrease in density due to environmental stress. Compensation makes communities as a whole more resistant to stress by reducing changes in combined species densities. As extinctions progress, the potential for compensation is depleted, and communities become progressively less resistant. For ordered extinctions, however, this depletion is offset and communities retain their resistance, because the surviving species have greater average resistance to the stress. Despite extinctions being ordered, changes in the food web with successive extinctions make it difficult to predict which species will show compensation in the future. This unpredictability argues for ‘whole-ecosystem’ approaches to biodiversity conservation, as seemingly insignificant species may become important after other species go extinct.

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Figure 1: Example of the response of a tritrophic community to environmental stress.
Figure 2: Responses of species tolerances to environmental degradation in various communities.
Figure 3: Effect of interspecific interaction strength on the change in mean tolerance of species, Δδ̄, when a 20-species community is reduced to a 10-species community through ordered extinction of the most sensitive species.

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Acknowledgements

We thank J. Boughman, S. R. Carpenter, A. E. Forbes, R. Haygood, C. T. Harvey, M. R. Helmus, K. J. Tilmon and M. J. Vander Zanden for help. Funding was provided by the US National Science Foundation.

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  1. Department of Zoology, UW-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA

    Anthony R. Ives & Bradley J. Cardinale

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  1. Anthony R. Ives
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Correspondence to Anthony R. Ives.

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

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Supplementary Methods

Detailed explanations of the mathematical analyses in the paper and generalisations of major results using analytical theory. (PDF 18 kb)

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Ives, A., Cardinale, B. Food-web interactions govern the resistance of communities after non-random extinctions. Nature 429, 174–177 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02515

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