Abstract
Background/Objectives:
Cesarean section (CS) and antibiotic use during pregnancy may alter normal maternal-offspring microbiota exchange, thereby contributing to aberrant microbial colonization of the infant gut and increased susceptibility to obesity later in life. We hypothesized that (i) maternal use of antibiotics in the second or third trimester of pregnancy and (ii) CS are independently associated with higher risk of childhood obesity in the offspring.
Subjects/Methods:
Of the 727 mothers enrolled in the Northern Manhattan Mothers and Children Study, we analyzed the 436 mother–child dyads followed until 7 years of age with complete data. We ascertained prenatal antibiotic use by a questionnaire administered late in the third trimester, and delivery mode by medical record. We derived age- and sex-specific body mass index (BMI) z-scores using the CDC SAS Macro, and defined obesity as BMI z⩾95th percentile. We used binary regression with robust variance and linear regression models adjusted for maternal age, ethnicity, pre-gravid BMI, maternal receipt of public assistance, birth weight, sex, breastfeeding in the first year and gestational antibiotics or delivery mode.
Results:
Compared with children not exposed to antibiotics during the second or third trimester, those exposed had 84% (33–154%) higher risk of obesity, after multivariable adjustment. Second or third trimester antibiotic exposure was also positively associated with BMI z-scores, waist circumference and % body fat (all P<0.05). Independent of prenatal antibiotic usage, CS was associated with 46% (8–98%) higher offspring risk of childhood obesity. Associations were similar for elective and non-elective CS.
Conclusions:
In our cohort, CS and exposure to antibiotics in the second or third trimester were associated with higher offspring risk of childhood obesity. Future studies that address the limitations of our study are warranted to determine if prenatal antibiotic use is associated with offspring obesity. Research is also needed to determine if alterations in neonatal gut microbiota underlie the observed associations.
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Acknowledgements
This publication was made possible by US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) grants RD8260901 and R827027, and National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) grants 5P01ES09600, 5R01ES08977, R01ES010165 and R01ES015282. This study was also supported by the Irving General Clinical Research Center (grant RR00645), the Educational Foundation of America, the John and Wendy Neu Family Foundation, the New York Community Trust, and the Trustees of the Blanchette Hooker Rockefeller Fund. Finally, NTM and EMW received fellowships from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK 5T32DK091227-03).
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Mueller, N., Whyatt, R., Hoepner, L. et al. Prenatal exposure to antibiotics, cesarean section and risk of childhood obesity. Int J Obes 39, 665–670 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2014.180
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2014.180
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