Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Original Article
  • Published:

Relationship between cardio-ankle vascular index and plasma lipids in hypertension subjects

Subjects

Abstract

An increasing of arterial stiffness is the path physiological characteristic of hypertension. Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) is a new index of arterial stiffness. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between CAVI and plasma lipids in hypertension subjects. A total of 542 subjects (male/female 336/206) from the Department of Vascular Medicine were divided into two groups: healthy group (n=402) and hypertension group (n=140). CAVI was measured with VS-1000 apparatus. Our results showed that the levels of CAVI, body mass index (BMI), fast blood glucose (FBG), uric acid (UA) and triglycerides (TGs) were significantly higher in the hypertension group than in the control group (all P<0.01). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly lower in the hypertension group than in the control group (P<0.001). CAVI was positively correlated with FBG, UA, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and TG in the entire study group. Negative correlation between CAVI and HDL-C was found in the entire group even after adjusting for age, gender and blood pressure. In addition, there was negative correlation between CAVI and HDL-C in the control group. However, there was negative relational tendency between CAVI and HDL-C in hypertension subjects without significant difference. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that age, BMI, FBG, TG and heart rate were independent associating factors of CAVI in all subjects. Age, FBG and Cr were independent associating factors of CAVI in the hypertension group. Our present study showed that CAVI was significantly higher in hypertension subjects, and metabolic accompaniments might involve the increasing of arterial stiffness in hypertension patients.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Rent or buy this article

Prices vary by article type

from$1.95

to$39.95

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Cavalcante JL, Lima JAC, Redheuil A, Al-Mallah MH . Aortic stiffness: current understanding and future directions. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57: 1511–1522.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Ni Y, Wang H, Hu D, Zhang W . The relationship between pulse wave velocity and pulse pressure in Chinese patients with essential hypertension. Hypertens Res 2003; 26: 871–874.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Wang H, Zhang W, Gong L, Li Z, Qiu H, Fan M et al. Study of relationship between large artery distensibility and left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with essential Hypertension. Chin J Cardiol 2000; 28: 177–180.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Shirai K, Utino J, Otsuka K, Takata M . A novel blood pressure-independent arterial wall stiffness parameter: cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI). J Atheroscler Thromb 2006; 13: 101–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Kim KJ, Lee BW, Kim HM, Shin JY, Kang ES, Cha BS et al. Associations between cardio-ankle vascular index and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. J Atheroscler Thromb 2011; 18 (4): 328–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Takaki A, Ogawa H, Wakeyama T, Iwami T, Kimura M, Hadano Y et al. Cardio-ankle vascular index is a new noninvasive parameter of arterial stiffness. Circ J 2007; 71 (11): 1710–1714.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Wang H, Liu J, Wang Q, Zhao H, Shi H, Yu X et al. Descriptive study of possible link between cardio-ankle vascular index and homocysteine in vascular-related diseases. BMJ Open 2013; 3: e002483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Adamu UG, Okuku GA, Oladele CO, Abdullahi A, Oduh JI, Fasae AJ . Serum lipid profile and correlates in newly presenting Nigerians with arterial hypertension. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2013; 9: 763–768.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Duprez DA, Cohn JN . Arterial stiffness as a risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2007; 9 (2): 139–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Cifkova R, Fagard R, Germano G et al. 2007 guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens 2007; 25: 1105–1187.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Shirai K, Song M, Suzuki J, Kurosu T, Oyama T, Nagayama D et al. Contradictory effects ofβ1-andα1- aderenergic receptor blockers on cardio-ankle vascular stiffness index(CAVI)-CAVI independent of blood pressure. J Arterioscler Thromb 2011; 118: 49–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Horinaka S, Yabe A, Yagi H, Ishimura K, Hara H, Iemua T et al. Comparison of atherosclerotic indicators between cardio ankle vascular index and brachial ankle pulse wave velocity. Angiology 2009; 60 (4): 468–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Takaki A, Ogawa H, Wakeyama T, Iwami T, Kimura M, Hasano Y et al. Cardio-ankle vascular index is superior to brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity as an index of arterial stiffness. Hypertens Res 2008; 31 (7): 1347–1355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Okura T, Watanabe S, Kurata M, Manabe S, Koresawa M, Irita J et al. Relationship between cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) and carotid atherosclerosis in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertens Res 2007; 30 (4): 335–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Kim H, Kim HS, Yoon HJ, Park HS, Cho YK, Nam CW et al. Association of cardio-ankle vascular index with diastolic heart function in hypertensive patients. Clin Exp Hypertens, (e-pub ahead of print 20 June 2013).

  16. Wang H, Liu J, Zhao H, Fu X, Shang G, Zhou Y et al. Arterial stiffness evaluation by cardio-ankle vascular index in hypertension and diabetes mellitus subjects. J Am Soc Hypertens 2013; 7 (6): 426–431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Namekata T, Suzuki K, Ishizuka N, Shirai K . Establishing baseline criteria of cardio-ankle vascular index as a new indicator of arteriosclerosis: a cross-sectional study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2011; 11: 51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Liu H, Zhang X, Feng X, Li J, Hu M, Yambe T . Effects of metabolic syndrome on cardio-ankle vascular index in middle-aged and elderly Chinese. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2011; 9 (2): 105–110.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Satoh N, Shimatsu A, Kato Y, Araki R, Koyama K, Okajima T et al. Evaluation of the cardio-ankle vascular index, a new indicator of arterial stiffness independent of blood pressure, in obesity and metabolic syndrome. Hypertens Res 2008; 31 (10): 1921–1930.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Iguchi A, Yamakage H, Tochiya M, Muranaka K, Sasaki Y, Kono S et al. Effects of weight reduction therapy on obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and arterial stiffness in patients with obesity and metabolic syndrome. J Atheroscler Thromb 2013; 20 (11): 807–820.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Shirai K, Utino J, Saiki A, Endo K, Ohira M, Nagayama D et al. Evaluation of blood pressure control using a new arterial stiffness parameter, cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI). Curr Hypertens Rev 2013; 9 (1): 66–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Kanaki AI, Sarafidis PA, Georgianos PI, Kanavos K, Tziolas IM, Zebekakis PE et al. Effects of low-dose atorvastatin on arterial stiffness and central aortic pressure augmentation in patients with hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Am J Hypertens 2013; 26 (5): 608–616.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Gottsäter M, Länne T, Nilsson PM . Predictive markers of abdominal aortic stiffness measured by echo-tracking in subjects with varying insulin sensitivity. J Hum Hypertens, (e-pub ahead of print 2 January 2014; doi:10.1038/jhh.2013.126).

  24. Sacks FM, Hermans MP, Fioretto P, Valensi P, Davis T, Horton E et al. Association between plasma triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol and microvascular kidney disease and retinopathy in type 2 diabetes: a global case-control study in 13 countries. Circulation 2013; 129 (9): 999–1008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Heffernan KS, Karas RH, Kuvin JT, Jae SY, Vieira VJ, Fernhall B . Carotid artery stiffness, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and inflammation in men with pre-hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2009; 23 (9): 590–596.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Vega GL, Barlow CE, Grundy SM, Leonard D, Defina LF . Triglyceride-to-high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio is an index of heart disease mortality and of incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in men. J Investig Med 2014; 62 (2): 345–349.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Lüscher TF, Landmesser U, von Eckardstein A, Fogelman AM . High-density lipoprotein: vascular protective effects, dysfunction, and potential as therapeutic target. Circ Res 2014; 114 (1): 171–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Ansell BJ, Navab M, Hama S, Kamranpour N, Fonarow G, Hough G et al. Inflammatory/antiinflammatory properties of high-density lipoprotein distinguish patients from control subjects better than high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and are favorably affected by simvastatin treatment. Circulation 2003; 108: 2751–2756.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Barter PJ, Caulfield M, Eriksson M, Grundy SM, Kastelein JJ, Komajda M et al. Effects of torcetrapib in patients at high risk for coronary events. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2109–2122.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Sorrentino SA, Besler C, Rohrer L, Meyer M, Heinrich K, Bahlmann FH et al. Endothelial-vasoprotective effects of high-density lipoprotein are impaired in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus but are improved after extended-release niacin therapy. Circulation 2010; 121 (1): 110–122.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by grants from The Capital Health Research and Development of Special to HY Wang (No. 2011-4026-02), and the hospital fund of the Peking University Shougang Hospital to Hongyu Wang (No. 2010-Y002), Jinbo Liu (No. 2012Y04) and Shougang Keji Fund (2013 Keguan 20-1).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to H Wang.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wang, H., Liu, J., Zhao, H. et al. Relationship between cardio-ankle vascular index and plasma lipids in hypertension subjects. J Hum Hypertens 29, 105–108 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2014.37

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2014.37

This article is cited by

Search

Quick links