Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Original Article
  • Published:

Genome-wide association study of Tourette's syndrome

Abstract

Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a developmental disorder that has one of the highest familial recurrence rates among neuropsychiatric diseases with complex inheritance. However, the identification of definitive TS susceptibility genes remains elusive. Here, we report the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) of TS in 1285 cases and 4964 ancestry-matched controls of European ancestry, including two European-derived population isolates, Ashkenazi Jews from North America and Israel and French Canadians from Quebec, Canada. In a primary meta-analysis of GWAS data from these European ancestry samples, no markers achieved a genome-wide threshold of significance (P<5 × 10−8); the top signal was found in rs7868992 on chromosome 9q32 within COL27A1 (P=1.85 × 10−6). A secondary analysis including an additional 211 cases and 285 controls from two closely related Latin American population isolates from the Central Valley of Costa Rica and Antioquia, Colombia also identified rs7868992 as the top signal (P=3.6 × 10−7 for the combined sample of 1496 cases and 5249 controls following imputation with 1000 Genomes data). This study lays the groundwork for the eventual identification of common TS susceptibility variants in larger cohorts and helps to provide a more complete understanding of the full genetic architecture of this disorder.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Rent or buy this article

Prices vary by article type

from$1.95

to$39.95

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Figure 1
Figure 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. APA. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) edn. American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC 2000.

  2. Jankovic J, Kurlan R . Tourette syndrome: evolving concepts. Mov Disord 2011; 26: 1149–1156.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Scharf JM, Pauls DL . Genetics of tic disorders. In: Rimoin DL, Connor JM, Pyeritz RE, Korf BR (eds) Emery and Rimoin's Principles and Practices of Medical Genetics, 5th edn Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier: Philadelphia, 2007 pp 2737–2754.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Robertson MM . The prevalence and epidemiology of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Part 1: the epidemiological and prevalence studies. J Psychosom Res 2008; 65: 461–472.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Freeman RD, Fast DK, Burd L, Kerbeshian J, Robertson MM, Sandor P . An international perspective on Tourette syndrome: selected findings from 3500 individuals in 22 countries. Dev Med Child Neurol 2000; 42: 436–447.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Elstner K, Selai CE, Trimble MR, Robertson MM . Quality of Life (QOL) of patients with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2001; 103: 52–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Leckman JF, Bloch MH, King RA, Scahill L . Phenomenology of tics and natural history of tic disorders. Adv Neurol 2006; 99: 1–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. O'Rourke JA, Scharf JM, Yu D, Pauls DL . The genetics of Tourette syndrome: a review. J Psychosom Res 2009; 67: 533–545.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. NIMH Genetics Workgroup. Genetics and Mental Disorders. National Institute of Mental Health: Rockville, MD, 1998. Report no. 98-4268.

  10. TSAICG. Genome scan for Tourette disorder in affected-sibling-pair and multigenerational families. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 80: 265–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Verkerk AJ, Mathews CA, Joosse M, Eussen BH, Heutink P, Oostra BA . CNTNAP2 is disrupted in a family with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and obsessive compulsive disorder. Genomics 2003; 82: 1–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Abelson JF, Kwan KY, O'Roak BJ, Baek DY, Stillman AA, Morgan TM et al. Sequence variants in SLITRK1 are associated with Tourette's syndrome. Science 2005; 310: 317–320.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ercan-Sencicek AG, Stillman AA, Ghosh AK, Bilguvar K, O'Roak BJ, Mason CE et al. L-histidine decarboxylase and Tourette's syndrome. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 1901–1908.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Scharf JM, Moorjani P, Fagerness J, Platko JV, Illmann C, Galloway B et al. Lack of association between SLITRK1var321 and Tourette syndrome in a large family-based sample. Neurology 2008; 70 (16 Pt 2): 1495–1496.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. O'Roak BJ, Morgan TM, Fishman DO, Saus E, Alonso P, Gratacos M et al. Additional support for the association of SLITRK1 var321 and Tourette syndrome. Mol Psychiatry 2010; 15: 447–450.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. TSCSG. Definitions and classification of tic disorders. Arch Neurol 1993; 50: 1013–1016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Bierut LJ, Saccone NL, Rice JP, Goate A, Foroud T, Edenberg H et al. Defining alcohol-related phenotypes in humans. The Collaborative Study on the genetics of alcoholism. Alcohol Res Health 2002; 26: 208–213.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Bierut LJ, Madden PA, Breslau N, Johnson EO, Hatsukami D, Pomerleau OF et al. Novel genes identified in a high-density genome wide association study for nicotine dependence. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16: 24–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Bierut LJ, Strickland JR, Thompson JR, Afful SE, Cottler LB . Drug use and dependence in cocaine dependent subjects, community-based individuals, and their siblings. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008; 95: 14–22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Stefansson H, Ophoff RA, Steinberg S, Andreassen OA, Cichon S, Rujescu D et al. Common variants conferring risk of schizophrenia. Nature 2009; 460: 744–747.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Carvajal-Carmona LG, Ophoff R, Service S, Hartiala J, Molina J, Leon P et al. Genetic demography of Antioquia (Colombia) and the Central Valley of Costa Rica. Hum Genet 2003; 112: 534–541.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Service S, DeYoung J, Karayiorgou M, Roos JL, Pretorious H, Bedoya G et al. Magnitude and distribution of linkage disequilibrium in population isolates and implications for genome-wide association studies. Nat Genet 2006; 38: 556–560.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Purcell S, Neale B, Todd-Brown K, Thomas L, Ferreira MA, Bender D et al. PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 81: 559–575.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Price AL, Patterson NJ, Plenge RM, Weinblatt ME, Shadick NA, Reich D . Principal components analysis corrects for stratification in genome-wide association studies. Nat Genet 2006; 38: 904–909.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Stewart SE, Yu D, Scharf JM, Neale BM, Fagerness JA, Mathews CA, Arnold PD et al. Genome-wide association study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry (in press).

  26. Willer CJ, Li Y, Abecasis GR . METAL: fast and efficient meta-analysis of genomewide association scans. Bioinformatics 2010; 26: 2190–2191.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Gamazon ER, Nicolae DL, Cox NJ . A study of CNVs as trait-associated polymorphisms and as expression quantitative trait loci. PLoS Genet 2011; 7: e1001292.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Gibbs JR, van der Brug MP, Hernandez DG, Traynor BJ, Nalls MA, Lai SL et al. Abundant quantitative trait loci exist for DNA methylation and gene expression in human brain. PLoS Genet 2010; 6: e1000952.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Gamazon ER, Badner JA, Cheng L, Zhang C, Zhang D, Cox NJ et al. Enrichment of cis-regulatory gene expression SNPs and methylation quantitative trait loci among bipolar disorder susceptibility variants. Mol Psychiatry; advance online publication, 3 January 2012; doi:10.1038/mp.2011.174.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Zhang D, Cheng L, Badner JA, Chen C, Chen Q, Luo W et al. Genetic control of individual differences in gene-specific methylation in human brain. Am J Hum Genet 2010; 86: 411–419.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Howie BN, Donnelly P, Marchini J . A flexible and accurate genotype imputation method for the next generation of genome-wide association studies. PLoS Genet 2009; 5: e1000529.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. 1000 Genomes Project. A map of human genome variation from population-scale sequencing. Nature 2010; 467: 1061–1073.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Pe'er I, Yelensky R, Altshuler D, Daly MJ . Estimation of the multiple testing burden for genomewide association studies of nearly all common variants. Genet Epidemiol 2008; 32: 381–385.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Dudbridge F, Gusnanto A . Estimation of significance thresholds for genomewide association scans. Genet Epidemiol 2008; 32: 227–234.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Sullivan PF . The psychiatric GWAS consortium: big science comes to psychiatry. Neuron 2010; 68: 182–186.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Mink JW . Neurobiology of basal ganglia and Tourette syndrome: basal ganglia circuits and thalamocortical outputs. Adv Neurol 2006; 99: 89–98.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. NIMH Transcriptional Atlas of Human Brain Development. http://developinghumanbrain.org, 2011, Accessed 26 May 2011..

  38. Pace JM, Corrado M, Missero C, Byers PH . Identification, characterization and expression analysis of a new fibrillar collagen gene, COL27A1. Matrix Biol 2003; 22: 3–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Fox MA . Novel roles for collagens in wiring the vertebrate nervous system. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2008; 20: 508–513.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Dieci G, Fiorino G, Castelnuovo M, Teichmann M, Pagano A . The expanding RNA polymerase III transcriptome. Trends Genet 2007; 23: 614–622.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Saitsu H, Osaka H, Sasaki M, Takanashi J, Hamada K, Yamashita A et al. Mutations in POLR3A and POLR3B encoding RNA Polymerase III subunits cause an autosomal-recessive hypomyelinating leukoencephalopathy. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 89: 644–651.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Tetreault M, Choquet K, Orcesi S, Tonduti D, Balottin U, Teichmann M et al. Recessive mutations in POLR3B, encoding the second largest subunit of Pol III, cause a rare hypomyelinating leukodystrophy. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 89: 652–655.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Reymond N, Borg JP, Lecocq E, Adelaide J, Campadelli-Fiume G, Dubreuil P et al. Human nectin3/PRR3: a novel member of the PVR/PRR/nectin family that interacts with afadin. Gene 2000; 255: 347–355.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Wang CH, Su PT, Du XY, Kuo MW, Lin CY, Yang CC et al. Thrombospondin type I domain containing 7A (THSD7A) mediates endothelial cell migration and tube formation. J Cell Physiol 2010; 222: 685–694.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Van Deerlin VM, Sleiman PM, Martinez-Lage M, Chen-Plotkin A, Wang LS, Graff-Radford NR et al. Common variants at 7p21 are associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 inclusions. Nat Genet 2010; 42: 234–239.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Miranda DM, Wigg K, Kabia EM, Feng Y, Sandor P, Barr CL . Association of SLITRK1 to Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B: 483–486.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Karagiannidis I, Rizzo R, Tarnok Z, Wolanczyk T, Hebebrand J, Nothen MM et al. Replication of association between a SLITRK1 haplotype and Tourette Syndrome in a large sample of families. Mol Psychiatry; advance online publication, 15 November 2011; doi:10.1038/mp.2011.151.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Sebastiani P, Solovieff N, Puca A, Hartley SW, Melista E, Andersen S et al. Genetic signatures of exceptional longevity in humans. Science 2010 [Science advance online publication, 1 July 2010; doi:10.1126/science.1190532; Retraction in: Science 2011; 333: 404].

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Wang S, Ray N, Rojas W, Parra MV, Bedoya G, Gallo C et al. Geographic patterns of genome admixture in Latin American Mestizos. PLoS Genet 2008; 4: e1000037.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Sundaram SK, Huq AM, Wilson BJ, Chugani HT . Tourette syndrome is associated with recurrent exonic copy number variants. Neurology 2010; 74: 1583–1590.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Sundaram SK, Huq AM, Sun Z, Yu W, Bennett L, Wilson BJ et al. Exome sequencing of a pedigree with Tourette syndrome or chronic tic disorder. Ann Neurol 2011; 69: 901–904.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Fernandez TV, Sanders SJ, Yurkiewicz IR, Ercan-Sencicek AG, Kim YS, Fishman DO et al. Rare copy number variants in Tourette syndrome disrupt genes in histaminergic pathways and overlap with autism. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 71: 392–402.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. International Schizophrenia Consortium. Rare chromosomal deletions and duplications increase risk of schizophrenia. Nature 2008; 455: 237–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Lee SH, DeCandia TR, Ripke S, Yang J, Sullivan PF, Goddard ME et al. Estimating the proportion of variation in susceptibility to schizophrenia captured by common SNPs. Nat Genet 2012; 44: 247–250.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Sullivan P . Don't give up on GWAS. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17: 2–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to all the patients with Tourette's syndrome who generously agreed to participate in this study. Furthermore, the members of the Tourette Syndrome Association International Consortium for Genetics are deeply indebted to the Tourette Syndrome Association for their guidance and support. We also thank Libby Bernier and Janelle Alabiso for their assistance in manuscript preparation and Stephan Ripke for help with meta-analysis figures. This work was supported by a grant from the Judah Foundation, NIH Grants NS40024 to DLP and the Tourette Syndrome Association International Consortium for Genetics, NIH Grant NS16648 and a grant from the Tourette Syndrome Association to DLP, NIH Grant NS037484 to NBF, NIH Grant NS043538 to AR-L, American Recovery and Re-investment Act (ARRA) awards NS40024-07S1 and NS16648-29S1 to DLP, NIH Grant MH079489, and an American Academy of Neurology Foundation Grant and NIH Grant MH085057 to JMS. The Broad Institute Center for Genotyping and Analysis was supported by Grant U54 RR020278 from the National Center for Research Resources. Support was also provided by the New Jersey Center for Tourette Syndrome & Associated Disorders (through New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services: 08-1827-FS-N-0) to GAH and JAT and P01MH049351, R01MH061940, K05MH076273 and T32MH018268 to JFL. Funding support for generation of the eQTL data was provided by the UK Medical Research Council and the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services project Z01 AG000932-02. Funding support for the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment (SAGE) was provided through the NIH Genes, Environment and Health Initiative [GEI] (U01 HG004422). SAGE is one of the genome-wide association studies funded as part of the Gene Environment Association Studies (GENEVA) under GEI. Assistance with phenotype harmonization and genotype cleaning, as well as with general study coordination, was provided by the GENEVA Coordinating Center (U01 HG004446). Assistance with data cleaning was provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Support for collection of data sets and samples was provided by the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA; U10 AA008401), the Collaborative Genetic Study of Nicotine Dependence (COGEND; P01 CA089392) and the Family Study of Cocaine Dependence (FSCD; R01 DA013423). Funding support for genotyping, which was performed at the Johns Hopkins University Center for Inherited Disease Research, was provided by the NIH GEI (U01HG004438), the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the NIH contract ‘High throughput genotyping for studying the genetic contributions to human disease’ (HHSN268200782096C). The data sets used for the analyses described in this manuscript were obtained from dbGaP at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/gap/cgi-bin/study.cgi?study_id=phs000092.v1.p1 through dbGaP accession number phs000092.v1.p. None of the funding agencies for this project (NINDS, NIMH, the Tourette Syndrome Association and the Judah Foundation) had any influence or played any role in (1) the design or conduct of the study; (2) management, analysis or interpretation of the data; and (3) preparation, review or approval of the manuscript.

Author contributions

Manuscript preparation: JM Scharf, D Yu, CA Mathews, BM Neale, SE Stewart, JA Fagerness, E Gamazon, NB Freimer, NJ Cox and DL Pauls.

Study design: JM Scharf, D Yu, CA Mathews, BM Neale, SE Stewart, JA Fagerness, S Purcell, P Heutink, BA Oostra, WM McMahon, NB Freimer, NJ Cox and DL Pauls.

Data analysis: D Yu, BM Neale, JM Scharf, P Evans, E Gamazon, CK Edlund, SK Service, SE Stewart, A Tikhomirov, A Pluzhnikov, A Konkashbaev, LK Davis, B Han, D Posthuma, E Eskin, C Sabatti, DV Conti, JA Knowles, NB Freimer, S Purcell and NJ Cox.

Project management: JM Scharf, JA Fagerness and DL Pauls.

Sample management and processing: JA Fagerness, JM Scharf, J Crane, P Moorjani and DL Pauls.

Genotyping: AT Crenshaw, MA Parkin and DB Mirel.

Phenotype management: CA Mathews, JM Scharf, L Osiecki, C Illmann, SE Stewart, W McMahon and DL Pauls.

Case sample collection:

European Ancestry Samples (ordered by numbers of submitted samples): Yale University: RA King (Site PI), TV Fernandez, KK Kidd, JR Kidd, JF Leckman, AJ Pakstis, MW State; Utrecht University/VU Medical Center: DC Cath (Site PI), JH Smit, P Heutink; University of Toronto: P Sandor (Site PI), CL Barr, N Phan; Massachusetts General Hospital: DL Pauls (Site PI), C Illmann, L Osiecki, JM Scharf; University of Utah: WM McMahon (Site PI), G Lyon, M Leppert, J Morgan, R Weiss; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine: MA Grados (Site PI), K Anderson, S Davarya, H Singer, J Walkup; Baylor College of Medicine: J Jankovic (Site PI); Rutgers University: JA Tischfield (Site PI), GA Heiman, RA King; University of Cincinnati: DL Gilbert (Site PI); University of Groningen: PJ Hoekstra(Site PI); University College London: MM Robertson (Site PI); UCSF: CA Mathews (Site PI), VI Reus, TL Lowe, P Lee, M Rangel-Lugo; University of Rochester School of Medicine: R Kurlan (Site PI).

French Canadian Samples: University of Montreal: GA Rouleau (Site PI), S Chouinard, Y Dion, S Girard.

Ashkenazi Jewish Samples: UCSF: CA Mathews (Site PI), VI Reus, TL Lowe, M Rangel-Lugo. Shaare Zedek Medical Center: V Gross-Tsur (Site PI), Y Pollak; Hadassah Mount Scopus Hospital: F Benarroch; North Shore-Long Island Jewish Medical Center: C Budman (Site PI), R Bruun.

Central Valley Costa Rica (CVCR) Samples: UCSF: CA Mathews (Site PI), VI Reus, TL Lowe, M Rangel-Lugo; N Weiss; Hospital Nacional de Niños: LD Herrera (Site PI), R Romero, E Fournier; UCLA: NB Freimer (Site PI).

Antioquia Colombian Samples: University of College London: A Ruiz-Linares (Site PI), B Kremeyer, DD Campbell, H Muller; Universidad de Antioquia: G Bedoya Berrío, J Cardona Silgado, W Cornejo Ochoa, S Mesa Restrepo, A Valencia Duarte.

Control Sample Collection: University Medical Center, Utrecht: RA Ophoff, E Strengman; University of Bonn: M Wagner, R Moessner.

eQTL and mQTL data: C Liu; JR Gibbs and A Singleton for the North American Brain Expression Consortium ; J Hardy for the UK Human Brain Expression Database.

North American Brain Expression Consortium: S Arepalli1, MR Cookson1, A Dillman1, L Ferrucci2, JR Gibbs1,3, DG Hernandez1,3, R Johnson4, DL Longo5, Michael A Nalls1, Richard O'Brien6, Andrew Singleton1, Bryan Traynor1, Juan Troncoso6, Marcel van der Brug1,7, HR Zielke4, A Zonderman8; UK Human Brain Expression Database: JA Hardy3, M Ryten3, C Smith9, D Trabzuni3, R Walker9 and Mike Weale10

1Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; 2Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA; 3Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; 4NICHD Brain and Tissue Bank for Developmental Disorders, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD, USA; 5Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; 6Brain Resource Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; 7ITGR Biomarker Discovery Group, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA; 8Research Resources Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; 9Department of Pathology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK and 10King's College London, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, UK.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Consortia

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to J M Scharf or D L Pauls.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

Drs Pauls, Scharf, Mathews, Cox, Freimer, McMahon, Heutink, Oostra, Grados, King, Rouleau, Sandor and Budman have all received research support from the NIH and the Tourette Syndrome Association (TSA) on behalf of the TSA International Consortium for Genetics (TSAICG). Drs Scharf, Mathews and Grados have received honoraria and travel support from the TSA. Dr Mathews is a member of the TSA Medical Advisory Board. Dr Sandor has received support and consulting fees from Psyadon, Shire, Solway, UCB Pharma, Janssen, Eli Lilly, Pfizer and Prestwick. Dr Budman has been funded by Psyadon Pharmaceuticals, Otsuka Pharmaceuticals and NINDS and is a member of the National TSA Medical Advisory Board, LI TSA and LI CHADD Medical Advisory Boards. Dr Hoekstra has received honoraria for advice through Desitin, Eli Lilly and Shire. Dr Dion has received honoraria from Biovail Pharma, Pfizer and Eli Lilly. Dr Leckman has been funded by the NIH, the TSA, Talecris Biotherapeutics, Klingenstein Third Generation Foundation, John Wiley and Sons, McGraw Hill and Oxford University Press. Dr Walkup receives research support, travel support for paid and unpaid activities, serves in an unpaid position on the Medical Advisory Board and receives an honorarium for an Educational Meeting from the TSA. He receives royalties from Guilford Press and Oxford Press. He received free medication and placebo from Lilly, Pfizer and Abbott for NIH-funded studies. Dr Jankovic has received research grants from the following: Allergan, Allon Therapeutics, Ceregene, Chelsea Therapeutics, Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, EMD Serono, Huntington's Disease Society of America, Huntington Study Group, Impax Pharmaceuticals, Ipsen Limited, Lundbeck, Medtronic, Merz Pharmaceuticals, Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson Research, National Institutes of Health, National Parkinson Foundation, Neurogen, St Jude Medical, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, University of Rochester and Parkinson Study Group. He has served as a consultant or advisory committee member for Allergan, Chelsea Therapeutics, EMD Serono, Lundbeck, Merz Pharmaceuticals, Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson Research and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries. He also serves on the editorial boards for Elsevier, Medlink: Neurology, Neurology in Clinical Practice, Neurotoxin Institute, Scientiae and UpToDate. Dr Knowles is on the Scientific Advisory Committee for Next-Generation Sequencing of Life Technologies, and is a technical advisor to SoftGenetics. Ms Anderson, Dr Barr, Dr Benarroch, Mr Berrío, Dr Bruun, Mr Campbell, Dr Cath, Dr Chouinard, Dr Conti, Ms Crane, Mr Crenshaw, Ms Davarya, Dr Davis, Ms Duarte, Mr Edlund, Dr Erenberg, Dr Eskin, Dr Evans, Mr Fagerness, Dr Fernandez, Mr Fournier, Mr Gamazon, Mr Gibbs, Dr Gilbert, Dr Girard, Dr Gross-Tsur, Dr Han, Dr Hardy, Dr Heiman, Dr Herrera, Dr Heutink, Dr Illmann, Dr J Kidd, Dr K Kidd, Mr. Konkashbaev, Dr Kremeyer, Dr Kurlan, Dr Lee, Dr Leppert, Dr Liu, Dr Lowe, Dr Lyon, Dr Mirel, Dr Moessner, Ms Moorjani, Mr Morgan, Mr Muller, Dr Naarden, Dr Neale, Dr Ochoa, Dr Ophoff, Ms Osiecki, Dr Pakstis, Ms Parkin, Mr Phan, Dr Pluzhnikov, Dr Pollak, Dr Posthuma, Dr Purcell, Dr Rangel-Lugo, Dr Restrepo, Dr Reus, Ms Rivas, Dr Robertson, Ms Romero, Dr Ruiz-Linares, Dr Sabatti, Ms Service, Mr Silgado, Dr Singer, Dr Singleton, Dr Smit, Dr State, Dr Stewart, Mr. Strengman, Dr Tikhomirov, Dr Tischfield, Dr Wagner, Dr N Weiss, Dr R Weiss and Ms Yu declare no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Supplementary Information accompanies the paper on the Molecular Psychiatry website

Supplementary information

PowerPoint slides

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Scharf, J., Yu, D., Mathews, C. et al. Genome-wide association study of Tourette's syndrome. Mol Psychiatry 18, 721–728 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2012.69

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2012.69

Keywords

This article is cited by

Search

Quick links