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Mood, stress and longevity: convergence on ANK3

Molecular Psychiatry volume 21, pages 1037–1049 (2016)Cite this article

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Abstract

Antidepressants have been shown to improve longevity in C. elegans. It is plausible that orthologs of genes involved in mood regulation and stress response are involved in such an effect. We sought to understand the underlying biology. First, we analyzed the transcriptome from worms treated with the antidepressant mianserin, previously identified in a large-scale unbiased drug screen as promoting increased lifespan in worms. We identified the most robust treatment-related changes in gene expression, and identified the corresponding human orthologs. Our analysis uncovered a series of genes and biological pathways that may be at the interface between antidepressant effects and longevity, notably pathways involved in drug metabolism/degradation (nicotine and melatonin). Second, we examined which of these genes overlap with genes which may be involved in depressive symptoms in an aging non-psychiatric human population (n=3577), discovered using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach in a design with extremes of distribution of phenotype. Third, we used a convergent functional genomics (CFG) approach to prioritize these genes for relevance to mood disorders and stress. The top gene identified was ANK3. To validate our findings, we conducted genetic and gene-expression studies, in C. elegans and in humans. We studied C. elegans inactivating mutants for ANK3/unc-44, and show that they survive longer than wild-type, particularly in older worms, independently of mianserin treatment. We also show that some ANK3/unc-44 expression is necessary for the effects of mianserin on prolonging lifespan and survival in the face of oxidative stress, particularly in younger worms. Wild-type ANK3/unc-44 increases in expression with age in C. elegans, and is maintained at lower youthful levels by mianserin treatment. These lower levels may be optimal in terms of longevity, offering a favorable balance between sufficient oxidative stress resistance in younger worms and survival effects in older worms. Thus, ANK3/unc-44 may represent an example of antagonistic pleiotropy, in which low-expression level in young animals are beneficial, but the age-associated increase becomes detrimental. Inactivating mutations in ANK3/unc-44 reverse this effect and cause detrimental effects in young animals (sensitivity to oxidative stress) and beneficial effect in old animals (increased survival). In humans, we studied if the most significant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) for depressive symptoms in ANK3 from our GWAS has a relationship to lifespan, and show a trend towards longer lifespan in individuals with the risk allele for depressive symptoms in men (odds ratio (OR) 1.41, P=0.031) but not in women (OR 1.08, P=0.33). We also examined whether ANK3, by itself or in a panel with other top CFG-prioritized genes, acts as a blood gene-expression biomarker for biological age, in two independent cohorts, one of live psychiatric patients (n=737), and one of suicide completers from the coroner’s office (n=45). We show significantly lower levels of ANK3 expression in chronologically younger individuals than in middle age individuals, with a diminution of that effect in suicide completers, who presumably have been exposed to more severe and acute negative mood and stress. Of note, ANK3 was previously reported to be overexpressed in fibroblasts from patients with Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome, a form of accelerated aging. Taken together, these studies uncover ANK3 and other genes in our dataset as biological links between mood, stress and longevity/aging, that may be biomarkers as well as targets for preventive or therapeutic interventions. Drug repurposing bioinformatics analyses identified the relatively innocuous omega-3 fatty acid DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), piracetam, quercetin, vitamin D and resveratrol as potential longevity promoting compounds, along with a series of existing drugs, such as estrogen-like compounds, antidiabetics and sirolimus/rapamycin. Intriguingly, some of our top candidate genes for mood and stress-modulated longevity were changed in expression in opposite direction in previous studies in the Alzheimer disease. Additionally, a whole series of others were changed in expression in opposite direction in our previous studies on suicide, suggesting the possibility of a “life switch” actively controlled by mood and stress.

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Acknowledgements

This work is, in essence, a field-wide collaboration. We acknowledge our debt of gratitude for the efforts and results of the many other groups, cited in our paper, who have conducted and published studies (clinical, genetic and biological) in mood disorders, stress, longevity and aging. With their arduous and careful work, a convergent approach such as ours is possible. We thank Farnoosh Khan, Naga Vanipenta and Eddie Stage for help with building literature databases. We also would particularly like to thank the subjects who participated in these studies, their families and their caregivers. Without their contribution, such work to advance the understanding of aging would not be possible. This work was supported by two NIH Directors’ New Innovator Awards (1DP2OD007363 to ABN and 1DP2OD008398 to MP), as well as NIH U19 A1063603 to DRS, NIH R00 LM011384 to KN and IADC P30 AG010133 to AJS.

Author contributions

ABN, MP, DRS and AJS designed the study, and ABN wrote the manuscript. SR, DFL, KN, NJ, KDA and HLN conducted experiments and analyzed the data. All authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript.

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  1. S Rangaraju, D F Levey and K Nho: These authors contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA

    S Rangaraju, D R Salomon & M Petrascheck

  2. Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA

    D F Levey, N Jain, K D Andrews, H Le-Niculescu & A B Niculescu

  3. Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA

    K Nho & A J Saykin

  4. Indianapolis VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA

    A B Niculescu

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  1. S Rangaraju
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The authors declare no conflict of interest. ABN, MP, DRS and AJS are listed as inventors on a patent application being filed by Indiana University and Scripps.

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Rangaraju, S., Levey, D., Nho, K. et al. Mood, stress and longevity: convergence on ANK3. Mol Psychiatry 21, 1037–1049 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2016.65

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