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The '3Rs' Model and the Concept of Alternatives in Animal Research: A Questionnaire Survey

Lab Animal volume 33, pages 47–53 (2004)Cite this article

Abstract

It has been 45 years since Russell and Burch first proposed the concept of the '3Rs', yet it remains unclear how those individuals involved in animal research view and implement these concepts. The authors used a questionnaire survey to determine how well-known experts judged issues related to the 3Rs.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge Caterina Botti, Hannah Buchanan-Smith, Josefien von Frijtag Drabbe Kunzel, Coenraad Hendriksen, Anita Rennie, Annalaura Stammati, and Jan Vorstenbosch, our partners in the project, for their useful comments on the results of the questionnaire. The European Community (Contract No. QLRT-2001-00028) funds the project “Alternative methods in animal experimentation—Evaluating scientific, ethical and social issues in the 3Rs context”.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pollo is in the Dipartimento di Studi Filosofici e Epistemologici, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy.,

    Simone Pollo PhD

  2. Vitale is in the Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e Neuroscienze, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,

    Augusto Vitale PhD

  3. Gayle is in the Social Survey Unit, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK.,

    Vernon Gayle PhD

  4. Zucco is at the Istituto di Neurobiologia e Medicina Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy.,

    Flavia Zucco

Authors
  1. Simone Pollo PhD
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  2. Augusto Vitale PhD
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  3. Vernon Gayle PhD
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  4. Flavia Zucco
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Augusto Vitale PhD.

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Pollo, S., Vitale, A., Gayle, V. et al. The '3Rs' Model and the Concept of Alternatives in Animal Research: A Questionnaire Survey. Lab Anim 33, 47–53 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/laban0704-47

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