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Longitudinal association between dairy consumption and changes of body weight and waist circumference: the Framingham Heart Study

International Journal of Obesity volume 38, pages 299–305 (2014)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

Background:

Dairy foods are nutrient dense and may be protective against long-term weight gain.

Objective:

We aimed to examine the longitudinal association between dairy consumption and annualized changes in weight and waist circumference (WC) in adults.

Methods:

Members of the Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort who participated in the fifth through eighth study examinations (1991–2008) were included in these analyses (3440 participants with 11 683 observations). At each exam, dietary intake was assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire, and weight and WC were assessed following standardized procedures. Repeated measures models were used for the longitudinal analyses of annualized weight and waist circumference changes, adjusting for time-varying or invariant covariates.

Results:

On average, participants gained weight and WC during follow-up. Dairy intake increased across exams. After adjusting for demographic and lifestyle factors (including diet quality), participants who consumed ⩾3 servings per day of total dairy had 0.10 kg (±0.04) smaller annualized increment of weight (Ptrend=0.04) than those consuming <1 serving per day. Higher total dairy intake was also marginally associated with less WC gain (Ptrend=0.05). Similarly, participants who consumed ⩾3 servings per week of yogurt had a 0.10 kg (±0.04) and 0.13 cm (±0.05) smaller annualized increment of weight (Ptrend=0.03) and WC (Ptrend=0.008) than those consuming <1 serving per week, respectively. Skim/low-fat milk, cheese, total high-fat or total low-fat dairy intake were not associated with long-term change in weight or WC.

Conclusion:

Further longitudinal and interventional studies are warranted to confirm the beneficial role of increasing total dairy and yogurt intake, as part of a healthy and calorie-balanced dietary pattern, in the long-term prevention of gain in weight and WC.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Kara A Livingston, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, for the help with data set management. This work was supported by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute of the National Institute of Health (contract number: NO1-HC-25195), US Department of Agriculture Agreement 58–1950–7-707 and research grants from The Dannon Company, Inc., and General Mills Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition.

Author contributions

PFJ and NMM designed the research; PFJ and HW conducted the research; JBM, CSF and GTR provided essential materials; HW and GTR analyzed data or performed statistical analysis; HW and PFJ wrote the paper; PFJ had primary responsibility for final content; and LMT, NMM and CSF did critical review.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nutritional Epidemiology Program, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA

    H Wang, L M Troy, G T Rogers, N M McKeown & P F Jacques

  2. Department of Nutrition, Chenoweth Laboratory, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA

    L M Troy

  3. Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA

    L M Troy, N M McKeown & P F Jacques

  4. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA

    C S Fox

  5. Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, General Internal Medicine Unit, Boston, MA, USA

    J B Meigs

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Correspondence to P F Jacques.

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Competing interests

PF Jacques and H Wang received support from a grant from The Dannon Company Inc., PF Jacques is a member of the Dannon Yogurt Advisory Board, NM McKeown and LM Troy were funded in part by a grant from General Mills Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition. G Rogers, C Fox and J Meigs declare no conflict of interest.

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Wang, H., Troy, L., Rogers, G. et al. Longitudinal association between dairy consumption and changes of body weight and waist circumference: the Framingham Heart Study. Int J Obes 38, 299–305 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2013.78

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2013.78

Keywords

  • dairy
  • weight
  • waist circumference
  • longitudinal
  • milk
  • yogurt

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