Inhibitory signals for mononuclear phagocytes

Matija Hedl and Clara Abraham discuss negative regulation of pattern-recognition receptor–mediated macrophage and dendritic cell activation and the potential consequences for mucosal immunity when these pathways are disrupted. See page 205

Intestinal stromal cells

Benjamin Owens and Alison Simmons succinctly review what is currently known regarding the role of stromal cells in immune homeostasis in the intestine. See page 224

Chlamydia induces IL-1β via Nod1

Paula Kavathas and colleagues demonstrate an important role for Nod1, but not the Nalp3/ASC inflammasome, in the production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) from human trophoblast cells infected with Chlamydia trachomatis. See page 235

Regulation of IL-21 in celiac disease

Massimiliano Sarra and co-workers provide data supporting a role for interleukin-15 (IL-15) in the production of IL-21 by intestinal T cells in patients with celiac disease. See page 244

Aspirin and lung injury

Olaf Eickmeier and colleagues found that aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 inhibited lung inflammation in a murine model of acute lung injury. See page 256

Treg impairment in SAMP1/Yit mice

Dai Ishikawa and colleagues provide data suggesting a functional impairment of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in SAMP1/Yit mice, which develop spontaneous ileitis. See page 267

Broad cellular immunity with influenza M2e vaccine

Michael Schotsaert and co-workers report that immunization of mice with a vaccine composed of virus-like particles and the conserved matrix 2 protein (M2e) antigen of influenza A induced robust, broadly protective cellular immune responses following a primary challenge. See page 276

Polysaccharide vaccines and local B-cell memory

Ed Clarke and colleagues demonstrate the failure of polysaccharide–conjugate vaccines to induce local B-cell memory in the human nasopharyngeal mucosa. See page 288

Intestinal nematodes, IL-10, and diabetes

Pankaj Mishra and coauthors found that the protection against diabetes development in nonobese diabetic mice that is provided by intestinal infection with Heligmosomoides polygyrus is dependent on interleukin-10 (IL-10) but not on T helper type 2 cells. See page 297

Poor iTreg differentiation in mdr1a-deficient mice

Scott Tanner and colleagues show that naive T cells from mdr1a-deficient mice have a poor capacity to develop into induced regulatory T cells (iTregs) both in vitro and in vivo following adoptive transfer into Rag-knockout mice. See page 309

CTLA-4 promotes Treg accumulation in the colon

Michael Barnes and coauthors demonstrate that the inhibitory molecule CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4) helps promote the differentiation of induced T regulatory cells (iTregs), their accumulation in the colon, and their function during intestinal inflammation. See page 324

Th17 cells in airway inflammation and remodeling

Using a mouse model of asthma, Jingyue Zhao and co-workers identified a role for T helper type 17 (Th17) cells in abrogating regulatory T cell–mediated allergen-induced tolerance and in airway remodeling. See page 335

IL-9 and colitis

Hye Sung Kim and Doo Hyun Chung demonstrate that interleukin-9 (IL-9)-producing natural killer T cells can protect against dextran sulfate sodium–induced colitis. See page 347

Intestinal microbiota of Xenopus laevis

Sara Mashoof and colleagues found that neither endogenous intestinal microbiota of Xenopus laevis nor immunization-induced class switching to immunoglobulin X—a secreted immunoglobulin and likely ancient precursor of immunoglobulin A—are afffected by thymectomy. See page 358

T-cell effects on the brush border

Shahram Solaymani-Mohammadi and Steven Singer demonstrate that CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses to Giardia duodenalis infection influence the presence and functions of ezrin and villin, cytoskeletal components of the intestinal brush border. See page 369

Airway mucins and glycocalyx

Mehmet Kesimer and colleagues present a detailed view of the molecular organization of the mucins and glycocalyx of airways. See page 379

Vaginal TLR-agonists enhance local immunity

Sonia Domingos-Pereira and co-workers found that intravaginal application of Toll-like-receptor (TLR) agonists enhanced local CD8+ T-cell responses to a parenteral human papillomavirus vaccine. See page 393

IL-33-T1/ST2 in allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis

Daniel Piehler and colleagues describe an important role for T1/ST2, the receptor for interleukin-33 (IL-33), in driving allergic T helper type 2 responses to pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans infection. See page 405

Bacterial glycan regulates Th17 responses

Rajendra Settem and co-workers provide data to support the conclusion that the surface O-linked glycosidation of Tannerella forsythia, an important periodontal pathogen, can suppress the induction of T helper type 17 (Th17) responses through its effects on dendritic cells. See page 415

Cervicovaginal mucus blocks HIV diffusion

Shetha Shukair and colleagues demonstrate that cervicovaginal mucus is particularly effective in blocking HIV diffusion, possibly via pH-dependent viral interactions with mucin glycoproteins. See page 427