Abstract
All-trans-retinoic-acid (ATRA)-induced differentiation of human myeloid leukemia cells is characterized by persistent mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Fragmentary data suggests Src family kinase (SFK) inhibitors enhance differentiation, and thus have potential therapeutic value. The present study shows that SFK inhibitors PP2 and dasatinib enhance aspects of MAPK signaling and regulate a panel of differentiation markers, including CD11b and p47phox. HL-60 and NB4 myeloid leukemia cells show accelerated ATRA-induced G1/0 arrest/differentiation with inhibitor co-treatment. We also identified components of a Lyn- and c-Raf-containing MAPK signaling complex augmented by the inhibitors. PP2 and dasatinib increased the ATRA-induced expression of Lyn and c-Raf (total and c-RafpS259) and their interaction. The Lyn-associated serine/threonine kinase, casein kinase II (CK2), also complexed with c-Raf and c-RafpS259, and the kinase suppressor of Ras 1 (KSR1) scaffold protein bound c-Raf, Lyn and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). c-Raf/ERK association was increased by the inhibitors, which is significant as ERK may cause c-Raf C-terminal domain (CTD) phosphorylation in a putative feedback mechanism. Consistent with this, inhibitor treatment caused more CTD phosphorylation. Lyn knockdown decreased c-Raf CTD and S259 phosphorylation. This is the first evidence suggesting SFK inhibitors enhance ATRA-induced differentiation through a possible feedback loop involving KSR1-scaffolded c-Raf and ERK complexed with Lyn and CK2.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$259.00 per year
only $21.58 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kim MP, Park SI, Kopetz S, Gallick GE . Src family kinases as mediators of endothelial permeability: effects on inflammation and metastasis. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 335: 249–259.
Danhauser-Riedl S, Warmuth M, Druker BJ, Emmerich B, Hallek M . Activation of Src kinases p53/56lyn and p59hck by p210bcr/abl in myeloid cells. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 3589–3596.
Klejman A, Schreiner SJ, Nieborowska-Skorska M, Slupianek A, Wilson M, Smithgall TE et al. The Src family kinase Hck couples BCR/ABL to STAT5 activation in myeloid leukemia cells. EMBO J 2002; 21: 5766–5774.
Dos Santos C, Demur C, Bardet V, Prade-Houdellier N, Payrastre B, Recher C . A critical role for Lyn in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2008; 111: 2269–2279.
Kropf PL, Wang L, Zang Y, Redner RL, Johnson DE . Dasatinib promotes ATRA-induced differentiation of AML cells. Leukemia 2010; 24: 663–665.
Small D . FLT3 mutations: biology and treatment. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2006; 1: 178–184.
Okamoto M, Hayakawa F, Miyata Y, Watamoto K, Emi N, Abe A et al. Lyn is an important component of the signal transduction pathway specific to FLT3/ITD and can be a therapeutic target in the treatment of AML with FLT3/ITD. Leukemia 2007; 21: 403–410.
Robinson LJ, Xue J, Corey SJ . Src family tyrosine kinases are activated by Flt3 and are involved in the proliferative effects of leukemia-associated Flt3 mutations. Exp Hematol 2005; 33: 469–479.
Wu J, Meng F, Lu H, Kong L, Bornmann W, Peng Z et al. Lyn regulates BCR-ABL and Gab2 tyrosine phosphorylation and c-Cbl protein stability in imatinib-resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. Blood 2008; 111: 3821–3829.
Guerrouahen BS, Futami M, Vaklavas C, Kanerva J, Whichard ZL, Nwawka K et al. Dasatinib inhibits the growth of molecularly heterogeneous myeloid leukemias. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16: 1149–1158.
Steinberg M . Dasatinib: a tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Clin Ther 2007; 29: 2289–2308.
Papageorgiou SG, Pappa V, Economopoulou C, Tsirigotis P, Konsioti F, Ionnidou ED et al. Dasatinib induces long-term remission in imatinib-resistant Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute megakaryoblastic leukemia but fails to prevent development of central nervous system progression. Leuk Res 2010; 34: e254–e256.
Stein B, Smith BD . Treatment options for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia who are resistant to or unable to tolerate imatinib. Clin Ther 2010; 32: 804–820.
Klamova H, Faber E, Zackova D, Markova M, Voglova J, Cmunt E et al. Dasatinib in imatinib-resistant or -intolerant CML patients: data from the clinical practice of 6 hematological centers in the Czech Republic. Neoplasma 2010; 57: 355–359.
Miranda MB, Redner RL, Johnson DE . Inhibition of Src family kinases enhances retinoic acid induced gene expression and myeloid differentiation. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6 (12 Part 1): 3081–3090.
Katagiri K, Yokoyama KK, Yamamoto T, Omura S, Irie S, Katagiri T . Lyn and Fgr protein-tyrosine kinases prevent apoptosis during retinoic acid-induced granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 11557–11562.
Notario V, Gutkind JS, Imaizumi M, Katamine S, Robbins KC . Expression of the fgr protooncogene product as a function of myelomonocytic cell maturation. J Cell Biol 1989; 109 (6 Part 1): 3129–3136.
Lee M, Kim JY, Anderson WB . Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor PP2 markedly enhances Ras-independent activation of Raf-1 protein kinase by phorbol myristate acetate and H2O2. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 48692–48701.
Konig H, Copland M, Chu S, Jove R, Holyoake TL, Bhatia R . Effects of dasatinib on SRC kinase activity and downstream intracellular signaling in primitive chronic myelogenous leukemia hematopoietic cells. Cancer Res 2008; 68: 9624–9633.
Shen M, Yen A . c-Cbl interacts with CD38 and promotes retinoic acid-induced differentiation and G0 arrest of human myeloblastic leukemia cells. Cancer Res 2008; 68: 8761–8769.
Yen A, Roberson MS, Varvayanis S, Lee AT . Retinoic acid induced mitogen-activated protein (MAP)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase-dependent MAP kinase activation needed to elicit HL-60 cell differentiation and growth arrest. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 3163–3172.
Wang J, Yen A . A MAPK-positive feedback mechanism for BLR1 signaling propels retinoic acid-triggered differentiation and cell cycle arrest. J Biol Chem 2008; 283: 4375–4386.
Katagiri K, Katagiri T, Koyama Y, Morikawa M, Yamamoto T, Yoshida T . Expression of src family genes during monocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells. J Immunol 1991; 146: 701–707.
Congleton J, Jiang H, Malavasi F, Lin H, Yen A . ATRA-induced HL-60 myeloid leukemia cell differentiation depends on the CD38 cytosolic tail needed for membrane localization, but CD38 enzymatic activity is unnecessary. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317: 910–919.
Smith J, Bunaciu RP, Reiterer G, Coder D, George T, Asaly M et al. Retinoic acid induces nuclear accumulation of Raf1 during differentiation of HL-60 cells. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315: 2241–2248.
Yen A, Williams M, Platko JD, Der C, Hisaka M . Expression of activated RAF accelerates cell differentiation and RB protein down-regulation but not hypophosphorylation. Eur J Cell Biol 1994; 65: 103–113.
Zafrullah M, Yin X, Haimovitz-Friedman A, Fuks Z, Kolesnick R . Kinase suppressor of Ras transphosphorylates c-Raf-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 390: 434–440.
Ritt DA, Zhou M, Conrads TP, Veenstra TD, Copeland TD, Morrison DK . CK2 is a component of the KSR1 scaffold complex that contributes to Raf kinase activation. Curr Biol 2007; 17: 179–184.
Hagemann C, Kalmes A, Wixler V, Wixler L, Schuster T, Rapp UR . The regulatory subunit of protein kinase CK2 is a specific A-Raf activator. FEBS Lett 1997; 403: 200–202.
McKay MM, Ritt DA, Morrison DK . Signaling dynamics of the KSR1 scaffold complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009; 106: 11022–11027.
Donella-Deana A, Cesaro L, Sarno S, Brunati AM, Ruzzene M, Pinna LA . Autocatalytic tyrosine-phosphorylation of protein kinase CK2 alpha and alpha’ subunits: implication of Tyr182. Biochem J 2001; 357 (Part 2): 563–567.
Donella-Deana A, Cesaro L, Sarno S, Ruzzene M, Brunati AM, Marin O et al. Tyrosine phosphorylation of protein kinase CK2 by Src-related tyrosine kinases correlates with increased catalytic activity. Biochem J 2003; 372 (Part 3): 841–849.
Kolch W . Coordinating ERK/MAPK signalling through scaffolds and inhibitors. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2005; 6: 827–837.
Filbert EL, Nguyen A, Markiewicz MA, Fowlkes BJ, Huang YH, Shaw AS . Kinase suppressor of Ras 1 is required for full ERK activation in thymocytes but not for thymocyte selection. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40: 3226–3234.
Razidlo GL, Kortum RL, Haferbier JL, Lewis RE . Phosphorylation regulates KSR1 stability, ERK activation, and cell proliferation. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 47808–47814.
Kortum RL, Lewis RE . The molecular scaffold KSR1 regulates the proliferative and oncogenic potential of cells. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24: 4407–4416.
Brummer T, Naegele H, Reth M, Misawa Y . Identification of novel ERK-mediated feedback phosphorylation sites at the C-terminus of B-Raf. Oncogene 2003; 22: 8823–8834.
Dougherty MK, Muller J, Ritt DA, Zhou M, Zhou XZ, Copeland TD et al. Regulation of Raf-1 by direct feedback phosphorylation. Mol Cell 2005; 17: 215–224.
Hong SK, Yoon S, Moelling C, Arthan D, Park JI . Noncatalytic function of ERK1/2 can promote Raf/MEK/ERK-mediated growth arrest signaling. J Biol Chem 2009; 284: 33006–33018.
Morrison DK, Heidecker G, Rapp UR, Copeland TD . Identification of the major phosphorylation sites of the Raf-1 kinase. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 17309–17316.
Muslin AJ, Tanner JW, Allen PM, Shaw AS . Interaction of 14-3-3 with signaling proteins is mediated by the recognition of phosphoserine. Cell 1996; 84: 889–897.
St-Denis NA, Litchfield DW . Protein kinase CK2 in health and disease: From birth to death: the role of protein kinase CK2 in the regulation of cell proliferation and survival. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66: 1817–1829.
Santos SD, Verveer PJ, Bastiaens PI . Growth factor-induced MAPK network topology shapes Erk response determining PC-12 cell fate. Nat Cell Biol 2007; 9: 324–330.
Brightman FA, Fell DA . Differential feedback regulation of the MAPK cascade underlies the quantitative differences in EGF and NGF signalling in PC12 cells. FEBS Lett 2000; 482: 169–174.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) CA033505 (Yen), CA152870 (Yen), 1U54 CA143876 (Shuler), and the New York State Stem Cell Science (NYSTEM) (Yen).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Supplementary Information accompanies the paper on the Leukemia website
Supplementary information
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Congleton, J., MacDonald, R. & Yen, A. Src inhibitors, PP2 and dasatinib, increase retinoic acid-induced association of Lyn and c-Raf (S259) and enhance MAPK-dependent differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells. Leukemia 26, 1180–1188 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2011.390
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2011.390
Keywords
This article is cited by
-
Vacuolin-1 enhances RA-induced differentiation of human myeloblastic leukemia cells: evidence for involvement of a CD11b/FAK/LYN/SLP-76 axis subject to endosomal regulation that drives late differentiation steps
Cell & Bioscience (2022)
-
Combination of midostaurin and ATRA exerts dose-dependent dual effects on acute myeloid leukemia cells with wild type FLT3
BMC Cancer (2022)
-
Salt-inducible kinase inhibition sensitizes human acute myeloid leukemia cells to all-trans retinoic acid-induced differentiation
International Journal of Hematology (2021)
-
SHP1 and SHP2 inhibition enhances the pro-differentiative effect of phorbol esters: an alternative approach against acute myeloid leukemia
Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research (2019)
-
Role of Non Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Hematological Malignances and its Targeting by Natural Products
Molecular Cancer (2018)