1:

The Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare. The 2010 National Health and Nutrition Survey in Japan. 2012. Japanese. E-III

2:

Miura K (chief investigator). Comprehensive research business on strategies to prevent/treat cardiovascular disease/lifestyle-related diseases such as diabetes mellitus by a scientific grant/subsidy from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, ‘Research on the start of follow-up of the subjects of the 2010 National Health and Nutrition Survey (NIPPON DATA2010) and continuation of NIPPON DATA80/90 follow-up’, Comprehensive/project study reports in 2012. 2013. Japanese. E-III

3:

Miura K, Nagai M, Ohkubo T. Epidemiology of hypertension in Japan. Circ J 2013; 77: 2226–2231. E-III

4:

The Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare. Demographics in Japan in 2013. The Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare. 2013. Japanese. E-III

5:

Kubo M, Kiyohara Y, Kato I, Tanizaki Y, Arima H, Tanaka K, Nakamura H, Okubo K, Iida M. Trends in the incidence, mortality, and survival rate of cardiovascular disease in a Japanese community: the Hisayama study. Stroke 2003; 34: 2349–2354. E-III

6:

Kitamura A, Sato S, Kiyama M, Imano H, Iso H, Okada T, Ohira T, Tanigawa T, Yamagishi K, Nakamura M, Konishi M, Shimamoto T, Iida M, Komachi Y. Trends in the incidence of coronary heart disease and stroke and their risk factors in Japan, 1964 to 2003: the Akita-Osaka study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52: 71–79. E-III

7:

Ueshima H. Explanation for the Japanese paradox: prevention of increase in coronary heart disease and reduction in stroke. J Atheroscler Thromb 2007; 14: 278–286. E-III

8:

Kimura Y, Takishita S, Muratani H, Kinjo K, Shinzato Y, Muratani A, Fukiyama K. Demographic study of first-ever stroke and acute myocardial infarction in Okinawa. Japan Intern Med 1998; 37: 736–745. E-III

9:

Imano H, Kitamura A, Sato S, Kiyama M, Ohira T, Yamagishi K, Noda H, Tanigawa T, Iso H, Shimamoto T. Trends for blood pressure and its contribution to stroke incidence in the middle-aged Japanese population: the Circulatory Risk in Communities Study (CIRCS). Stroke 2009; 40: 1571–1577. E-Ib

10:

Rumana N, Kita Y, Turin TC, Murakami Y, Sugihara H, Morita Y, Tomioka N, Okayama A, Nakamura Y, Abbott RD, Ueshima H. Trend of increase in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction in a Japanese population: Takashima AMI Registry, 1990–2001. Am J Epidemiol 2008; 167: 1358–1364. E-III

11:

Turin TC, Kokubo Y, Murakami Y, Higashiyama A, Rumana N, Watanabe M, Okamura T. Lifetime risk of acute myocardial infarction in Japan. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2010; 3: 701–703. E-III

12:

Turin TC, Kokubo Y, Murakami Y, Higashiyama A, Rumana N, Watanabe M, Okamura T. Lifetime risk of stroke in Japan. Stroke 2010; 41: 1552–1554. E-III

13:

Fujiyoshi A, Ohkubo T, Miura K, Murakami Y, Nagasawa SY, Okamura T, Ueshima H, Observational Cohorts in Japan (EPOCH-JAPAN) Research Group. Blood pressure categories and long-term risk of cardiovascular disease according to age group in Japanese men and women. Hypertens Res 2012; 35: 947–953. E-Ia

14:

Takashima N, Ohkubo T, Miura K, Okamura T, Murakami Y, Fujiyoshi A, Nagasawa SY, Kadota A, Kita Y, Miyagawa N, Hisamatsu T, Hayakawa T, Okayama A, Ueshima H, NIPPON DATA80 Research Group. Long-term risk of BP values above normal for cardiovascular mortality: a 24-year observation of Japanese aged 30 to 92 years. J Hypertens 2012; 30: 2299–2306. E-Ib

15:

Ikeda A, Iso H, Yamagishi K, Inoue M, Tsugane S. Blood pressure and the risk of stroke, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality among Japanese: the JPHC Study. Am J Hypertens 2009; 22: 273–280. E-Ib

16:

Arima H, Tanizaki Y, Yonemoto K, Doi Y, Ninomiya T, Hata J, Fukuhara M, Matsumura K, Iida M, Kiyohara Y. Impact of blood pressure levels on different types of stroke: the Hisayama study. J Hypertens 2009; 27: 2437–2443. E-Ib

17:

Lawes CM, Rodgers A, Bennett DA, Parag V, Suh I, Ueshima H, MacMahon S, Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration. Blood pressure and cardiovascular disease in the Asia Pacific region. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 707–716. E-Ia

18:

Nippon Data 80 Research Group. Impact of elevated blood pressure on mortality from all causes, cardiovascular diseases, heart disease and stroke among Japanese: 14 year follow-up of randomly selected population from Japanese—Nippon data 80. J Hum Hypertens 2003; 17: 851–857. E-Ib

19:

Tanizaki Y, Kiyohara Y, Kato I, Iwamoto H, Nakayama K, Shinohara N, Arima H, Tanaka K, Ibayashi S, Fujishima M. Incidence and risk factors for subtypes of cerebral infarction in a general population: the Hisayama study. Stroke 2000; 31: 2616–2622. E-Ib

20:

Fukuhara M, Arima H, Ninomiya T, Hata J, Yonemoto K, Doi Y, Hirakawa Y, Matsumura K, Kitazono T, Kiyohara Y. Impact of lower range of prehypertension on cardiovascular events in a general population: the Hisayama Study. J Hypertens 2012; 30: 893–900. E-Ib

21:

Tozawa M, Iseki K, Iseki C, Kinjo K, Ikemiya Y, Takishita S. Blood pressure predicts risk of developing end-stage renal disease in men and women. Hypertension 2003; 41: 1341–1345. E-Ib

22:

Yamagata K, Ishida K, Sairenchi T, Takahashi H, Ohba S, Shiigai T, Narita M, Koyama A. Risk factors for chronic kidney disease in a community-based population: a 10-year follow-up study. Kidney Int 2007; 71: 159–166. E-Ib

23:

Kanno A, Kikuya M, Ohkubo T, Hashimoto T, Satoh M, Hirose T, Obara T, Metoki H, Inoue R, Asayama K, Shishido Y, Hoshi H, Nakayama M, Totsune K, Satoh H, Sato H, Imai Y. Pre-hypertension as a significant predictor of chronic kidney disease in a general population: the Ohasama Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 27: 3218–3223. E-Ib

24:

Ninomiya T, Ohara T, Hirakawa Y, Yoshida D, Doi Y, Hata J, Kanba S, Iwaki T, Kiyohara Y. Midlife and late-life blood pressure and dementia in Japanese elderly: the Hisayama study. Hypertension 2011; 58: 22–28. E-Ib

25:

Hozawa A, Okamura T, Murakami Y, Kadowaki T, Okuda N, Takashima N, Hayakawa T, Kita Y, Miura K, Nakamura Y, Okayama A, Ueshima H, NIPPON DATA80 Research Group. High blood pressure in middle age is associated with a future decline in activities of daily living. NIPPON DATA80. J Hum Hypertens 2009; 23: 546–552. E-Ib

26:

Murakami Y, Hozawa A, Okamura T, Ueshima H, Evidence for Cardiovascular Prevention From Observational Cohorts in Japan Research Group (EPOCH-JAPAN). Relation of blood pressure and all-cause mortality in 180,000 Japanese participants: pooled analysis of 13 cohort studies. Hypertension 2008; 51: 1483–1491. E-Ia

27:

Ikeda N, Saito E, Kondo N, Inoue M, Ikeda S, Satoh T, Wada K, Stickley A, Katanoda K, Mizoue T, Noda M, Iso H, Fujino Y, Sobue T, Tsugane S, Naghavi M, Ezzati M, Shibuya K. What has made the population of Japan healthy? Lancet 2011; 378: 1094–1105. E-Ia

28:

Turin TC, Murakami Y, Miura K, Rumana N, Kita Y, Hayakawa T, Okamura T, Okayama A, Ueshima H, NIPPON DATA80/90 Research Group. Hypertension and life expectancy among Japanese: NIPPON DATA80. Hypertens Res 2012; 35: 954–958. E-Ib

29:

Nakamura Y, Yamamoto T, Okamura T, Kadowaki T, Hayakawa T, Kita Y, Saitoh S, Okayama A, Ueshima H, NIPPON DATA 80 Research Group. Combined cardiovascular risk factors and outcome: NIPPON DATA80, 1980–1994. Circ J 2006; 70: 960–964. E-Ib

30:

Nakamura K, Nakagawa H, Sakurai M, Murakami Y, Irie F, Fujiyoshi A, Okamura T, Miura K, Ueshima H, EPOCH-JAPAN Research Group. Influence of smoking combined with another risk factor on the risk of mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke: pooled analysis of 10 Japanese cohort studies. Cerebrovasc Dis 2012; 33: 480–491. E-Ia

31:

Kokubo Y, Okamura T, Watanabe M, Higashiyama A, Ono Y, Miyamoto Y, Furukawa Y, Kamide K, Kawanishi K, Okayama A, Yoshimasa Y. The combined impact of blood pressure category and glucose abnormality on the incidence of cardiovascular diseases in a Japanese urban cohort: the Suita Study. Hypertens Res 2010; 33: 1238–1243. E-Ib

32:

Ninomiya T, Kiyohara Y, Tokuda Y, Doi Y, Arima H, Harada A, Ohashi Y, Ueshima H, Japan Arteriosclerosis Longitudinal Study Group. Impact of kidney disease and blood pressure on the development of cardiovascular disease: an overview from the Japan Arteriosclerosis Longitudinal Study. Circulation 2008; 118: 2694–2701. E-Ia

33:

Kokubo Y, Nakamura S, Okamura T, Yoshimasa Y, Makino H, Watanabe M, Higashiyama A, Kamide K, Kawanishi K, Okayama A, Kawano Y. Relationship between blood pressure category and incidence of stroke and myocardial infarction in an urban Japanese population with and without chronic kidney disease: the Suita Study. Stroke 2009; 40: 2674–2679. E-Ib

34:

Takeuchi H, Saitoh S, Takagi S, Ohnishi H, Ohhata J, Isobe T, Shimamoto K. Metabolic syndrome and cardiac disease in Japanese men: applicability of the concept of metabolic syndrome defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III to Japanese men—the Tanno and Sobetsu Study. Hypertens Res 2005; 28: 203–208. E-Ib

35:

Iso H, Sato S, Kitamura A, Imano H, Kiyama M, Yamagishi K, Cui R, Tanigawa T, Shimamoto T. Metabolic syndrome and the risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke among Japanese men and women. Stroke 2007; 38: 1744–1751. E-Ib

36:

Ninomiya T, Kubo M, Doi Y, Yonemoto K, Tanizaki Y, Rahman M, Arima H, Tsuryuya K, Iida M, Kiyohara Y. Impact of metabolic syndrome on the development of cardiovascular disease in a general Japanese population: the Hisayama study. Stroke 2007; 38: 2063–2069. E-Ib

37:

Noda H, Iso H, Saito I, Konishi M, Inoue M, Tsugane S, JPHC Study Group. The impact of the metabolic syndrome and its components on the incidence of ischemic heart disease and stroke: the Japan public health center-based study. Hypertens Res 2009; 32: 289–298. E-Ib

38:

Kokubo Y, Okamura T, Yoshimasa Y, Miyamoto Y, Kawanishi K, Kotani Y, Okayama A, Tomoike H. Impact of metabolic syndrome components on the incidence of cardiovascular disease in a general urban Japanese population: the Suita study. Hypertens Res 2008; 31: 2027–2035. E-Ib

39:

Chei CL, Yamagishi K, Tanigawa T, Kitamura A, Imano H, Kiyama M, Sato S, Iso H. Metabolic syndrome and the risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke among middle-aged Japanese. Hypertens Res 2008; 31: 1887–1894. E-Ib

40:

Irie F, Iso H, Noda H, Sairenchi T, Otaka E, Yamagishi K, Doi M, Izumi Y, Ota H. Associations between metabolic syndrome and mortality from cardiovascular disease in Japanese general population, findings on overweight and non-overweight individuals. Ibaraki Prefectural Health Study. Circ J 2009; 73: 1635–1642. E-Ib

41:

Saito I, Konishi M, Watanabe K, Kondo H, Fujimoto K, Okada. The metabolic syndrome and risk of stroke in a rural community in Japan. Jpn J Publ Health 2007; 54: 677–683. Japanese. E-Ib

42:

Kadota A, Hozawa A, Okamura T, Kadowak T, Nakmaura K, Murakami Y, Hayakawa T, Kita Y, Okayama A, Nakamura Y, Kashiwagi A, Ueshima H, NIPPON DATA Research Group. Relationship between metabolic risk factor clustering and cardiovascular mortality stratified by high blood glucose and obesity: NIPPON DATA90, 1990–2000. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 1533–1538. E-Ib

43:

Ohashi Y, Shimamoto K, Sato S, Iso H, Kita Y, Kitamura A, Saito I, Kiyohara Y, Kawano H, Nakagawa H, Toyoshima H, Ando T, Taguri M, Harada A, Ueshima H, Japan Arteriosclerosis Longitudinal Study Group. Association of obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors with stroke: The Japan Arteriosclerosis Longitudinal Study - Existing Cohorts Combined (JALS-ECC). Jpn J Publ Health 2011; 58: 1007–1015. Japanese. E-Ia

44:

Miura K, Nakagawa H, Ohashi Y, Harada A, Taguri M, Kushiro T, Takahashi A, Nishinaga M, Soejima H, Ueshima H, Japan Arteriosclerosis Longitudinal Study (JALS) Group. Four blood pressure indexes and the risk of stroke and myocardial infarction in Japanese men and women: a meta-analysis of 16 cohort studies. Circulation 2009; 119: 1892–1898. E-Ia

45:

Lawes CM, Bennett DA, Parag V, Woodward M, Whitlock G, Lam TH, Suh I, Rodgers A, Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration. Blood pressure indices and cardiovascular disease in the Asia Pacific region: a pooled analysis. Hypertension 2003; 42: 69–75. E-Ia

46:

Inoue R, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Metoki H, Asayama K, Obara T, Hoshi H, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Satoh H, Kondo Y, Imai Y. Predicting stroke using 4 ambulatory blood pressure monitoring-derived blood pressure indices: the Ohasama Study. Hypertension 2006; 48: 877–882. E-Ib

47:

Ohkubo T, Asayama K, Kikuya M, Metoki H, Hoshi H, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Satoh H, Imai Y, Ohasama Study. How many times should blood pressure be measured at home for better prediction of stroke risk? Ten-year follow-up results from the Ohasama study. J Hypertens 2004; 22: 1099–1104. E-Ib

48:

Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Metoki H, Asayama K, Obara T, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Hoshi H, Satoh H, Imai Y. Prognosis of’masked’hypertension and’white-coat’hypertension detected by 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring 10-year follow-up from the Ohasama study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46: 508–515. E-Ib

49:

Ohkubo T, Hozawa A, Nagai K, Kikuya M, Tsuji I, Ito S, Satoh H, Hisamichi S, Imai Y. Prediction of stroke by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring versus screening blood pressure measurements in a general population: the Ohasama study. J Hypertens 2000; 18: 847–854. E-Ib

50:

Kikuya M, Ohkubo T, Asayama K, Metoki H, Obara T, Saito S, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Hoshi H, Satoh H, Imai Y. Ambulatory blood pressure and 10-year risk of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality: the Ohasama study. Hypertension 2005; 45: 240–245. E-Ib

51:

Intersalt Cooperative Research Group. Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. BMJ 1988; 297: 319–328. E-II

52:

Stamler J, Elliott P, Chan Q. INTERMAP appendix tables. J Hum Hypertens 2003; 17: 665–675. E-III

53:

The Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare. The results of the 2011 National Health and Nutrition Survey in Japan. 2013. Japanese. E-III

54:

Kojima S, et al. Environmental changes during the past 10 to 20 years and changes in cardiovascular disease. A. Dietary changes and cardiovascular disease in agricultural villages in Akita Prefecture, (1) State from 1950 until 1965. In: Komachi Y, et al (eds) Changes in Cardiovascular Disease/Association Between Nutrition and Environment in the Japanese (in Japanese). Hoken-Dojin-sha: Tokyo, 1987, pp 120–138. E-III

55:

The Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare. Dietary Reference Intakes (2010) Report from the Review Board to Prepare the ‘Reference Dietary Intake for the Japanese’. The Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare. 2009. Japanese. GL

56:

Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare. Ministry of Health. Labour and Welfare Notification No. 430/Basic Strategies to Comprehensively Promote National Health. 2012. Japanese.

57:

WHO. Guideline: Sodium intake for adults and children. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO); 2012. GL

58:

Yoshiike N, Seino F, Tajima S, Arai Y, Kawano M, Furuhata T, Inoue S. Twenty-year changes in the prevalence of overweight in Japanese adults: the National Nutrition Survey 1976–1995. Obes Rev 2002; 3: 183–190. E-II

59:

OECD Health Data. 2012. E-III

60:

Rose G. The Strategy of Preventive Medicine. Oxford University Press: New York, 1992.

61:

Whelton PK, He J, Appel LJ, Cutler JA, Havas S, Kotchen TA, Roccella EJ, Stout R, Vallbona C, Winston MC, Karimbakas JM, National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. Primary prevention of hypertension: clinical and public health advisory from The National High Blood Pressure Education Program. JAMA 2002; 288: 1882–1888. GL

62:

Special Committee for Establishing the Next-Phase National Health Exercise Plan, Regional Health/Health Promotion Nutritional Section, Health Science Council. Reference Materials on the Promotion of Health Japan 21 (II). The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, 2012. Japanese.

63:

National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group. Report on primary prevention of hypertension. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 186–208.

64:

Committee on Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Strategies to Reduce Salt Intake in the United States. The National Academies Press: Washington, DC, 2010.

65:

Health Service Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Standard Health Checkup/Health Guidance Program (revision). The Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, 2013. Japanese.

66:

Fagard RH, Staessen JA, Thijs L. Prediction of cardiac structure and function by repeated clinic and ambulatory blood pressure. Hypertension 1997; 29: 22–29. IVb

67:

Fagard RH, Van Den Broeke C, De Cort P. Prognostic significance of blood pressure measured in the office, at home and during ambulatory monitoring in older patients in general practice. J Hum Hypertens 2005; 19: 801–807. E-Ib

68:

Pickering TG, Hall JE, Appel LJ, Falkner BE, Graves J, Hill MN, Jones DW, Kurtz T, Sheps SG, Roccella EJ, Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: Part 1: blood pressure measurement in humans: a statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Hypertension 2005; 45: 142–161. GL

69:

O’Brien E, Asmar R, Beilin L, Imai Y, Mallion JM, Mancia G, Mengden T, Myers M, Padfield P, Palatini P, Parati G, Pickering T, Redon J, Staessen J, Stergiou G, Verdecchia P, European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring. European Society of Hypertension recommendations for conventional, ambulatory and home blood pressure measurement. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 821–848. GL

70:

Ménard J, Chatellier G, Day M, Vaur L. Self-measurement of blood pressure at home to evaluate drug effects by the trough: peak ratio. J Hypertens Suppl 1994; 12: S21–S25. V

71:

Oikawa T, Obara T, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Asayama K, Metoki H, Komai R, Murai K, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Imai Y, J-HOME Study Group. Characteristics of resistant hypertension determined by self-measured blood pressure at home and office blood pressure measurements: the J-HOME study. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 1737–1743. E-II

72:

Imai Y, Munakata M, Tsuji I, Ohkubo T, Satoh H, Yoshino H, Watanabe N, Nishiyama A, Onodera N, Kato J, Sekino M, Aihara A, Kasai Y, Abe K. Seasonal variation in blood pressure in normotensive women studied by home measurements. Clin Sci (Lond) 1996; 90: 55–60. V

73:

Fukunaga H, Okubo T, Obara T, Kikuya M, Asayama T, Metoki H, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Imai Y. Home blood pressure measurement in Japan: Practice by 1,928 physicians and its significance: Investigational study regarding current home blood pressure measurement. J Blood Pressure 2006; 13: 122–128. Japanese. VI

74:

Obara T, Okubo T, Kikuya M, Fukunaga H, Murai K, Asayama K, Metoki H, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Imai Y. Home blood pressure measurement in Japan: Practice by 8,506 outpatients and its significance: Investigational study regarding current home blood pressure measurement. J Blood Pressure 2006; 13: 447–454. Japanese. E-III

75:

Imai Y, Otsuka K, Kawano Y, Shimada K, Hayashi H, Tochikubo O, Miyakawa M, Fukiyama K, Japanese Society of Hypertension. Japanese society of hypertension (JSH) guidelines for self-monitoring of blood pressure at home. Hypertens Res 2003; 26: 771–782. GL

76:

Imai Y, Kario K, Shimada K, Kawano Y, Hasebe N, Matsuura H, Tsuchihashi T, Ohkubo T, Kuwajima I, Miyakawa M, Japanese Society of Hypertension Committee for Guidelines for Self-monitoring of Blood Pressure at Home. The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for Self-monitoring of Blood Pressure at Home, 2nd edn. Hypertens Res 2012; 35: 777–795. GL

77:

The Japanese Society of Hypertension. Guidelines Subcommittees of the Japanese Society of Hypertension. Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension JSH2009 (in Japanese). Life Science Publishing Co, Ltd: Tokyo, 2009. GL

78:

Kawabe H, Saito I, Saruta T. Influence of repeated measurement on one occasion, on successive days, and on workdays on home blood pressure values. Clin Exp Hypertens 2005; 27: 215–222. V

79:

Saito I, Kario K, Kushiro T, Teramukai S, Zenimura N, Hiramatsu K, Kobayashi F, Shimada K. Rationale, study design, baseline characteristics and blood pressure at 16 weeks in the HONEST Study. Hypertens Res 2013; 36: 177–182. V

80:

Imai Y, Obara T, Ohkubo T. How many times should we ask subjects to measure blood pressure at home on each occasion? J Hypertens 2007; 25: 1987–1991. VI

81:

Kikuya M, Chonan K, Imai Y, Goto E, Ishii M, Research Group to Assess the Validity of Automated Blood Pressure Measurement Devices in Japan. Accuracy and reliability of wrist-cuff devices for self-measurement of blood pressure. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 629–638. III

82:

Ishimitsu T, Matsuoka H, Minami J, Kawano Y. Usefulness of home automatic sphygmomanometer in medical care for hypertension. Ther Res 1997; 18: 488–493. Japanese. V

83:

Ishii M, Goto E. Accuracy control of home sphygmomanometer. Ther Res 1998; 19: 56–59. Japanese. V

84:

Ohkubo T, Imai Y, Tsuji I, Nagai K, Kato J, Kikuchi N, Nishiyama A, Aihara A, Sekino M, Kikuya M, Ito S, Satoh H, Hisamichi S. Home blood pressure measurement has a stronger predictive power for mortality than does screening blood pressure measurement: a population-based observation in Ohasama, Japan. J Hypertens 1998; 16: 971–975. E-Ib

85:

Sega R, Facchetti R, Bombelli M, Cesana G, Corrao G, Grassi G, Mancia G. Prognostic value of ambulatory and home blood pressures compared with office blood pressure in the general population: follow-up results from the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate e Loro Associazioni (PAMELA) study. Circulation 2005; 111: 1777–1783. E-Ib

86:

Stergiou GS, Nasothimiou EG, Kalogeropoulos PG, Pantazis N, Baibas NM. The optimal home blood pressure monitoring schedule based on the Didima outcome study. J Hum Hypertens 2010; 24: 158–164. E-Ib

87:

Niiranen TJ, Johansson JK, Reunanen A, Jula AM. Optimal schedule for home blood pressure measurement based on prognostic data: the Finn-Home Study. Hypertension 2011; 57: 1081–1086. E-Ib

88:

Hozawa A, Ohkubo T, Nagai K, Kikuya M, Matsubara M, Tsuji I, Ito S, Satoh H, Hisamichi S, Imai Y. Prognosis of isolated systolic and isolated diastolic hypertension as assessed by self-measurement of blood pressure at home: the Ohasama study. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 3301–3306. E-Ib

89:

Asayama K, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Metoki H, Hoshi H, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Satoh H, Imai Y. Prediction of stroke by self-measurement of blood pressure at home versus casual screening blood pressure measurement in relation to the Joint National Committee 7 classification: the Ohasama study. Stroke 2004; 35: 2356–2361. E-Ib

90:

Asayama K, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Metoki H, Obara T, Hoshi H, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Satoh H, Imai Y. Use of 2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for predicting stroke using self-measured blood pressure at home: the Ohasama study. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 2026–2031. E-Ib

91:

Nishinaga M, Takata J, Okumiya K, Matsubayashi K, Ozawa T, Doi Y. High morning home blood pressure is associated with a loss of functional independence in the community-dwelling elderly aged 75 years or older. Hypertens Res 2005; 28: 657–663. E-II

92:

Agarwal R, Andersen MJ. Prognostic importance of clinic and home blood pressure recordings in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2006; 69: 406–411. E-Ib

93:

Stergiou GS, Baibas NM, Kalogeropoulos PG. Cardiovascular risk prediction based on home blood pressure measurement: the Didima study. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 1590–1596. E-Ib

94:

Imai Y, Obara T, Asamaya K, Ohkubo T. The reason why home blood pressure measurements are preferred over clinic or ambulatory blood pressure in Japan. Hypertens Res 2013; 36: 661–672. VI

95:

Imai Y, Abe K, Sasaki S, Minami N, Munakata M, Sekino H, Nihei M, Yoshinaga K. Determination of clinical accuracy and nocturnal blood pressure pattern by new portable device for monitoring indirect ambulatory blood pressure. Am J Hypertens 1990; 3: 293–301. V

96:

Imai Y, Sasaki S, Minami N, Munakata M, Hashimoto J, Sakuma H, Sakuma M, Watanabe N, Imai K, Sekino H, Abe K. The accuracy and performance of the A & D TM 2421, a new ambulatory blood pressure monitoring device based on the cuff-oscillometric method and the Korotkoff sound technique. Am J Hypertens 1992; 5: 719–726. V

97:

Kuwajima I, Nishinaga M, Kanamaru A. The accuracy and clinical performance of a new compact ambulatory blood pressure monitoring device, the ES-H531. Am J Hypertens 1998; 11: 1328–1333. V

98:

Shimada K, Imai Y, Kario K, Kawano Y. Kimura G, Kuwajima I, Yamamoto Y, JCS Joint working Group. Guidelines for the Clinical Use of 24 hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM)(JCS 2010). Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. Japanese Circulation Society: Japanese, 2009. GL

99:

Sokolow M, Werdegar D, Kain HK, Hinman AT. Relationship between level of blood pressure measured casually and by portable recorders and severity of complications in essential hypertension. Circulation 1966; 34: 279–298. E-II

100:

Mancia G, Zanchetti A, Agabiti-Rosei E, Benemio G, De Cesaris R, Fogari R, Pessina A, Porcellati C, Rappelli A, Salvetti A, Trimarco B, Agebiti-Rosei E, Pessino A. Ambulatory blood pressure is superior to clinic blood pressure in predicting treatment-induced regression of left ventricular hypertrophy. SAMPLE Study Group. Study on Ambulatory Monitoring of Blood Pressure and Lisinopril Evaluation. Circulation 1997; 95: 1464–1470. E-II

101:

Verdecchia P, Porcellati C, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, Ciucci A, Battistelli M, Guerrieri M, Gatteschi C, Zampi I, Santucci A, Santucci C, Reboldi G. Ambulatory blood pressure. An independent predictor of prognosis in essential hypertension. Hypertension 1994; 24: 793–801. E-1b

102:

Staessen JA, Thijs L, Fagard R, O’Brien ET, Clement D, de Leeuw PW, Mancia G, Nachev C, Palatini P, Parati G, Tuomilehto J, Webster J, Systolic Hypertension in Europe Trial Investigators. Predicting cardiovascular risk using conventional vs ambulatory blood pressure in older patients with systolic hypertension. JAMA 1999; 282: 539–546. E-Ib

103:

Suzuki Y, Kuwajima I, Aono T, Kanemaru A, Nishinaga M, Shibata H, Ozawa T. Prognostic value of nighttime blood pressure in the elderly: a prospective study of 24-hour blood pressure. Hypertens Res 2000; 23: 323–230. E-Ib

104:

Agarwal R, Andersen MJ. Blood pressure recordings within and outside the clinic and cardiovascular events in chronic kidney disease. Am J Nephrol 2006; 26: 503–510. E-Ib

105:

Arima H, Tanizaki Y, Kiyohara Y, Tsuchihashi T, Kato I, Kubo M, Tanaka K, Ohkubo K, Nakamura H, Abe I, Fujishima M, Iida M. Validity of the JNC VI recommendations for the management of hypertension in a general population of Japanese elderly: the Hisayama study. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 361–366. E-Ib

106:

Ueda K, Omae T, Hasuo Y, Kiyohara Y, Fujii I, Wada J, Kato I, Kawano H, Shinkawa A, Omura T, Fujishima M. Prognosis and outcome of elderly hypertensives in a Japanese community: results from a long-term prospective study. J Hypertens 1988; 6: 991–997. E-Ib

107:

Shimamoto K. Origin, diagnosis and treatment of circulatory diseases. Recent approaches. II. Hypertension 1. New trends in control and treatment of hypertension JNC-VI and the present state in Japan. J Jpn Soc Intern Med 1999; 88: 401–405. VI

108:

MacMahon S, Peto R, Cutler J, Collins R, Sorlie P, Neaton J, Abbott R, Godwin J, Dyer A, Stamler J. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 1, Prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet 1990; 335: 765–774. E-Ib

109:

Vasan RS, Larson MG, Leip EP, Evans JC, O’Donnell CJ, Kannel WB, Levy D. Impact of high-normal blood pressure on the risk of cardiovascular disease. New Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1291–1297. E-Ib

110:

Shimamoto K, Kita T, Mabuchi H, Matsuzaki M, Matsuzawa Y, Nakaya N, Oikawa S, Saito Y, Sasaki J, Itakura H, J-LIT Study Group. The risk of cardiovascular events in Japanese hypertensive patients with hypercholesterolemia: sub-analysis of the Japan Lipid Intervention Trial (J-LIT) Study, a large-scale observational cohort study. Hypertens Res 2005; 28: 879–887. E-Ib

111:

Vasan RS, Larson MG, Leip EP, Kannel WB, Levy D. Assessment of frequency of progression to hypertension in non-hypertensive participants in the Framingham Heart Study: a cohort study. Lancet 2001; 358: 1682–1686. E-Ib

112:

The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 2413–2446. GL

113:

Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT Jr, Roccella EJ, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003; 289: 2560–2572. GL

114:

European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology Guidelines Committee. 2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 1011–1053. GL

115:

Guidelines Subcommittees of the Japanese Society of Hypertension. Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension (JSH 2004) (in Japanese). The Japanese Society of Hypertension: Tokyo, 2004. GL

116:

Imai Y, Ohkubo T, Tsuji I, Nagai K, Satoh H, Hisamichi S, Abe K. Prognostic value of ambulatory and home blood pressure measurements incomparisonto screening blood pressure measurements: a pilot study in Ohasama. Blood Press Monit 1996; 1(Suppl 2): S51-S58. E-Ib

117:

Niiranen TJ, Asayama K, Thijs L, Johansson JK, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Boggia J, Hozawa A, Sandoya E, Stergiou GS, Tsuji I, Jula AM, Imai Y, Staessen JA, International Database of Home blood pressure in relation to Cardiovascular Outcome Investigators. Outcome-driven thresholds for home blood pressure measurement: international database of home blood pressure in relation to cardiovascular outcome. Hypertension 2013; 61: 27–34. E-Ib

118:

Guidelines Subcommittee. 1999 World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. J Hypertens 1999; 17: 151–183. GL

119:

Kikuya M, Hansen TW, Thijs L, Björklund-Bodegård K, Kuznetsova T, Ohkubo T, Richart T, Torp-Pedersen C, Lind L, Ibsen H, Imai Y, Staessen JA, International Database on Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in relation to Cardiovascular Outcomes Investigators. Diagnostic thresholds for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring based on 10-year cardiovascular risk. Circulation 2007; 115: 2145–2152. E-Ia

120:

Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, Redón J, Zanchetti A, Böhm M, Christiaens T, Cifkova R, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Galderisi M, Grobbee DE, Jaarsma T, Kirchhof P, Kjeldsen SE, Laurent S, Manolis AJ, Nilsson PM, Ruilope LM, Schmieder RE, Sirnes PA, Sleight P, Viigimaa M, Waeber B, Zannad F, The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens 2013; 31: 1281–1357. GL

121:

Franklin SS, Khan SA, Wong ND, Larson MG, Levy D. Is pulse pressure useful in predicting risk for coronary heart Disease? The Framingham heart study. Circulation 1999; 100: 354–360. E-Ib

122:

Benetos A, Zureik M, Morcet J, Thomas F, Bean K, Safar M, Ducimetière P, Guize L. A decrease in diastolic blood pressure combined with an increase in systolic blood pressure is associated with a higher cardiovascular mortality in men. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35: 673–680. E-Ib

123:

Staessen JA, Gasowski J, Wang JG, Thijs L, Den Hond E, Boissel JP, Coope J, Ekbom T, Gueyffier F, Liu L, Kerlikowske K, Pocock S, Fagard RH. Risks of untreated and treated isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly: meta-analysis of outcome trials. Lancet 2000; 355: 865–872. I

124:

Shirasaki O, Terada H, Niwano K, Nakanishi T, Kanai M, Miyawaki Y, Souma T, Tanaka T, Kusunoki T. The Japan Home-health Apparatus Industrial Association: investigation of home-use electronic sphygmomanometers. Blood Press Monit 2001; 6: 303–307. VI

125:

Minister's Secretariat/Statistics and Information Department Ministry of Health and Welfare. Summary of a survey regarding needs for health/welfare-associated service in 1997. http://www1.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/h9kenkou_8/. E-III

126:

Pickering TG, Shimbo D, Haas D. Ambulatory blood-pressure monitoring. New Engl J Med 2006; 354: 2368–2374. VI

127:

Kario K, Shimada K, Schwartz JE, Matsuo T, Hoshide S, Pickering TG. Silent and clinically overt stroke in older Japanese subjects with white-coat and sustained hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38: 238–245. E-Ib

128:

Ugajin T, Hozawa A, Ohkubo T, Asayama K, Kikuya M, Obara T, Metoki H, Hoshi H, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Satoh H, Tsuji I, Imai Y. White-coat hypertension as a risk factor for the development of home hypertension: the Ohasama study. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 1541–1546. E-Ib

129:

Verdecchia P, Reboldi GP, Angeli F, Schillaci G, Schwartz JE, Pickering TG, Imai Y, Ohkubo T, Kario K. Short- and long-term incidence of stroke in white-coat hypertension. Hypertension 2005; 45: 203–208. E-Ia

130:

Mancia G, Facchetti R, Bombelli M, Grassi G, Sega R. Long-term risk of mortality associated with selective and combined elevation in office, home, and ambulatory blood pressure. Hypertension 2006; 47: 846–853. E-Ib

131:

Pickering TG, Eguchi K, Kario K. Masked hypertension: a review. Hypertens Res 2007; 30: 479–488. VI

132:

Matsui Y, Eguchi K, Ishikawa J, Hoshide S, Shimada K, Kario K. Subclinical arterial damage in untreated masked hypertensive subjects detected by home blood pressure measurement. Am J Hypertens 2007; 20: 385–391. E-II

133:

Hara A, Ohkubo T, Kondo T, Kikuya M, Aono Y, Hanawa S, Shioda K, Miyamoto S, Obara T, Metoki H, Inoue R, Asayama K, Hirose T, Totsune K, Hoshi H, Izumi S, Satoh H, Imai Y. Detection of silent cerebrovascular lesions in individuals with’masked’and’white-coat’hypertension by home blood pressure measurement: the Ohasama study. J Hypertens 2009; 27: 1049–1055. E-II

134:

Björklund K, Lind L, Zethelius B, Andrén B, Lithell H. Isolated ambulatory hypertension predicts cardiovascular morbidity in elderly men. Circulation 2003; 107: 1297–1302. E-Ib

135:

Bobrie G, Chatellier G, Genes N, Clerson P, Vaur L, Vaisse B, Menard J, Mallion JM. Cardiovascular prognosis of’masked hypertension’detected by blood pressure self-measurement in elderly treated hypertensive patients. JAMA 2004; 291: 1342–1349. E-Ib

136:

Kario K. Diagnosis of true uncontrolled hypertension using both home and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. J Hum Hypertens 2013. E-II

137:

Kario K, Pickering TG, Umeda Y, Hoshide S, Hoshide Y, Morinari M, Murata M, Kuroda T, Schwartz JE, Shimada K. Morning surge in blood pressure as a predictor of silent and clinical cerebrovascular disease in elderly hypertensives: a prospective study. Circulation 2003; 107: 1401–1406. E-Ib

138:

Metoki H, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Asayama K, Obara T, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Hoshi H, Satoh H, Imai Y. Prognostic significance for stroke of a morning pressor surge and a nocturnal blood pressure decline: the Ohasama study. Hypertension 2006; 47: 149–154. E-Ib

139:

Kario K. Morning surge in blood pressure and cardiovascular risk: evidence and perspectives. Hypertension 2010; 56: 765–773. VI

140:

Kario K, Yano Y, Matsuo T, Hoshide S, Eguchi K, Shimada K. Additional impact of morning haemostatic risk factors and morning blood pressure surge on stroke risk in older Japanese hypertensive patients. Eur Heart J 2011; 32: 574–580. E-1b

141:

Ohira T, Tanigawa T, Tabata M, Imano H, Kitamura A, Kiyama M, Sato S, Okamura T, Cui R, Koike KA, Shimamoto T, Iso H. Effects of habitual alcohol intake on ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate, and its variability among Japanese men. Hypertension 2009; 53: 13–19. E-II

142:

Kario K, Ishikawa J, Pickering TG, Hoshide S, Eguchi K, Morinari M, Hoshide Y, Kuroda T, Shimada K. Morning hypertension: the strongest independent risk factor for stroke in elderly hypertensive patients. Hypertens Res 2006; 29: 581–587. E-Ib

143:

Asayama K, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Obara T, Metoki H, Inoue R, Hara A, Hirose T, Hoshi H, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Satoh H, Imai Y. Prediction of stroke by home’morning’versus’evening’blood pressure values: the Ohasama study. Hypertension 2006; 48: 737–743. E-Ib

144:

Matsui Y, Eguchi K, Shibasaki S, Ishikawa J, Shimada K, Kario K. Morning hypertension assessed by home monitoring is a strong predictor of concentric left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with untreated hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2010; 12: 776–783. E-II

145:

Chonan K, Kikuya M, Araki T, Fujiwara T, Suzuki M, Michimata M, Hashimoto J, Ohkubo T, Hozawa A, Yamamoto N, Miyawaki Y, Matsubara M, Imai Y. Device for the self-measurement of blood pressure that can monitor blood pressure during sleep. Blood Press Monit 2001; 6: 203–205. E-II

146:

Shirasaki O, Kuwabara M, Saito M, Tagami K, Washiya S, Kario K. Development and clinical application of a new technique for detecting 'sleep blood pressure surges’ in sleep apnea patients based on a variable desaturation threshold. Hypertens Res 2011; 34: 922–928. E-II

147:

Ishikawa J, Hoshide S, Eguchi K, Ishikawa S, Shimada K, Kario K, Japan Morning Surge-Home Blood Pressure Study Investigators Group. Nighttime home blood pressure and the risk of hypertensive target organ damage. Hypertension 2012; 60: 921–928. E-II

148:

Nagai M, Hoshide S, Ishikawa J, Shimada K, Kario K. Ambulatory blood pressure as an independent determinant of brain atrophy and cognitive function in elderly hypertension. J Hypertens 2008; 26: 1636–1641. E-II

149:

Yano Y, Inokuchi T, Hoshide S, Kanemaru Y, Shimada K, Kario K. Association of poor physical function and cognitive dysfunction with high nocturnal blood pressure level in treated elderly hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens 2011; 24: 285–291. E-II

150:

Hoshide S, Ishikawa J, Eguchi K, Ojima T, Shimada K, Kario K. Masked nocturnal hypertension and target organ damage in hypertensives with well-controlled self-measured home blood pressure. Hypertens Res 2007; 30: 143–149. E-II

151:

Kario K, Matsuo T, Kobayashi H, Imiya M, Matsuo M, Shimada K. Nocturnal fall of blood pressure and silent cerebrovascular damage in elderly hypertensive patients. Advanced silent cerebrovascular damage in extreme dippers. Hypertension 1996; 27: 130–135. E-II

152:

Kario K, Pickering TG, Matsuo T, Hoshide S, Schwartz JE, Shimada K. Stroke prognosis and abnormal nocturnal blood pressure falls in older hypertensives. Hypertension 2001; 38: 852–857. E-Ib

153:

Ohkubo T, Hozawa A, Yamaguchi J, Kikuya M, Ohmori K, Michimata M, Matsubara M, Hashimoto J, Hoshi H, Araki T, Tsuji I, Satoh H, Hisamichi S, Imai Y. Prognostic significance of the nocturnal decline in blood pressure in individuals with and without high 24-h blood pressure: the Ohasama study. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 2183–2189. E-Ib

154:

Eguchi K, Pickering TG, Schwartz JE, Hoshide S, Ishikawa J, Ishikawa S, Shimada K, Kario K. Short sleep duration as an independent predictor of cardiovascular events in Japanese patients with hypertension. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 2225–2231. E-Ib

155:

Kabutoya T, Hoshide S, Ishikawa J, Eguchi K, Shimada K, Kario K. The effect of pulse rate and blood pressure dipping status on the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in Japanese hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens 2010; 23: 749–755. E-Ib

156:

Watanabe N, Imai Y, Nagai K, Tsuji I, Satoh H, Sakuma M, Sakuma H, Kato J, Onodera-Kikuchi N, Yamada M, Abe F, Hisamichi S, Abe K. Nocturnal blood pressure and silent cerebrovascular lesions in elderly Japanese. Stroke 1996; 27: 1319–1327. E-II

157:

Siennicki-Lantz A, Reinprecht F, Axelsson J, Elmståhl S. Cerebral perfusion in the elderly with nocturnal blood pressure fall. Eur J Neurol 2007; 14: 715–720. E-Ib

158:

Guo H, Tabara Y, Igase M, Yamamoto M, Ochi N, Kido T, Uetani E, Taguchi K, Miki T, Kohara K. Abnormal nocturnal blood pressure profile is associated with mild cognitive impairment in the elderly: the J-SHIPP study. Hypertens Res 2010; 33: 32–36. E-II

159:

Jerrard-Dunne P, Mahmud A, Feely J. Circadian blood pressure variation: relationship between dipper status and measures of arterial stiffness. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 1233–1239. E-II

160:

Viera AJ, Lin FC, Hinderliter AL, Shimbo D, Person SD, Pletcher MJ, Jacobs DR Jr. Nighttime blood pressure dipping in young adults and coronary artery calcium 10–15 years later: the coronary artery risk development in young adults study. Hypertension 2012; 59: 1157–1163. E-Ib

161:

Hata Y, Kimura Y, Muratani H, Fukiyama K, Kawano Y, Ashida T, Yokouchi M, Imai Y, Ozawa T, Fujii J, Omae T. Office blood pressure variability as a predictor of brain infarction in elderly hypertensive patients. Hypertens Res 2000; 23: 553–560. E-II

162:

Hata Y, Muratani H, Kimura Y, Fukiyama K, Kawano Y, Ashida T, Yokouchi M, Imai Y, Ozawa T, Fujii J, Omae T. Office blood pressure variability as a predictor of acute myocardial infarction in elderly patients receiving antihypertensive therapy. J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16: 141–146. E-Ib

163:

Rothwell PM, Howard SC, Dolan E, O’Brien E, Dobson JE, Dahlöf B, Sever PS, Poulter NR. Prognostic significance of visit-to-visit variability, maximum systolic blood pressure, and episodic hypertension. Lancet 2010; 375: 895–905. E-Ib

164:

Parati G, Pomidossi G, Albini F, Malaspina D, Mancia G. Relationship of 24-hour blood pressure mean and variability to severity of target-organ damage in hypertension. J Hypertens 1987; 5: 93–98. E-II

165:

Kikuya M, Hozawa A, Ohokubo T, Tsuji I, Michimata M, Matsubara M, Ota M, Nagai K, Araki T, Satoh H, Ito S, Hisamichi S, Imai Y. Prognostic significance of blood pressure and heart rate variabilities: the Ohasama study. Hypertension 2000; 36: 901–906. E-Ib

166:

Mancia G, Bombelli M, Facchetti R, Madotto F, Corrao G, Trevano FQ, Grassi G, Sega R. Long-term prognostic value of blood pressure variability in the general population: results of the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate e Loro Associazioni Study. Hypertension 2007; 49: 1265–1270. E-Ib

167:

Kikuya M, Ohkubo T, Metoki H, Asayama K, Hara A, Obara T, Inoue R, Hoshi H, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Satoh H, Imai Y. Day-by-day variability of blood pressure and heart rate at home as a novel predictor of prognosis: the Ohasama study. Hypertension 2008; 52: 1045–1050. E-Ib

168:

Johansson JK, Niiranen TJ, Puukka PJ, Jula AM. Prognostic value of the variability in home-measured blood pressure and heart rate: the Finn-Home Study. Hypertension 2012; 59: 212–218. E-Ib

169:

Kannel WB, Kannel C, Paffenbarger RS Jr, Cupples LA. Heart rate and cardiovascular mortality: the Framingham Study. Am Heart J 1987; 113: 1489–1494. E-Ib

170:

Palatini P, Benetos A, Grassi G, Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Mancia G, Narkiewicz K, Parati G, Pessina AC, Ruilope LM, Zanchetti A, European Society of Hypertension. Identification and management of the hypertensive patient with elevated heart rate: statement of a European Society of Hypertension Consensus Meeting. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 603–610. GL

171:

Palatini P, Thijs L, Staessen JA, Fagard RH, Bulpitt CJ, Clement DL, de Leeuw PW, Jaaskivi M, Leonetti G, Nachev C, O’Brien ET, Parati G, Rodicio JL, Roman E, Sarti C, Tuomilehto J, Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators. Predictive value of clinic and ambulatory heart rate for mortality in elderly subjects with systolic hypertension. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 2313–2321. E-Ib

172:

Hozawa A, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Ugajin T, Yamaguchi J, Asayama K, Metoki H, Ohmori K, Hoshi H, Hashimoto J, Satoh H, Tsuji I, Imai Y. Prognostic value of home heart rate for cardiovascular mortality in the general population: the Ohasama study. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17: 1005–1010. E-Ib

173:

Fox K, Ford I, Steg PG, Tendera M, Robertson M, Ferrari R, BEAUTIFUL investigators. Heart rate as a prognostic risk factor in patients with coronary artery disease and left-ventricular systolic dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL): a subgroup analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 372: 817–821. E-Ib

174:

Paul L, Hastie CE, Li WS, Harrow C, Muir S, Connell JM, Dominiczak AF, McInnes GT, Padmanabhan S. Resting heart rate pattern during follow-up and mortality in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 2010; 55: 567–574. E-Ib

175:

The Committee of the Japan Diabetes Society on the Diagnostic Criteria of Diabetes Mellitus. Report of the Committee on the Classification and Diagnostic Criteria of Diabetes Mellitus: Revision for International Harmonization of HbA1c in Japan. J Jpn Diabetes Soc 2012; 55: 485–504. Japanese. GL

176:

Momiyama Y, Kawaguchi A, Kajiwara I, Ohmori R, Okada K, Saito I, Konishi M, Nakamura M, Sato S, Kokubo Y, Mannami T, Adachi H, Kario K, Iso H, Ohsuzu F, Tsushima M. Prognostic value of plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in Japanese patients with stable coronary artery disease: the Japan NCVC-Collaborative Inflammation Cohort (JNIC) Study. Atherosclerosis 2009; 207: 272–276. E-Ib

177:

Ishikawa J, Tamura Y, Hoshide S, Eguchi K, Ishikawa S, Shimada K, Kario K. Low-grade inflammation is a risk factor for clinical stroke events in addition to silent cerebral infarcts in Japanese older hypertensives: the Jichi Medical School ABPM Study, wave 1. Stroke 2007; 38: 911–917. E-Ib

178:

Shimizu M, Ishikawa J, Yano Y, Hoshide S, Shimada K, Kario K. The relationship between the morning blood pressure surge and low-grade inflammation on silent cerebral infarct and clinical stroke events. Atherosclerosis 2011; 219: 316–321. E-Ib

179:

Tanaka F, Makita S, Onoda T, Tanno K, Ohsawa M, Itai K, Sakata K, Onodera M, Koeda Y, Kawarura K, Terayama Y, Yoshida Y, Ogawa A, Okayama A, Nakamura M, Iwate-KENCO Study Group. Prehypertension subtype with elevated C-reactive protein: risk of ischemic stroke in a general Japanese population. Am J Hypertens 2010; 23: 1108–1113. E-Ib

180:

Rose KM, Eigenbrodt ML, Biga RL, Couper DJ, Light KC, Sharrett AR, Heiss G. Orthostatic hypotension predicts mortality in middle-aged adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) Study. Circulation 2006; 114: 630–636. E-Ib

181:

Kario K, Eguchi K, Hoshide S, Hoshide Y, Umeda Y, Mitsuhashi T, Shimada K. U-curve relationship between orthostatic blood pressure change and silent cerebrovascular disease in elderly hypertensives: orthostatic hypertension as a new cardiovascular risk factor. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 133–141. E-II

182:

Kario K, Shimada K, Pickering TG. Abnormal nocturnal blood pressure falls in elderly hypertension: clinical significance and determinants. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2003; 41(Suppl 1): S61–S66. V

183:

Dauphinot V, Gosse P, Kossovsky MP, Schott AM, Rouch I, Pichot V, Gaspoz JM, Roche F, Barthelemy JC. Autonomic nervous system activity is independently associated with the risk of shift in the non-dipper blood pressure pattern. Hypertens Res 2010; 33: 1032–1037. E-Ib

184:

Liao D, Cooper L, Cai J, Toole JF, Bryan NR, Hutchinson RG, Tyroler HA. Presence and severity of cerebral white matter lesions and hypertension, its treatment, and its control. The ARIC Study. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Stroke 1996; 27: 2262–2270. E-II

185:

Debette S, Markus HS. The clinical importance of white matter hyperintensities on brain magnetic resonance imaging: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2010; 341: c3666. E-Ia

186:

Kobayashi S, Okada K, Koide H, Bokura H, Yamaguchi S. Subcortical silent brain infarction as a risk factor for clinical stroke. Stroke 1997; 28: 1932–1939. E-Ib

187:

Vermeer SE, Hollander M, van Dijk EJ, Hofman A, Koudstaal PJ, Breteler MM, Rotterdam Scan Study. Silent brain infarcts and white matter lesions increase stroke risk in the general population: the Rotterdam Scan Study. Stroke 2003; 34: 1126–1129. E-Ib

188:

Naka H, Nomura E, Takahashi T, Wakabayashi S, Mimori Y, Kajikawa H, Kohriyama T, Matsumoto M. Combinations of the presence or absence of cerebral microbleeds and advanced white matter hyperintensity as predictors of subsequent stroke types. Am J Neuroradiol 2006; 27: 830–835. E-Ib

189:

Sachs GA, Carter R, Holtz LR, Smith F, Stump TE, Tu W, Callahan CM. Cognitive impairment: an independent predictor of excess mortality: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2011; 155: 300–308. E-Ib

190:

Yamanaka G, Otsuka K, Hotta N, Murakami S, Kubo Y, Matsuoka O, Takasugi E, Yamanaka T, Shinagawa M, Nunoda S, Nishimura Y, Shibata K, Saitoh H, Nishinaga M, Ishine M, Wada T, Okumiya K, Matsubayashi K, Yano S, Ishizuka S, Ichihara K, Cornélissen G, Halberg F. Depressive mood is independently related to stroke and cardiovascular events in a community. Biomed Pharmacother 2005; 59(Suppl 1): S31–S39. E-Ib

191:

Sairenchi T, Iso H, Yamagishi K, Irie F, Okubo Y, Gunji J, Muto T, Ota H. Mild retinopathy is a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality in Japanese with and without hypertension: the Ibaraki Prefectural Health Study. Circulation 2011; 124: 2502–2511. E-Ib

192:

Kawasaki R, Xie J, Cheung N, Lamoureux E, Klein R, Klein BE, Cotch MF, Sharrett AR, Shea S, Wong TY, MESA. Retinal microvascular signs and risk of stroke: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Stroke 2012; 43: 3245–3251. E-Ib

193:

Salles GF, Cardoso CR, Fiszman R, Muxfeldt ES. Prognostic impact of baseline and serial changes in electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy in resistant hypertension. Am Heart J 2010; 159: 833–840. E-Ib

194:

Sundström J, Lind L, Arnlöv J, Zethelius B, Andrén B, Lithell HO. Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic diagnoses of left ventricular hypertrophy predict mortality independently of each other in a population of elderly men. Circulation 2001; 103: 2346–2351. E-Ib

195:

Gosse P, Jan E, Coulon P, Cremer A, Papaioannou G, Yeim S. ECG detection of left ventricular hypertrophy: the simpler, the better? J Hypertens 2012; 30: 990–996. E-II

196:

Schillaci G, Battista F, Pucci G. A review of the role of electrocardiography in the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension. J Electrocardiol 2012; 45: 617–623. VI

197:

Salles GF, Cardoso CR, Fiszman R, Muxfeldt ES. Prognostic significance of baseline and serial changes in electrocardiographic strain pattern in resistant hypertension. J Hypertens 2010; 28: 1715–1723. E-Ia

198:

Pierdomenico SD, Cuccurullo F. Risk reduction after regression of echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension: a meta-analysis. Am J Hypertens 2010; 23: 876–881. E-Ib

199:

Gerdts E, Cramariuc D, de Simone G, Wachtell K, Dahlöf B, Devereux RB. Impact of left ventricular geometry on prognosis in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (the LIFE study). Eur J Echocardiogr 2008; 9: 809–815. III

200:

Zile MR, Gottdiener JS, Hetzel SJ, McMurray JJ, Komajda M, McKelvie R, Baicu CF, Massie BM, Carson PE, I-PRESERVE Investigators. Prevalence and significance of alterations in cardiac structure and function in patients with heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction. Circulation 2011; 124: 2491–2501. E-Ib

201:

Sudoh T, Kangawa K, Minamino N, Matsuo H. A new natriuretic peptide in porcine brain. Nature 1988; 332: 78–81. VI

202:

JCS Joint Working Group. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases 2007–2008 JCS Joint Working Groups Report. Guidelines for Noninvasive Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Lesions. Circ J 2009; 73(suppl III). Japanese. GL

203:

Japanese Society of Nephrology. Evidence-based practice guideline for the treatment of CKD. Clin Exp Nephrol 2009; 13: 537–566. GL

204:

Matsuo S, Imai E, Horio M, Yasuda Y, Tomita K, Nitta K, Yamagata K, Tomino Y, Yokoyama H, Hishida A, Collaborators developing the Japanese equation for estimated GFR. Revised equations for estimated GFR from serum creatinine in Japan. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 53: 982–992. IVb

205:

Horio M, Imai E, Yasuda Y, Watanabe T, Matsuo S, Collaborators Developing the Japanese Equation for Estimated GFR. GFR estimation using standardized serum cystatin C in Japan. Am J Kidney Dis 2013; 61: 197–203. IVb

206:

Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int Suppl 2013; 3: 1–150. GL

207:

The Joint Committee of ‘The Japan Academy of Neurosonology’ and ‘The Japan Society of Embolus Detection and Treatment’ on Guideline for Neurosonology. [Carotid Ultrasound Examination]. Neurosonology 2006; 19: 49–69. Japanese. GL

208:

O’Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Wolfson SK Jr, Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. New Engl J Med 1999; 340: 14–22. E-Ib

209:

Lorenz MW, Markus HS, Bots ML, Rosvall M, Sitzer M. Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation 2007; 115: 459–467. E-Ia

210:

Wang JG, Staessen JA, Li Y, Van Bortel LM, Nawrot T, Fagard R, Messerli FH, Safar M. Carotid intima-media thickness and antihypertensive treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Stroke 2006; 37: 1933–1940. I

211:

Crouse JR 3rd, Raichlen JS, Riley WA, Evans GW, Palmer MK, O’Leary DH, Grobbee DE, Bots ML, METEOR Study Group. Effect of rosuvastatin on progression of carotid intima-media thickness in low-risk individuals with subclinical atherosclerosis: the METEOR Trial. JAMA 2007; 297: 1344–1353. II

212:

Geng DF, Jin DM, Wu W, Fang C, Wang JF. Effect of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors on the progression of carotid intima-media thickness: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Atherosclerosis 2011; 218: 214–219. I

213:

Mathiesen EB, Johnsen SH, Wilsgaard T, Bønaa KH, Løchen ML, Njølstad I. Carotid plaque area and intima-media thickness in prediction of first-ever ischemic stroke: a 10-year follow-up of 6584 men and women: the Tromsø Study. Stroke 2011; 42: 972–978. E-Ib

214:

Polak JF, Pencina MJ, Pencina KM, O’Donnell CJ, Wolf PA, D’Agostino RB Sr. Carotid-wall intima-media thickness and cardiovascular events. New Engl J Med 2011; 365: 213–221. E-Ib

215:

Inaba Y, Chen JA, Bergmann SR. Carotid plaque, compared with carotid intima-media thickness, more accurately predicts coronary artery disease events: a meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis 2012; 220: 128–133. E-Ia

216:

Murabito JM, Evans JC, Larson MG, Nieto K, Levy D, Wilson PW, Framingham Study. The ankle-brachial index in the elderly and risk of stroke, coronary disease, and death: the Framingham Study. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 1939–1942. E-Ib

217:

Newman AB, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Rutan GH, Locher J, Kuller LH. Lower extremity arterial disease in elderly subjects with systolic hypertension. J Clin Epidemiol 1991; 44: 15–20. E-II

218:

Farkas K, Járai Z, Kolossváry E, Ludányi A, Clement DL, Kiss I, ERV Study Group. High prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in hypertensive patients: the Evaluation of Ankle-Brachial Index in Hungarian Hypertensives screening program. J Hypertens 2012; 30: 1526–1532. E-II

219:

Rooke TW, Hirsch AT, Misra S, Sidawy AN, Beckman JA, Findeiss LK, Golzarian J, Gornik HL, Halperin JL, Jaff MR, Moneta GL, Olin JW, Stanley JC, White CJ, White JV, Zierler RE, American College of Cardiology Foundation, American Heart Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society for Vascular Medicine, Society for Vascular Surgery. 2011 ACCF/AHA focused update of the guideline for the management of patients with peripheral artery disease (updating the 2005 guideline): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society for Vascular Medicine, and Society for Vascular Surgery. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2012; 79: 501–531. GL

220:

Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Cifkova R, Fagard R, Germano G, Grassi G, Heagerty AM, Kjeldsen SE, Laurent S, Narkiewicz K, Ruilope L, Rynkiewicz A, Schmieder RE, Boudier HA, Zanchetti A, ESH-ESC Task Force on the Management of Arterial Hypertension. 2007 ESH-ESC Practice Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: ESH-ESC Task Force on the Management of Arterial Hypertension. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 1751–1762. GL

221:

Yamashina A, Tomiyama H, Takeda K, Tsuda H, Arai T, Hirose K, Koji Y, Hori S, Yamamoto Y. Validity, reproducibility, and clinical significance of noninvasive brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity measurement. Hypertens Res 2002; 25: 359–364. E-III

222:

Tomiyama H, Yamashina A, Arai T, Hirose K, Koji Y, Chikamori T, Hori S, Yamamoto Y, Doba N, Hinohara S. Influences of age and gender on results of noninvasive brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity measurement—a survey of 12517 subjects. Atherosclerosis 2003; 166: 303–309. E-II

223:

Ohnishi H, Saitoh S, Takagi S, Ohata J, Isobe T, Kikuchi Y, Takeuchi H, Shimamoto K. Pulse wave velocity as an indicator of atherosclerosis in impaired fasting glucose: the Tanno and Sobetsu study. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 437–440. E-II

224:

Munakata M, Konno S, Miura Y, Yoshinaga K, J-TOPP Study Group. Prognostic significance of the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in patients with essential hypertension: final results of the J-TOPP study. Hypertens Res 2012; 35: 839–842. III

225:

Shirai K, Hiruta N, Song M, Kurosu T, Suzuki J, Tomaru T, Miyashita Y, Saiki A, Takahashi M, Suzuki K, Takata M. Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) as a novel indicator of arterial stiffness: theory, evidence and perspectives. J Atheroscler Thromb 2011; 18: 924–938. VI

226:

Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. BMJ 2009; 338: b1665. I

227:

Bejan-Angoulvant T, Saadatian-Elahi M, Wright JM, Schron EB, Lindholm LH, Fagard R, Staessen JA, Gueyffier F. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years and older: the lower the better? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens 2010; 28: 1366–1372. I

228:

Asayama K, Ohkubo T, Yoshida S, Suzuki K, Metoki H, Harada A, Murakami Y, Ohashi Y, Ueshima H, Imai Y, Japan Arteriosclerosis Longitudinal Study (JALS) group. Stroke risk and antihypertensive drug treatment in the general population: the Japan arteriosclerosis longitudinal study. J Hypertens 2009; 27: 357–364. E-Ia

229:

Inoue R, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Metoki H, Asayama K, Obara T, Hirose T, Hara A, Hoshi H, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Satoh H, Kondo Y, Imai Y. Stroke risk in systolic and combined systolic and diastolic hypertension determined using ambulatory blood pressure. The Ohasama study. Am J Hypertens 2007; 20: 1125–1131. E-Ib

230:

Barengo NC, Hu G, Kastarinen M, Antikainen R, Tuomilehto J. The effects of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension on future stroke incidence in a community-based population study in Finland. J Hypertens 2009; 27: 1459–1465. E-Ib

231:

Barengo NC, Kastarinen M, Antikainen R, Nissinen A, Tuomilehto J. The effects of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in a community-based population. J Hum Hypertens 2009; 23: 808–816. E-Ib

232:

Arima H, Chalmers J, Woodward M, Anderson C, Rodgers A, Davis S, Macmahon S, Neal B, PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Lower target blood pressures are safe and effective for the prevention of recurrent stroke: the PROGRESS trial. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 1201–1208. III

233:

Ishikawa S, Kario K, Kayaba K, Gotoh T, Nago N, Nakamura Y, Tsutsumi A, Kajii E, Jichi Medical School (JMS) Cohort Study Group. Continued high risk of stroke in treated hypertensives in a general population: the Jichi Medical School Cohort study. Hypertens Res 2008; 31: 1125–1133. E-Ib

234:

Okayama A, Kadowaki T, Okamura T, Hayakawa T, Ueshima H, NIPPON DATA80 Research Group. Age-specific effects of systolic and diastolic blood pressures on mortality due to cardiovascular diseases among Japanese men (NIPPON DATA80). J Hypertens 2006; 24: 459–462. E-Ib

235:

Shimamoto K, Fujita T, Ito S, Naritomi H, Ogihara T, Shimada K, Tanaka H, Yoshiike N, J-HEALTH Study Committees. Impact of blood pressure control on cardiovascular events in 26,512 Japanese hypertensive patients: the Japan Hypertension Evaluation with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan Therapy (J-HEALTH) study, a prospective nationwide observational study. Hypertens Res 2008; 31: 469–478. E-Ib

236:

Lever AF, Ramsay LE. Treatment of hypertension in the elderly. J Hypertens 1995; 13: 571–579. VI

237:

ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 2002; 288: 2981–2997. II

238:

Moser M, Hebert PR. Prevention of disease progression, left ventricular hypertrophy and congestive heart failure in hypertension treatment trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27: 1214–1218. I

239:

Psaty BM, Smith NL, Siscovick DS, Koepsell TD, Weiss NS, Heckbert SR, Lemaitre RN, Wagner EH, Furberg CD. Health outcomes associated with antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents. A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 1997; 277: 739–745. I

240:

Verdecchia P, Staessen JA, Angeli F, de Simone G, Achilli A, Ganau A, Mureddu G, Pede S, Maggioni AP, Lucci D, Reboldi G, Cardio-Sis investigators. Usual versus tight control of systolic blood pressure in non-diabetic patients with hypertension (Cardio-Sis): an open-label randomised trial. Lancet 2009; 374: 525–533. II

241:

Gueyffier F, Boutitie F, Boissel JP, Pocock S, Coope J, Cutler J, Ekbom T, Fagard R, Friedman L, Perry M, Prineas R, Schron E. Effect of antihypertensive drug treatment on cardiovascular outcomes in women and men. A meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomized, controlled trials. The INDANA Investigators. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126: 761–767. III

242:

Sairenchi T, Iso H, Irie F, Fukasawa N, Yamagishi K, Kanashiki M, Saito Y, Ota H, Nose T. Age-specific relationship between blood pressure and the risk of total and cardiovascular mortality in Japanese men and women. Hypertens Res 2005; 28: 901–909. E-Ib

243:

Conen D, Ridker PM, Buring JE, Glynn RJ. Risk of cardiovascular events among women with high normal blood pressure or blood pressure progression: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2007; 335: 432. E-Ib

244:

Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, Staessen JA, Liu L, Dumitrascu D, Stoyanovsky V, Antikainen RL, Nikitin Y, Anderson C, Belhani A, Forette F, Rajkumar C, Thijs L, Banya W, Bulpitt CJ, HYVET Study Group. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. New Engl J Med 2008; 358: 1887–1898. II

245:

Ninomiya T, Kiyohara Y, Kubo M, Tanizaki Y, Doi Y, Okubo K, Wakugawa Y, Hata J, Oishi Y, Shikata K, Yonemoto K, Hirakata H, Iida M. Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease in a general Japanese population: the Hisayama Study. Kidney Int 2005; 68: 228–236. E-Ib

246:

Rahman M, Ford CE, Cutler JA, Davis BR, Piller LB, Whelton PK, Wright JT Jr, Barzilay JI, Brown CD, Colon PJ Sr, Fine LJ, Grimm RH Jr, Gupta AK, Baimbridge C, Haywood LJ, Henriquez MA, Ilamaythi E, Oparil S, Preston R, ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Long-term renal and cardiovascular outcomes in Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) participants by baseline estimated GFR. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 7: 989–1002. IVa

247:

Arnlöv J, Evans JC, Meigs JB, Wang TJ, Fox CS, Levy D, Benjamin EJ, D’Agostino RB, Vasan RS. Low-grade albuminuria and incidence of cardiovascular disease events in nonhypertensive and nondiabetic individuals: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2005; 112: 969–975. E-Ib

248:

Nakayama M, Metoki H, Terawaki H, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Sato T, Nakayama K, Asayama K, Inoue R, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Hoshi H, Ito S, Imai Y. Kidney dysfunction as a risk factor for first symptomatic stroke events in a general Japanese population—the Ohasama study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22: 1910–1915. E-Ib

249:

Irie F, Iso H, Sairenchi T, Fukasawa N, Yamagishi K, Ikehara S, Kanashiki M, Saito Y, Ota H, Nose T. The relationships of proteinuria, serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate with cardiovascular disease mortality in Japanese general population. Kidney Int 2006; 69: 1264–1271. E-Ib

250:

Hallan SI, Matsushita K, Sang Y, Mahmoodi BK, Black C, Ishani A, Kleefstra N, Naimark D, Roderick P, Tonelli M, Wetzels JF, Astor BC, Gansevoort RT, Levin A, Wen CP, Coresh J, Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis Consortium. Age and association of kidney measures with mortality and end-stage renal disease. JAMA 2012; 308: 2349–2360. E-Ia

251:

Asayama K, Ohkubo T, Sato A, Hara A, Obara T, Yasui D, Metoki H, Inoue R, Kikuya M, Hashimoto J, Hoshi H, Satoh H, Imai Y. Proposal of a risk-stratification system for the Japanese population based on blood pressure levels: the Ohasama study. Hypertens Res 2008; 31: 1315–1322. E-Ib

252:

Mahmoodi BK, Matsushita K, Woodward M, Blankestijn PJ, Cirillo M, Ohkubo T, Rossing P, Sarnak MJ, Stengel B, Yamagishi K, Yamashita K, Zhang L, Coresh J, de Jong PE, Astor BC, Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis Consortium. Associations of kidney disease measures with mortality and end-stage renal disease in individuals with and without hypertension: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2012; 380: 1649–1661. E-Ia

253:

Fox CS, Matsushita K, Woodward M, Bilo HJ, Chalmers J, Heerspink HJ, Lee BJ, Perkins RM, Rossing P, Sairenchi T, Tonelli M, Vassalotti JA, Yamagishi K, Coresh J, de Jong PE, Wen CP, Nelson RG, Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis Consortium. Associations of kidney disease measures with mortality and end-stage renal disease in individuals with and without diabetes: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2012; 380: 1662–1673. E-Ia

254:

de Leeuw PW, Ruilope LM, Palmer CR, Brown MJ, Castaigne A, Mancia G, Rosenthal T, Wagener G. Clinical significance of renal function in hypertensive patients at high risk: results from the INSIGHT trial. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 2459–2464. III

255:

Turnbull F, Neal B, Algert C, Chalmers J, Chapman N, Cutler J, Woodward M, MacMahon S, Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration. Effects of different blood pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 1410–149. I

256:

PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or ransient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2001; 358: 1033–1041. II

257:

UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998; 317: 703–713. II

258:

Bangalore S, Kumar S, Lobach I, Messerli FH. Blood pressure targets in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus/impaired fasting glucose: observations from traditional and bayesian random-effects meta-analyses of randomized trials. Circulation 2011; 123: 2799–27810. I

259:

Casas JP, Chua W, Loukogeorgakis S, Vallance P, Smeeth L, Hingorani AD, MacAllister RJ. Effect of inhibitors of the renin–angiotensin system and other antihypertensive drugs on renal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2005; 366: 2026–2033. I

260:

Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Cifkova R, Fagard R, Germano G, Grassi G, Heagerty AM, Kjeldsen SE, Laurent S, Narkiewicz K, Ruilope L, Rynkiewicz A, Schmieder RE, Boudier HA, Zanchetti A, Vahanian A, Camm J, De Caterina R, Dean V, Dickstein K, Filippatos G, Funck-Brentano C, Hellemans I, Kristensen SD, McGregor K, Sechtem U, Silber S, Tendera M, Widimsky P, Zamorano JL, Erdine S, Kiowski W, Agabiti-Rosei E, Ambrosioni E, Lindholm LH, Viigimaa M, Adamopoulos S, Agabiti-Rosei E, Ambrosioni E, Bertomeu V, Clement D, Erdine S, Farsang C, Gaita D, Lip G, Mallion JM, Manolis AJ, Nilsson PM, O’Brien E, Ponikowski P, Redon J, Ruschitzka F, Tamargo J, van Zwieten P, Waeber B, Williams B, Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension, European Society of Cardiology. 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens 2007; 25: 1105–1187. GL

261:

Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS). Guidelines for Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases (in Japanese). 2012. GL

262:

Onishi H, Saito S, Akasaka K, Miura T, Shimamoto K. Examination regarding the ability of risk stratification in the JSH2009 Guidelines to predict cardiovascular events in the regional general population: Tanno-Sobetsu Study. J Clin Exp Med 2013; 245: 675–676. Japanese. E-II

263:

Ninomiya T, Kiyohara H. Prognostic factors to be used for risk stratification and reassessment of these factors, (1) Metabolic syndrome, Clinical Hypertension Workbook—-Next approach beyond evidence—-2nd volume, Risk stratification in hypertensive patients. Edited by Tsuchihashi T, Oya Y, and Kario N, Osaka, Iyaku (Medicine and Drug) Journal, 2012, pp 58–64. Japanese. VI

264:

Dolan E, Stanton A, Thijs L, Hinedi K, Atkins N, McClory S, Den Hond E, McCormack P, Staessen JA, O’Brien E. Superiority of ambulatory over clinic blood pressure measurement in predicting mortality: the Dublin outcome study. Hypertension 2005; 46: 156–161. E-Ib

265:

Hansen TW, Jeppesen J, Rasmussen S, Ibsen H, Torp-Pedersen C. Ambulatory blood pressure and mortality: a population-based study. Hypertension 2005; 45: 499–504. E-Ib

266:

Hansen TW, Kikuya M, Thijs L, Björklund-Bodegård K, Kuznetsova T, Ohkubo T, Richart T, Torp-Pedersen C, Lind L, Jeppesen J, Ibsen H, Imai Y, Staessen JA, IDACO Investigators. Prognostic superiority of daytime ambulatory over conventional blood pressure in four populations: a meta-analysis of 7,030 individuals. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 1554–1564. E-Ia

267:

Hodgkinson J, Mant J, Martin U, Guo B, Hobbs FD, Deeks JJ, Heneghan C, Roberts N, McManus RJ. Relative effectiveness of clinic and home blood pressure monitoring compared with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in diagnosis of hypertension: systematic review. BMJ 2011; 342: d3621.E-Ia

268:

Ingelsson E, Björklund-Bodegård K, Lind L, Arnlöv J, Sundström J. Diurnal blood pressure pattern and risk of congestive heart failure. JAMA 2006; 295: 2859–2866. E-Ib

269:

Niiranen TJ, Hänninen MR, Johansson J, Reunanen A, Jula AM. Home-measured blood pressure is a stronger predictor of cardiovascular risk than office blood pressure: the Finn-Home study. Hypertension 2010; 55: 1346–1351. E-Ib

270:

Ishikawa J, Carroll DJ, Kuruvilla S, Schwartz JE, Pickering TG. Changes in home versus clinic blood pressure with antihypertensive treatments: a meta-analysis. Hypertension 2008; 52: 856–864. E-Ia

271:

Appel LJ, Champagne CM, Harsha DW, Cooper LS, Obarzanek E, Elmer PJ, Stevens VJ, Vollmer WM, Lin PH, Svetkey LP, Stedman SW, Young DR, Writing Group of the PREMIER Collaborative Research Group. Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on blood pressure control: main results of the PREMIER clinical trial. JAMA 2003; 289: 2083–2093. II

272:

Medical Research Council Working Party. MRC trial of treatment of mild hypertension: principal results. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985; 291: 97–104. II

273:

Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, Dahlöf B, Elmfeldt D, Julius S, Ménard J, Rahn KH, Wedel H, Westerling S, HOT Study Group. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. Lancet 1998; 351: 1755–1762. II

274:

Liu L, Zhang Y, Liu G, Li W, Zhang X, Zanchetti A, FEVER Study Group. The Felodipine Event Reduction (FEVER) Study: a randomized long-term placebo-controlled trial in Chinese hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 2005; 23: 2157–2172. II

275:

Zanchetti A, Grassi G, Mancia G. When should antihypertensive drug treatment be initiated and to what levels should systolic blood pressure be lowered? A critical reappraisal. J Hypertens 2009; 27: 923–934. IVa

276:

Berry JD, Dyer A, Cai X, Garside DB, Ning H, Thomas A, Greenland P, Van Horn L, Tracy RP, Lloyd-Jones DM. Lifetime risks of cardiovascular disease. New Engl J Med 2012; 366: 321–329. IVa

277:

Yasui D, Asayama K, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Kanno A, Hara A, Hirose T, Obara T, Metoki H, Inoue R, Totsune K, Hoshi H, Satoh H, Imai Y. Stroke risk in treated hypertension based on home blood pressure: the Ohasama study. Am J Hypertens 2010; 23: 508–514. IVa

278:

Yasui D, Asayama K, Takada N, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Hara A, Hirose T, Obara T, Metoki H, Inoue R, Totsune K, Hoshi H, Satoh H, Staessen JA, Imai Y. Evaluating home blood pressure in treated hypertensives in comparison with the referential value of casual screening of blood pressure: the Ohasama study. Blood Press Monit 2012; 17: 89–95. IVb

279:

Asayama K, Ohkubo T, Metoki H, Obara T, Inoue R, Kikuya M, Thijs L, Staessen JA, Imai Y, Hypertension Objective Treatment Based on Measurement by Electrical Devices of Blood Pressure (HOMED-BP). Cardiovascular outcomes in the first trial of antihypertensive therapy guided by self-measured home blood pressure. Hypertens Res 2012; 35: 1102–1110. II

280:

Noguchi Y, Asayama K, Staessen JA, Inaba M, Ohkubo T, Hosaka M, Satoh M, Kamide K, Awata T, Katayama S, Imai Y, the HOMED-BP study group. Predictive power of home blood pressure and clinic blood pressure in hypertensive patients with impaired glucose metabolism and diabetes. J Hypertens 2013; 31: 1593–1602. IVa

281:

Messerli FH, Mancia G, Conti CR, Hewkin AC, Kupfer S, Champion A, Kolloch R, Benetos A, Pepine CJ. Dogma disputed: can aggressively lowering blood pressure in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease be dangerous? Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 884–893. E-Ib

282:

Rothwell PM, Howard SC, Spence JD, Carotid Endarterectomy Trialists’ Collaboration. Relationship between blood pressure and stroke risk in patients with symptomatic carotid occlusive disease. Stroke 2003; 34: 2583–2590. E-Ia

283:

Ueshima H. NIPPON DATA 80. J Blood Pressure 2000; 7: 421–426. Japanese. VI

284:

Sleight P, Redon J, Verdecchia P, Mancia G, Gao P, Fagard R, Schumacher H, Weber M, Böhm M, Williams B, Pogue J, Koon T, Yusuf S, ONTARGET investigators. Prognostic value of blood pressure in patients with high vascular risk in the Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial study. J Hypertens 2009; 27: 1360–1369. III

285:

Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP, Goff DC Jr, Grimm RH Jr, Cutler JA, Simons-Morton DG, Basile JN, Corson MA, Probstfield JL, Katz L, Peterson KA, Friedewald WT, Buse JB, Bigger JT, Gerstein HCIsmail-Beigi F, ACCORD Study Group. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. New Engl J Med 2010; 362: 1575–1585. II]

286:

Cooper-DeHoff RM, Gong Y, Handberg EM, Bavry AA, Denardo SJ, Bakris GL, Pepine CJ. Tight blood pressure control and cardiovascular outcomes among hypertensive patients with diabetes and coronary artery disease. JAMA 2010; 304: 61–68. IVa

287:

Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R, Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002; 360: 1903–1913. E-Ia

288:

Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks FM, Bray GA, Vogt TM, Cutler JA, Windhauser MM, Lin PH, Karanja N, DASH Collaborative Research Group. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. New Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1117–1124. II

289:

Whelton PK, Appel LJ, Espeland MA, Applegate WB, Ettinger WH Jr, Kostis JB, Kumanyika S, Lacy CR, Johnson KC, Folmar S, Cutler JA, TONE Collaborative Research Group. Sodium reduction and weight loss in the treatment of hypertension in older persons: a randomized controlled trial of nonpharmacologic interventions in the elderly (TONE). JAMA 1998; 279: 839–846. II

290:

Hayashi T, Tsumura K, Suematsu C, Okada K, Fujii S, Endo G. Walking to work and the risk for hypertension in men: the Osaka Health Survey. Ann Intern Med 1999; 131: 21–26. IVa

291:

Svetkey LP, Pollak KI, Yancy WS Jr, Dolor RJ, Batch BC, Samsa G, Matchar DB, Lin PH. Hypertension improvement project: randomized trial of quality improvement for physicians and lifestyle modification for patients. Hypertension 2009; 54: 1226–1233. II

292:

Neaton JD, Grimm RH Jr, Prineas RJ, Stamler J, Grandits GA, Elmer PJ, Cutler JA, Flack JM, Schoenberger JA, McDonald R, Lewis CE, Liebson PR, Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study Research Group. Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study. Final results. JAMA 1993; 270: 713–724. II

293:

Singer DR, Markandu ND, Cappuccio FP, Miller MA, Sagnella GA, MacGregor GA. Reduction of salt intake during converting enzyme inhibitor treatment compared with addition of a thiazide. Hypertension 1995; 25: 1042–1044. II

294:

Saito I, Saruta T. Effect of education through a periodic newsletter on persistence with antihypertensive therapy. Hypertens Res 2003; 26: 159–162. III

295:

Yoshida K, Matsuoka H, Omae T, Fujii J. Patient-hospital relationship and quality of life in elderly patients with hypertension. Hypertens Res 1995; 18: 77–83. IVb

296:

Croog SH, Levine S, Testa MA, Brown B, Bulpitt CJ, Jenkins CD, Klerman GL, Williams GH. The effects of antihypertensive therapy on the quality of life. New Engl J Med 1986; 314: 1657–1664. II

297:

Kaplan NM. Anxiety-induced hyperventilation. A common cause of symptoms in patients with hypertension. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 945–948. V

298:

Mena-Martin FJ, Martin-Escudero JC, Simal-Blanco F, Carretero-Ares JL, Arzua-Mouronte D, Herreros-Fernandez V. Health-related quality of life of subjects with known and unknown hypertension: results from the population-based Hortega study. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 1283–1289. IVb

299:

Dimenäs ES, Wiklund IK, Dahlöf CG, Lindvall KG, Olofsson BK, De Faire UH. Differences in the subjective well-being and symptoms of normotensives, borderline hypertensives and hypertensives. J Hypertens 1989; 7: 885–890. IVb

300:

Mikami H, Ogihara T. Quality of life in the pharmacologically treated elderly patients. Jpn J Geriat 1999; 7: 1657–1664. Japanese. VI

301:

Grimm RH Jr, Grandits GA, Cutler JA, Stewart AL, McDonald RH, Svendsen K, Prineas RJ, Liebson PR. Relationships of quality-of-life measures to long-term lifestyle and drug treatment in the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 638–648. II

302:

Degl’Innocenti A, Elmfeldt D, Hofman A, Lithell H, Olofsson B, Skoog I, Trenkwalder P, Zanchetti A, Wiklund I. Health-related quality of life during treatment of elderly patients with hypertension: results from the Study on COgnition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE). J Hum Hypertens 2004; 18: 239–2345. II

303:

Bremner AD. Antihypertensive medication and quality of life—silent treatment of a silent killer? Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2002; 16: 353–364. VI

304:

Bane C, Hughes CM, Cupples ME, McElnay JC. The journey to concordance for patients with hypertension: a qualitative study in primary care. Pharm World Sci 2007; 29: 534–540. IVb

305:

Saito I. Factors and strategies: Adherence. J Blood Pressure 2010; 17: 217–219. Japanese. VI

306:

Ashida T. White coat hypertension, Therapeutic strategies for poor compliance. Cardioangiology 2003; 53: 236–244. Japanese. VI

307:

Saito I. Compliance and blood pressure control, Influence of the number of antihypertensive drugs on compliance. J Blood Pressure 2006; 13: 1019–1025. Japanese. IVb

308:

Ho PM, Bryson CL, Rumsfeld JS. Medication adherence: its importance in cardiovascular outcomes. Circulation 2009; 119: 3028–3035. VI

309:

Mazzaglia G, Ambrosioni E, Alacqua M, Filippi A, Sessa E, Immordino V, Borghi C, Brignoli O, Caputi AP, Cricelli C, Mantovani LG. Adherence to antihypertensive medications and cardiovascular morbidity among newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. Circulation 2009; 120: 1598–15605. IVa

310:

Grassi G, Seravalle G, Mancia G. Cardiovascular consequences of poor compliance to antihypertensive therapy. Blood Press 2011; 20: 196–203. VI

311:

Roumie CL, Elasy TA, Greevy R, Griffin MR, Liu X, Stone WJ, Wallston KA, Dittus RS, Alvarez V, Cobb J, Speroff T. Improving blood pressure control through provider education, provider alerts, and patient education: a cluster randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2006; 145: 165–175. II

312:

Lee JK, Grace KA, Taylor AJ. Effect of a pharmacy care program on medication adherence and persistence, blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006; 296: 2563–2571. II

313:

Hill MN, Miller NH, Degeest S, Materson BJ, Black HR, Izzo JL Jr, Oparil SWeber MA, American Society of Hypertension Writing Group. Adherence and persistence with taking medication to control high blood pressure. J Am Soc Hypertens 2011; 5: 56–63. VI

314:

Marshall IJ, Wolfe CD, McKevitt C. Lay perspectives on hypertension and drug adherence: systematic review of qualitative research. BMJ 2012; 345: e3953. I

315:

Burnier M. Medication adherence and persistence as the cornerstone of effective antihypertensive therapy. Am J Hypertens 2006; 19: 1190–1196. VI

316:

Schroeder K, Fahey T, Ebrahim S. How can we improve adherence to blood pressure-lowering medication in ambulatory care? Systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 722–732. E-Ia

317:

Bangalore S, Kamalakkannan G, Parkar S, Messerli FH. Fixed-dose combinations improve medication compliance: a meta-analysis. Am J Med 2007; 120: 713–719. I

318:

Antithrombotic Trialists’ Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ 2002; 324: 71–86. I

319:

Hart RG, Tonarelli SB, Pearce LA. Avoiding central nervous system bleeding during antithrombotic therapy: recent data and ideas. Stroke 2005; 36: 1588–1593. VI

320:

Diener HC, Bogousslavsky J, Brass LM, Cimminiello C, Csiba L, Kaste M, Leys D, Matias-Guiu J, Rupprecht HJ, MATCH investigators. Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in high-risk patients (MATCH): randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 364: 331–337. II

321:

Bhatt DL, Fox KA, Hacke W, Berger PB, Black HR, Boden WE, Cacoub P, Cohen EA, Creager MA, Easton JD, Flather MD, Haffner SM, Hamm CW, Hankey GJ, Johnston SC, Mak KH, Mas JL, Montalescot G, Pearson TA, Steg PG, Steinhubl SR, Weber MA, Brennan DM, Fabry-Ribaudo L, Booth J, Topol EJ, CHARISMA Investigators. Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events. New Engl J Med 2006; 354: 1706–1717. II

322:

Dentali F, Douketis JD, Lim W, Crowther M. Combined aspirin-oral anticoagulant therapy compared with oral anticoagulant therapy alone among patients at risk for cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 117–124. I

323:

Toyoda K, Yasaka M, Iwade K, Nagata K, Koretsune Y, Sakamoto T, Uchiyama S, Gotoh J, Nagao T, Yamamoto M, Takahashi JC, Minematsu K, Bleeding with Antithrombotic Therapy (BAT) Study Group. Dual antithrombotic therapy increases severe bleeding events in patients with stroke and cardiovascular disease: a prospective, multicenter, observational study. Stroke 2008; 39: 1740–1745. E-Ib

324:

Arima H, Anderson C, Omae T, Woodward M, MacMahon S, Mancia G, Bousser MG, Tzourio C, Rodgers A, Neal B, Chalmers J, Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study (PROGRESS) Collaborative Group. Effects of blood pressure lowering on intracranial and extracranial bleeding in patients on antithrombotic therapy: the PROGRESS trial. Stroke 2012; 43: 1675–1677. III

325:

Toyoda K, Yasaka M, Uchiyama S, Nagao T, Gotoh J, Nagata K, Koretsune Y, Sakamoto T, Iwade K, Yamamoto M, Takahashi JC, Minematsu K, Bleeding with Antithrombotic Therapy (BAT) Study Group. Blood pressure levels and bleeding events during antithrombotic therapy: the Bleeding with Antithrombotic Therapy (BAT) Study. Stroke 2010; 41: 1440–1444. V

326:

Ikeda S. Cost-effectiveness of hypertension (examination/treatment). Hypertension Therapeutics. Edited by Imaizumi T, Osaka, Nagai Shoten, 2010, pp. 327–332. Japanese. VI

327:

Okubo I. Basis of clinical economics (10). Jpn J Publ Health 2008; 55: 254–255. VI

328:

Shiroiwa T, Sung YK, Fukuda T, Lang HC, Bae SC, Tsutani K. International survey on willingness-to-pay (WTP) for one additional QALY gained: what is the threshold of cost effectiveness? Health Econ 2010; 19: 422–437. IVb

329:

Fukunaga H, Ohkubo T, Kobayashi M, Tamaki Y, Kikuya M, Obara T, Nakagawa M, Hara A, Asayama K, Metoki H, Inoue R, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Imai Y. Cost-effectiveness of the introduction of home blood pressure measurement in patients with office hypertension. J Hypertens 2008; 26: 685–690. IVb

330:

Lovibond K, Jowett S, Barton P, Caulfield M, Heneghan C, Hobbs FD, Hodgkinson J, Mant J, Martin U, Williams B, Wonderling D, McManus RJ. Cost-effectiveness of options for the diagnosis of high blood pressure in primary care: a modelling study. Lancet 2011; 378: 1219–1230. IVb

331:

Jönsson B, Carides GW, Burke TA, Dasbach EJ, Lindholm LH, Dahlöf B, LIFE Study Group. Cost effectiveness of losartan in patients with hypertension and LVH: an economic evaluation for Sweden of the LIFE trial. J Hypertens 2005; 23: 1425–1431. III

332:

Lindgren P, Buxton M, Kahan T, Poulter NR, Dahlöf B, Sever PS, Wedel H, Jönsson B, ASCOT trial investigators. Economic evaluation of ASCOT-BPLA:antihypertensive treatment with an amlodipine-based regimen is cost effective compared with an atenolol-based regimen. Heart 2008; 94: e4. III

333:

Heidenreich PA, Davis BR, Cutler JA, Furberg CD, Lairson DR, Shlipak MG, Pressel SL, Nwachuku C, Goldman L. Cost-effectiveness of chlorthalidone, amlodipine, and lisinopril as first-step treatment for patients with hypertension: an analysis of the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). J Gen Intern Med 2008; 23: 509–5016. III

334:

Saito I, Kobayashi M, Saruta T. Economic analysis of antihypertensive agents in treating patients with essential hypertension. J Clin Ther Med 2003; 19: 777–788. Japanese. VI

335:

Saito I, Kobayashi M, Matsushita Y, Saruta T. Pharmacoeconomical evaluation of combination therapy for lifetime hypertension treatment in Japan. Jpn Med Assoc J 2006; 48: 574–585. VI

336:

Saito I, Kobayashi M, Matsushita Y, Mori A, Kawasugi K, Saruta T. Cost-utility analysis of antihypertensive combination therapy in Japan by a Monte Carlo simulation model. Hypertens Res 2008; 31: 1373–1383. IVb

337:

Saito I, Kobayashi M, Saruta T. Hypertension Treatment in Japan from the perspective of medical economics. Prog Med 2009; 29: 376–385. Japanese. IVb

338:

Taylor AA, Shoheiber O. Adherence to antihypertensive therapy with fixed-dose amlodipine besylate/benazepril HCl versus comparable component-based therapy. Congest Heart Fail 2003; 9: 324–332. IVb

339:

Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, Obarzanek E, Conlin PR, Miller ER 3rd, Simons-Morton DG, Karanja N, Lin PH, DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. New Engl J Med 2001; 344: 3–10. II

340:

Ando K, Kawarazaki H, Miura K, Matsuura H, Watanabe Y, Yoshita K, Kawamura M, Kusaka M, Kai H, Tsuchihashi T, Kawano Y. [Scientific Statement] Report of the Salt Reduction Committee of the Japanese Society of Hypertension(1) Role of salt in hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Hypertens Res 2013; 36: 1009-19. GL

341:

He FJ, MacGregor GA. Effect of modest salt reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Implications for public health. J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16: 761–770. I

342:

Dickinson HO, Mason JM, Nicolson DJ, Campbell F, Beyer FR, Cook JV, Williams B, Ford GA. Lifestyle interventions to reduce raised blood pressure: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 215–233. I

343:

Espeland MA, Whelton PK, Kostis JB, Bahnson JL, Ettinger WH, Cutler JA, Appel LJ, Kumanyika S, Farmer D, Elam J, Wilson AC, Applegate WB, TONE Cooperative Research Group. Predictors and mediators of successful long-term withdrawal from antihypertensive medications. Arch Fam Med 1999; 8: 228–236. IVb

344:

Miura K, Ando K, Tsuchihashi T, Yoshita K, Watanabe Y, Kawarazaki H, Matsuura H, Kusaka M, Kai H, Kawamura M, Kawano Y. Scientific Statement Report of the Salt Reduction Committee of the Japanese Society of Hypertension (2) Goal and strategies of dietary salt reduction in the management of hypertension. Hypertens Res 2013; 36: 1020-5. GL

345:

WHO. Guideline: Sodium intake for adults and children. World Health Organization: Geneva, 2012. GL

346:

Matsuura H, Nakahigashi N. Report of the Working Group for Dietary Salt Reduction of the Japanese Society of Hypertension. Recipes of low-salt diet for hypertensive patients. The Japanese Society of Hypertension: Tokyo, 2012. Japanese. VI

347:

Strazzullo P, D’Elia L, Kandala NB, Cappuccio FP. Salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ 2009; 339: b4567. IVa

348:

He FJ, MacGregor GA. Salt reduction lowers cardiovascular risk: meta-analysis of outcome trials. Lancet 2011; 378: 380–382. I

349:

Cook NR, Cutler JA, Obarzanek E, Buring JE, Rexrode KM, Kumanyika SK, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Long term effects of dietary sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease outcomes: observational follow-up of the trials of hypertension prevention (TOHP). BMJ 2007; 334: 885–888. III

350:

General Information from the Salt Restriction Committee of The Japanese Society of Hypertension: Importance of salt restriction and the Salt Restriction Committee's activities (in Japanese). The Japanese Society of Hypertension. http://www.jpnsh.jp/general_salt.html. Accessed 24 December 2013. VI

351:

Tsuchihashi T, Kai H, Kusaka M, Kawamura M, Matsuura H, Miura K, Ando K, Maruyama S, Hayabuchi H, Takagi Y, Nakahigashi N, Sato T, Kawano Y. Scientific Statement Report of the Salt Reduction Committee of the Japanese Society of Hypertension (3) Assessment and application of salt intake in the management of hypertension. Hypertens Res 2013; 36: 1026-31. GL

352:

Anderson CA, Appel LJ, Okuda N, Brown IJ, Chan Q, Zhao L, Ueshima H, Kesteloot H, Miura K, Curb JD, Yoshita K, Elliott P, Yamamoto ME, Stamler J. Dietary sources of sodium in China, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, women and men aged 40 to 59 years: the INTERMAP study. J Am Diet Assoc 2010; 110: 736–745. IVb

353:

Geleijnse JM, Hofman A, Witteman JC, Hazebroek AA, Valkenburg HA, Grobbee DE. Long-term effects of neonatal sodium restriction on blood pressure. Hypertension 1997; 29: 913–917. E-Ib

354:

Morinaga Y, Tsuchihashi T, Ohta Y, Matsumura K. Salt intake in 3-year-old Japanese children. Hypertens Res 2011; 34: 836–839. IVb

355:

Appel LJ, Brands MW, Daniels SR, Karanja N, Elmer PJ, Sacks FM, American Heart Association. Dietary approaches to prevent and treat hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension 2006; 47: 296–308. GL

356:

Fujita T, Ando K. Hemodynamic and endocrine changes associated with potassium supplementation in sodium-loaded hypertensives. Hypertension 1984; 6: 184–192. IVa

357:

Kawano Y, Minami J, Takishita S, Omae T. Effects of potassium supplementation on office, home, and 24-h blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1998; 11: 1141–1146. II

358:

Yang Q, Liu T, Kuklina EV, Flanders WD, Hong Y, Gillespie C, Chang MH, Gwinn M, Dowling N, Khoury MJ, Hu FB. Sodium and potassium intake and mortality among US adults: prospective data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med 2011; 171: 1183–1191. IVa

359:

WHO. Guideline: Potassium Intake for Adults and Children. World Health Organization: Geneva, 2012. GL

360:

The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare and Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries: Dietary Balance Guide—-Food Guide (tentative name) Review Board's report (in Japanese). Daiichi Shuppan Co, Ltd: Tokyo, 2005. (As the ‘Reference Dietary Intake in the Japanese’ was revised in 2010, the Dietary Balance Guide was also modified. Concerning the details, see http://www.maff.go.jp/j/balance_guide/henkou. Accessed 20 December 2012. VI)

361:

Akita S, Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Conlin PR, Kimura G, DASH-Sodium Trial Collaborative Research Group. Effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on the pressure-natriuresis relationship. Hypertension 2003; 42: 8–13. III

362:

Azadbakht L, Mirmiran P, Esmaillzadeh A, Azizi T, Azizi F. Beneficial effects of a Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension eating plan on features of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2823–2831.II

363:

He K, Liu K, Daviglus ML, Morris SJ, Loria CM, Van Horn L, Jacobs DR Jr, Savage PJ. Magnesium intake and incidence of metabolic syndrome among young adults. Circulation 2006; 113: 1675–1682. IVa

364:

Ueshima H, Stamler J, Elliott P, Chan Q, Brown IJ, Carnethon MR, Daviglus ML, He K, Moag-Stahlberg A, Rodriguez BL, Steffen LM, Van Horn L, Yarnell J, Zhou B, INTERMAP Research Group. Food omega-3 fatty acid intake of individuals (total, linolenic acid, long-chain) and their blood pressure: INTERMAP study. Hypertension 2007; 50: 313–319. IVb

365:

Geleijnse JM, Giltay EJ, Grobbee DE, Donders AR, Kok FJ. Blood pressure response to fish oil supplementation: metaregression analysis of randomized trials. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 1493–1499. I

366:

Iso H, Kobayashi M, Ishihara J, Sasaki S, Okada K, Kita Y, Kokubo Y, Tsugane S, JPHC Study Group. Intake of fish and n3 fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among Japanese: the Japan Public Health Center-Based (JPHC) Study Cohort I. Circulation 2006; 113: 195–202. IVa

367:

Roncaglioni MC, Tombesi M, Avanzini F, Barlera S, Caimi V, Longoni P, Marzona I, Milani V, Silletta MG, Tognoni G, Marchioli R, Risk and Prevention Study Collaborative Group. n-3 fatty acids in patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors. New Engl J Med 2013; 368: 1800–1808. II

368:

Yokoyama M, Origasa H, Matsuzaki M, Matsuzawa Y, Saito Y, Ishikawa Y, Oikawa S, Sasaki J, Hishida H, Itakura H, Kita T, Kitabatake A, Nakaya N, Sakata T, Shimada K, Shirato K, Japan EPA lipid intervention study (JELIS) Investigators. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis. Lancet 2007; 369: 1090–1098. II

369:

Appel LJ, Sacks FM, Carey VJ, Obarzanek E, Swain JF, Miller ER 3rd, Conlin PR, Erlinger TP, Rosner BA, Laranjo NM, Charleston J, McCarron P, Bishop LM, OmniHeart Collaborative Research Group. Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial. JAMA 2005; 294: 2455–1464. II

370:

Whelton SP, Hyre AD, Pedersen B, Yi Y, Whelton PK, He J. Effect of dietary fiber intake on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials. J Hypertens 2005; 23: 475–481. I

371:

Obesity Criteria-Reviewing Committee, Japan Society for the Study of Obesity. Diagnostic criteria for obesity in 2011. J Jpn Soc Stu Obes 2011; 17 (special volume) (in Japanese). GL

372:

Kambham N, Markowitz GS, Valeri AM, Lin J, D’Agati VD. Obesity-related glomerulopathy: an emerging epidemic. Kidney Int 2001; 59: 1498–1509. E-II

373:

Fox CS, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U, Pou KM, Maurovich-Horvat P, Liu CY, Vasan RS, Murabito JM, Meigs JB, Cupples LA, D’Agostino RB Sr, O’Donnell CJ. Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue compartments: association with metabolic risk factors in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2007; 116: 39–48. E-II

374:

Siebenhofer A, Jeitler K, Berghold A, Waltering A, Hemkens LG, Semlitsch T, Pachler C, Strametz R, Horvath K. Long-term effects of weight-reducing diets in hypertensive patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; CD008274. I

375:

Hsieh SD, Yoshinaga H, Muto T, Sakurai Y. Regular physical activity and coronary risk factors in Japanese men. Circulation 1998; 97: 661–665. E-II

376:

Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA, Macera CA, Heath GW, Thompson PD, Bauman A, American College of Sports Medicine, American Heart Association. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2007; 116: 1081–1093. GL

377:

Tashiro E, Miura S, Koga M, Sasaguri M, Ideishi M, Ikeda M, Tanaka H, Shindo M, Arakawa K. Crossover comparison between the depressor effects of low and high work-rate exercise in mild hypertension. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1993; 20: 689–696. II

378:

Shaper AG, Wannamethee G, Walker M. Physical activity, hypertension and risk of heart attack in men without evidence of ischaemic heart disease. J Hum Hypertens 1994; 8: 3–10. IVa

379:

Brook RD, Appel LJ, Rubenfire M, Ogedegbe G, Bisognano JD, Elliott WJ, Fuchs FD, Hughes JW, Lackland DT, Staffileno BA, Townsend RR, Rajagopalan S, American Heart Association Professional Education Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research, Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity. Beyond medications and diet: alternative approaches to lowering blood pressure: a scientific statement from the american heart association. Hypertension 2013; 61: 1360–1383. GL

380:

Cornelissen VA, Fagard RH, Coeckelberghs E, Vanhees L. Impact of resistance training on blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Hypertension 2011; 58: 950–958. I

381:

Review Board to Establish Exercise Requirement/Guidelines. Exercise and Physical Activity Guide for Health Promotion 2013 (in Japanese), Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare: Tokyo, 2013. Available from: http://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/houdou/2r9852000002xple-att/2r9852000002xpqt.pdf. Accessed 21 December 2013. GL

382:

Nakamura K, Okamura T, Hayakawa T, Hozawa A, Kadowaki T, Murakami Y, Kita Y, Okayama A, Ueshima H, NIPPON DATA90 Research Group. The proportion of individuals with alcohol-induced hypertension among total hypertensives in a general Japanese population: NIPPON DATA90. Hypertens Res 2007; 30: 663–668. IVb

383:

Xin X, He J, Frontini MG, Ogden LG, Motsamai OI, Whelton PK. Effects of alcohol reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension 2001; 38: 1112–1117. I

384:

Higashiyama A, Okamura T, Watanabe M, Kokubo Y, Wakabayashi I, Okayama A, Miyamoto Y. Alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease incidence in men with and without hypertension: the Suita study. Hypertens Res 2013; 36: 58–64. IVa

385:

Kawano Y, Abe H, Kojima S, Ashida T, Yoshida K, Imanishi M, Yoshimi H, Kimura G, Kuramochi M, Omae T. Acute depressor effect of alcohol in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension 1992; 20: 219–226. II

386:

Puddey IB, Beilin LJ, Vandongen R. Regular alcohol use raises blood pressure in treated hypertensive subjects. A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1987; 1: 647–651. II

387:

Ueshima H, Mikawa K, Baba S, Sasaki S, Ozawa H, Tsushima M, Kawaguchi A, Omae T, Katayama Y, Kayamori Y, Ito K. Effect of reduced alcohol consumption on blood pressure in untreated hypertensive men. Hypertension 1993; 21: 248–252. II

388:

Halperin RO, Gaziano JM, Sesso HD. Smoking and the risk of incident hypertension in middle-aged and older men. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21: 148–152. IVa

389:

Groppelli A, Giorgi DM, Omboni S, Parati G, Mancia G. Persistent blood pressure increase induced by heavy smoking. J Hypertens 1992; 10: 495–499. IVb

390:

Minami J, Ishimitsu T, Matsuoka H. Effects of smoking cessation on blood pressure and heart rate variability in habitual smokers. Hypertension 1999; 33: 586–590. II

391:

Minami J, Ishimitsu T, Ohrui M, Matsuoka H. Association of smoking with aortic wave reflection and central systolic pressure and metabolic syndrome in normotensive Japanese men. Am J Hypertens 2009; 22: 617–623. IVb

392:

Takami T, Saito Y. Effects of smoking cessation on central blood pressure and arterial stiffness. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2011; 7: 633–638. IVb

393:

Krijnen P, van Jaarsveld BC, Steyerberg EW, Man in ‘t Veld AJ, Schalekamp MA, Habbema JD. A clinical prediction rule for renal artery stenosis. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129: 705–711. IVb

394:

Tamura U, Tanaka T, Okamura T, Kadowaki T, Yamato H, Tanaka H, Nakamura M, Okayama A, Ueshima H, Yamagata Z, HIPOP-OHP research group. Changes in Weight, cardiovascular risk factors and estimated risk of coronary heart disease following smoking cessation in Japanese male workers: HIPOP-OHP study. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010; 17: 12–20. IVa

395:

Makris TK, Thomopoulos C, Papadopoulos DP, Bratsas A, Papazachou O, Massias S, Michalopoulou E, Tsioufis C, Stefanadis C. Association of passive smoking with masked hypertension in clinically normotensive nonsmokers. Am J Hypertens 2009; 22: 853–859. IVb

396:

Japanese Society for Oral Health, Japanese Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, Japanese Society of Public Health, Japanese Respiratory Society, Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Japanese Circulation Society, Japan Pediatric Society, Japanese College of Cardiology, Japan Lung Cancer Society. 2009 Cooperative Study Group. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (2009 Cooperative Study Group report): Guidelines for Smoking Cessation (JCS 2010): Revised on July 14, 2011 (in Japanese). Available from: http://www.j-circ.or.jp/guideline/pdf/JCS2010murohara.h.pdf. Accessed 22 December 2012. GL

397:

Japanese Circulation Society, Japan Lung Cancer Society, Japanese Cancer Association, Japanese Respiratory Society. Standard Operating Procedures for Smoking Cessation version 5 (in Japanese). Available from: http://www.j-circ.or.jp/kinen/anti_smoke_std/pdf/anti_smoke_std_rev5.pdf. Accessed 22 December 2012. GL

398:

The Eurowinter Group. Cold exposure and winter mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, and all causes in warm and cold regions of Europe. Lancet 1997; 349: 1341–1346. IVb

399:

Bansil P, Kuklina EV, Merritt RK, Yoon PW. Associations between sleep disorders, sleep duration, quality of sleep, and hypertension: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005 to 2008. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2011; 13: 739–743. IVb

400:

Fernandez-Mendoza J, Vgontzas AN, Liao D, Shaffer ML, Vela-Bueno A, Basta M, Bixler EO. Insomnia with objective short sleep duration and incident hypertension: the Penn State Cohort. Hypertension 2012; 60: 929–935. IVa

401:

Nakazaki C, Noda A, Koike Y, Yamada S, Murohara T, Ozaki N. Association of insomnia and short sleep duration with atherosclerosis risk in the elderly. Am J Hypertens 2012; 25: 1149–1155. IVb

402:

Turnbull F, Neal B, Pfeffer M, Kostis J, Algert C, Woodward M, Chalmers J, Zanchetti AMacMahon S, Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration. Blood pressure-dependent and independent effects of agents that inhibit the renin–angiotensin system. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 951–958. I

403:

Elliott WJ, Meyer PM. Incident diabetes in clinical trials of antihypertensive drugs: a network meta-analysis. Lancet 2007; 369: 201–207. I

404:

Mancia G, Grassi G, Zanchetti A. New-onset diabetes and antihypertensive drugs. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 3–10. VI

405:

Klingbeil AU, Schneider M, Martus P, Messerli FH, Schmieder RE. A meta-analysis of the effects of treatment on left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Am J Med 2003; 115:41–46. I

406:

Lindholm LH, Carlberg B, Samuelsson O. Should β blockers remain first choice in the treatment of primary hypertension? A meta-analysis. Lancet 2005; 366: 1545–1553. I

407:

Opie LH. Beta-blockade should not be among several choices for initial therapy of hypertension. J Hypertens 2008; 26: 161–163. VI

408:

Messerli FH, Bangalore S, Julius S. Risk/benefit assessment of β-blockers and diuretics precludes their use for first-line therapy in hypertension. Circulation 2008; 117: 2706–2715; discussion 2715. VI

409:

Hypertension: management of hypertension in adults in primary care NICE/BHS; June 2006. www.nice.org.uk/CG034. GL

410:

Blackburn DF, Lamb DA, Eurich DT, Johnson JA, Wilson TW, Dobson RT, Blackburn JL. Atenolol as initial antihypertensive therapy: an observational study comparing first-line agents. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 1499–1505. IVa

411:

Bakris GL, Fonseca V, Katholi RE, McGill JB, Messerli FH, Phillips RA, Raskin P, Wright JT Jr, Oakes R, Lukas MA, Anderson KM, Bell DS, GEMINI Investigators. Metabolic effects of carvedilol vs metoprolol in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 292: 2227–2236. II

412:

Uzu T, Kimura G. Diuretics shift circadian rhythm of blood pressure from nondipper to dipper in essential hypertension. Circulation 1999; 100: 1635–168. III

413:

National Intervention Cooperative Study in Elderly Hypertensives Study Group. Randomized double-blind comparison of a calcium antagonist and a diuretic in elderly hypertensives. Hypertension 1999; 34: 1129–1133. II

414:

Kuwajima I, Kuramoto K, Ogihara T, Iimura O, Abe K, Saruta T, Ishii M, Hiwada K, Fujishima M, Fukiyama K, National Intervention Cooperative Study in Elderly Hypertensives (NICS-EH) Study Group. Tolerability and safety of a calcium channel blocker in comparison with a diuretic in the treatment of elderly patients with hypertension: secondary analysis of the NICS-EH. Hypertens Res 2001; 24: 475–480. III

415:

Matsuzaki M, Ogihara T, Umemoto S, Rakugi H, Matsuoka H, Shimada K, Abe K, Suzuki N, Eto T, Higaki J, Ito S, Kamiya A, Kikuchi K, Suzuki H, Tei C, Ohashi Y, Saruta T, Combination Therapy of Hypertension to Prevent Cardiovascular Events Trial Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events with calcium channel blocker-based combination therapies in patients with hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. J Hypertens 2011; 29: 1649–1659. II

416:

Ohkubo T, Obara T, Funahashi J, Kikuya M, Asayama K, Metoki H, Oikawa T, Takahashi H, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Imai Y, J-HOME Study Group. Control of blood pressure as measured at home and office, and comparison with physicians’ assessment of control among treated hypertensive patients in Japan: First Report of the Japan Home versus Office Blood Pressure Measurement Evaluation (J-HOME) study. Hypertens Res 2004; 27: 755–763. IVb

417:

Morgan TO, Anderson AI, MacInnis RJ. ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, calcium blockers, and diuretics for the control of systolic hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2001; 14: 241–247. II

418:

Wald DS, Law M, Morris JK, Bestwick JP, Wald NJ. Combination therapy versus monotherapy in reducing blood pressure: meta-analysis on 11,000 participants from 42 trials. Am J Med 2009; 122: 290–300. I

419:

Mahmud A, Feely J. Low-dose quadruple antihypertensive combination: more efficacious than individual agents—a preliminary report. Hypertension 2007; 49: 272–275. II

420:

Law MR, Wald NJ, Morris JK, Jordan RE. Value of low dose combination treatment with blood pressure lowering drugs: analysis of 354 randomised trials. BMJ 2003; 326: 1427. I

421:

Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Calvo C, López JE, Mojón A, Fontao MJ, Soler R, Fernández JR. Effects of time of day of treatment on ambulatory blood pressure pattern of patients with resistant hypertension. Hypertension 2005; 46: 1053–1059. II

422:

Kario K, Hoshide S, Shimizu M, Yano Y, Eguchi K, Ishikawa J, Ishikawa S, Shimada K. Effect of dosing time of angiotensin II receptor blockade titrated by self-measured blood pressure recordings on cardiorenal protection in hypertensives: the Japan Morning Surge-Target Organ Protection (J-TOP) study. J Hypertens 2010; 28: 1574–1583. IVb

423:

Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Mojón A, Fernández JR. Influence of time of day of blood pressure-lowering treatment on cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 1270–1276. II

424:

Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber M, Brunner HR, Ekman S, Hansson L, Hua T, Laragh J, McInnes GT, Mitchell L, Plat F, Schork A, Smith B, Zanchetti A, VALUE trial group. Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomised trial. Lancet 2004; 363: 2022–2031. II

425:

Elliott WJ. Drug interactions and drugs that affect blood pressure. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2006; 8: 731–737. VI

426:

Sugiyama T, Kiraku J, Ashida T, Fujii J. Remission of hypertension: retrospective observations over a period of 20 years. Hypertens Res 1998; 21: 103–108. IVb

427:

Dahlöf B, Sever PS, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers DG, Caulfield M, Collins R, Kjeldsen SE, Kristinsson A, McInnes GT, Mehlsen J, Nieminen M, O’Brien E, Ostergren J, ASCOT Investigators. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 895–906. II

428:

Dahlöf B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Beevers G, de Faire U, Fyhrquist F, Ibsen H, Kristiansson K, Lederballe-Pedersen O, Lindholm LH, Nieminen MS, Omvik P, Oparil S, Wedel H, LIFE Study Group. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002; 359: 995–1003. II

429:

Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, Keane WF, Mitch WE, Parving HH, Remuzzi G, Snapinn SM, Zhang Z, Shahinfar S, RENAAL Study Investigators. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. New Engl J Med 2001; 345: 861–869. II

430:

Fujita T, Ando K, Nishimura H, Ideura T, Yasuda G, Isshiki M, Takahashi K, Cilnidipine versus Amlodipine Randomised Trial for Evaluation in Renal Desease (CARTER) Study Investigators. Antiproteinuric effect of the calcium channel blocker cilnidipine added to renin–angiotensin inhibition in hypertensive patients with chronic renal disease. Kidney Int 2007; 72: 1543–1549. II

431:

Hasebe N, Kikuchi K, NICE Combi Study Group. Controlled-release nifedipine and candesartan low-dose combination therapy in patients with essential hypertension: the NICE Combi (Nifedipine and Candesartan Combination) Study. J Hypertens 2005; 23: 445–453. II

432:

Saito I, Saruta T, ADVANCE-Combi Study Group. Controlled release nifedipine and valsartan combination therapy in patients with essential hypertension: the adalat CR and valsartan cost–effectiveness combination (ADVANCE-combi) study. Hypertens Res 2006; 29: 789–796. II

433:

Ogawa H, Kim-Mitsuyama S, Matsui K, Jinnouchi T, Jinnouchi H, Arakawa K, OlmeSartan and Calcium Antagonists Randomized (OSCAR) Study Group. Angiotensin II receptor blocker-based therapy in Japanese elderly, high-risk, hypertensive patients. Am J Med 2012; 125: 981–990. II

434:

Yamaguchi J, Hagiwara N, Ogawa H, Koyanagi R, Kasanuki H, Takagi A, Mori F, Nagashima M, Yagi M, HIJ-CREATE Investigators. Effect of amlodipine+candesartan on cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease (from The Heart Institute of Japan Candesartan Randomized Trial for Evaluation in Coronary Artery Disease[HIJ-CREATE]Study). Am J Cardiol 2010; 106: 819–824. III

435:

Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, Neal B, Woodward M, Billot L, Harrap S, Poulter N, Marre M, Cooper M, Glasziou P, Grobbee DE, Hamet P, Heller S, Liu LS, Mancia G, Mogensen CE, Pan CY, Rodgers AWilliams B, ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the ADVANCE trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007; 370: 829–840. II

436:

Bakris GL, Toto RD, McCullough PA, Rocha R, Purkayastha D, Davis P, GUARD (Gauging Albuminuria Reduction With Lotrel in Diabetic Patients With Hypertension) Study Investigators. Effects of different ACE inhibitor combinations on albuminuria: results of the GUARD study. Kidney Int 2008; 73: 1303–1309. II

437:

Jamerson K, Weber MA, Bakris GL, Dahlöf B, Pitt B, Shi V, Hester A, Gupte J, Gatlin M, Velazquez EJ, ACCOMPLISH Trial Investigators. Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients. New Engl J Med 2008; 359: 2417–2428. II

438:

Bakris GL, Sarafidis PA, Weir MR, Dahlöf B, Pitt B, Jamerson K, Velazquez EJ, Staikos-Byrne L, Kelly RY, Shi V, Chiang YT, Weber MA, ACCOMPLISH Trial investigators. Renal outcomes with different fixed-dose combination therapies in patients with hypertension at high risk for cardiovascular events (ACCOMPLISH): a prespecified secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010; 375: 1173–1181. III

439:

Japanese Society of Nephrology. Clinical Practice Guidebook for Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease 2012 (in Japanese). Japanese Society of Nephrology: Tokyo, 2012. GL

440:

Weber MA, Jamerson K, Bakris GL, Weir MR, Zappe D, Zhang Y, Dahlof B, Velazquez EJ, Pitt B. Effects of body size and hypertension treatments on cardiovascular event rates: subanalysis of the ACCOMPLISH randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2013; 381: 537–545. III

441:

Zanchetti A, Bond MG, Hennig M, Neiss A, Mancia G, Dal Palù C, Hansson L, Magnani B, Rahn KH, Reid JL, Rodicio J, Safar M, Eckes L, Rizzini P, European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis investigators. Calcium antagonist lacidipine slows down progression of asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis: principal results of the European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis (ELSA), a randomized, double-blind, long-term trial. Circulation 2002; 106: 2422–2427. II

442:

Pepine CJ, Handberg EM, Cooper-DeHoff RM, Marks RG, Kowey P, Messerli FH, Mancia G, Cangiano JL, Garcia-Barreto D, Keltai M, Erdine S, Bristol HA, Kolb HR, Bakris GL, Cohen JD, Parmley WW, INVEST Investigators. A calcium antagonist vs a non-calcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease. The International Verapamil–Trandolapril Study (INVEST): a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 290: 2805–2816. II

443:

Kunz R, Friedrich C, Wolbers M, Mann JF. Meta-analysis: effect of monotherapy and combination therapy with inhibitors of the renin angiotensin system on proteinuria in renal disease. Ann Intern Med 2008; 148: 30–48. I

444:

Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J, Dyal L, Copland I, Schumacher H, Dagenais G, Sleight P, Anderson C, ONTARGET Investigators. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. New Engl J Med 2008; 358: 1547–1559. II

445:

Mann JF, Schmieder RE, McQueen M, Dyal L, Schumacher H, Pogue J, Wang X, Maggioni A, Budaj A, Chaithiraphan S, Dickstein K, Keltai M, Metsärinne K, Oto A, Parkhomenko A, Piegas LS, Svendsen TL, Teo KK, Yusuf S, ONTARGET investigators. Renal outcomes with telmisartan, ramipril, or both, in people at high vascular risk (the ONTARGET study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 372: 547–553. III

446:

Lubsen J, Wagener G, Kirwan BA, de Brouwer S, Poole-Wilson PA, ACTION (A Coronary disease Trial Investigating Outcome with Nifedipine GITS) investigators. Effect of long-acting nifedipine on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity in patients with symptomatic stable angina and hypertension: the ACTION trial. J Hypertens 2005; 23: 641–648. III

447:

The Japanese Circulation Society. Guideline for Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure (JCS 2010) (in Japanese). The Japanese Circulation Society: Tokyo, 2010. GL

448:

Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE Jr, Drazner MH, Fonarow GC, Geraci SA, Horwich T, Januzzi JL, Johnson MR, Kasper EK, Levy WC, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, McMurray JJ, Mitchell JE, Peterson PN, Riegel B, Sam F, Stevenson LW, Tang WH, Tsai EJ, Wilkoff BL. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation 2013; 128: e240-319. GL

449:

Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE Jr, Drazner MH, Fonarow GC, Geraci SA, Horwich T, Januzzi JL, Johnson MR, Kasper EK, Levy WC, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, McMurray JJ, Mitchell JE, Peterson PN, Riegel B, Sam F, Stevenson LW, Tang WH, Tsai EJ, Wilkoff BL, American College of Cardiology Foundation; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62: e147-239. GL

450:

Gupta AK, Arshad S, Poulter NR. Compliance, safety, and effectiveness of fixed-dose combinations of antihypertensive agents: a meta-analysis. Hypertension 2010; 55: 399–407. IVa

451:

Iimura O, Kikuchi K, Shimamoto K, Nozawa A, Hasegawa R, Homma C, Komura H, Kobayakawa H. Effects of nisoldipine on sympathetic activity, the renin–angiotensin-aldosterone system, and water-sodium-calcium metabolism in patients with essential hypertension. Arzneimittelforschung 1989; 39: 710–714. III

452:

Abe M, Okada K, Maruyama N, Matsumoto S, Maruyama T, Fujita T, Matsumoto K, Soma M. Benidipine reduces albuminuria and plasma aldosterone in mild-to-moderate stage chronic kidney disease with albuminuria. Hypertens Res 2011; 34: 268–273. II

453:

Terpstra WF, May JF, Smit AJ, Graeff PA, Meyboom-de Jong B, Crijns HJ. Effects of amlodipine and lisinopril on intima-media thickness in previously untreated, elderly hypertensive patients (the ELVERA trial). J Hypertens 2004; 22: 1309–1316. III

454:

Sipahi I, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, Wolski KE, Nicholls SJ, Balog C, Crowe TD, Nissen SE. Effects of normal, pre-hypertensive, and hypertensive blood pressure levels on progression of coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 833–838. IVa

455:

Ishimitsu T, Kameda T, Akashiba A, Takahashi T, Ohta S, Yoshii M, Minami J, Ono H, Numabe A, Matsuoka H. Efonidipine reduces proteinuria and plasma aldosterone in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. Hypertens Res 2007; 30: 621–626. II

456:

Nakamura T, Sugaya T, Kawagoe Y, Suzuki T, Ueda Y, Koide H, Inoue T, Node K. Azelnidipine reduces urinary protein excretion and urinary liver-type fatty acid binding protein in patients with hypertensive chronic kidney disease. Am J Med Sci 2007; 333: 321–326. II

457:

Ohishi M, Takagi T, Ito N, Terai M, Tatara Y, Hayashi N, Shiota A, Katsuya T, Rakugi H, Ogihara T. Renal-protective effect of T- and L-type calcium channel blockers in hypertensive patients: an Amlodipine-to-Benidipine Changeover (ABC) study. Hypertens Res 2007; 30: 797–806. III

458:

Matsui Y, Eguchi K, O’Rourke MF, Ishikawa J, Miyashita H, Shimada K, Kario K. Differential effects between a calcium channel blocker and a diuretic when used in combination with angiotensin II receptor blocker on central aortic pressure in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 2009; 54: 716–723. II

459:

Manisty CH, Zambanini A, Parker KH, Davies JE, Francis DP, Mayet J, McG Thom SA, Hughes AD, Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcome Trial Investigators. Differences in the magnitude of wave reflection account for differential effects of amlodipine- versus atenolol-based regimens on central blood pressure: an Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcome Trial substudy. Hypertension 2009; 54: 724–730. III

460:

Rothwell PM, Howard SC, Dolan E, O’Brien E, Dobson JE, Dahlöf B, Poulter NR, Sever PS, ASCOT-BPLA and MRC Trial Investigators. Effects of β blockers and calcium-channel blockers on within-individual variability in blood pressure and risk of stroke. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9: 469–480. I

461:

Webb AJ, Fischer U, Mehta Z, Rothwell PM. Effects of antihypertensive-drug class on interindividual variation in blood pressure and risk of stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2010; 375: 906–915. I

462:

Wu L, Iwai M, Nakagami H, Li Z, Chen R, Suzuki J, Akishita M, de Gasparo M, Horiuchi M. Roles of angiotensin II type 2 receptor stimulation associated with selective angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade with valsartan in the improvement of inflammation-induced vascular injury. Circulation 2001; 104: 2716–2721.

463:

Makino H, Haneda M, Babazono T, Moriya T, Ito S, Iwamoto Y, Kawamori R, Takeuchi M, Katayama S, INNOVATION Study Group. Prevention of transition from incipient to overt nephropathy with telmisartan in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 1577–1578. II

464:

Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, Berl T, Pohl MA, Lewis JB, Ritz E, Atkins RC, Rohde R, Raz I, Collaborative Study Group. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. New Engl J Med 2001; 345: 851–860. II

465:

Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlöf B, Devereux RB, Beevers G, de Faire U, Fyhrquist F, Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Kristiansson K, Lederballe-Pedersen O, Nieminen MS, Omvik P, Oparil S, Wedel H, Aurup P, Edelman J, Snapinn S, LIFE Study Group. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002; 359: 1004–1010. II

466:

Ogihara T, Nakao K, Fukui T, Fukiyama K, Ueshima K, Oba K, Sato T, Saruta T, Candesartan Antihypertensive Survival Evaluation in Japan Trial Group. Effects of candesartan compared with amlodipine in hypertensive patients with high cardiovascular risks: candesartan antihypertensive survival evaluation in Japan trial. Hypertension 2008; 51: 393–398. II

467:

McMurray JJ, Holman RR, Haffner SM, Bethel MA, Holzhauer B, Hua TA, Belenkov Y, Boolell M, Buse JB, Buckley BM, Chacra AR, Chiang FT, Charbonnel B, Chow CC, Davies MJ, Deedwania P, Diem P, Einhorn D, Fonseca V, Fulcher GR, Gaciong Z, Gaztambide S, Giles T, Horton E, Ilkova H, Jenssen T, Kahn SE, Krum H, Laakso M, Leiter LA, Levitt NS, Mareev V, Martinez F, Masson C, Mazzone T, Meaney E, Nesto R, Pan C, Prager R, Raptis SA, Rutten GE, Sandstroem H, Schaper F, Scheen A, Schmitz O, Sinay I, Soska V, Stender S, Tamás G, Tognoni G, Tuomilehto J, Villamil AS, Vozár JCaliff RM, NAVIGATOR Study Group. Effect of valsartan on the incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular events. New Engl J Med 2010; 362: 1477–1490. II

468:

Disertori M, Latini R, Barlera S, Franzosi MG, Staszewsky L, Maggioni AP, Lucci D, Di Pasquale GTognoni G, GISSI-AF Investigators. Valsartan for prevention of recurrent atrial fibrillation. New Engl J Med 2009; 360: 1606–1617. II

469:

Yusuf S, Healey JS, Pogue J, Chrolavicius S, Flather M, Hart RG, Hohnloser SH, Joyner CD, Pfeffer MAConnolly SJ, ACTIVE I Investigators. Irbesartan in patients with atrial fibrillation. New Engl J Med 2011; 364: 928–938. II

470:

Yamashita T, Inoue H, Okumura K, Kodama I, Aizawa Y, Atarashi H, Ohe T, Ohtsu H, Kato T, Kamakura S, Kumagai K, Kurachi Y, Koretsune Y, Saikawa T, Sakurai M, Sato T, Sugi K, Nakaya H, Hirai M, Hirayama A, Fukatani M, Mitamura H, Yamazaki T, Watanabe E, Ogawa S, J-RHYTHM II Investigators. Randomized trial of angiotensin II-receptor blocker vs. dihydropiridine calcium channel blocker in the treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation with hypertension (J-RHYTHM II study). Europace 2011; 13: 473–479. II

471:

Iwanaga T, Sato M, Maeda T, Ogihara T, Tamai I. Concentration-dependent mode of interaction of angiotensin II receptor blockers with uric acid transporter. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 320: 211–217.

472:

Benson SC, Pershadsingh HA, Ho CI, Chittiboyina A, Desai P, Pravenec M, Qi N, Wang J, Avery MA, Kurtz TW. Identification of telmisartan as a unique angiotensin II receptor antagonist with selective PPARgamma-modulating activity. Hypertension 2004; 43: 993–1002.

473:

Høieggen A, Alderman MH, Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Devereux RB, De Faire U, Fyhrquist F, Ibsen H, Kristianson K, Lederballe-Pedersen O, Lindholm LH, Nieminen MS, Omvik P, Oparil S, Wedel H, Chen C, Dahlöf B, LIFE Study Group. The impact of serum uric acid on cardiovascular outcomes in the LIFE study. Kidney Int 2004; 65: 1041–1049. E-Ib

474:

Naritomi H, Fujita T, Ito S, Ogihara T, Shimada K, Shimamoto K, Tanaka H, Yoshiike N. Efficacy and safety of long-term losartan therapy demonstrated by a prospective observational study in Japanese patients with hypertension: The Japan Hypertension Evaluation with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan Therapy (J-HEALTH) study. Hypertens Res 2008; 31: 295–304. IVa

475:

Miao Y, Ottenbros SA, Laverman GD, Brenner BM, Cooper ME, Parving HH, Grobbee DE, Shahinfar S, de Zeeuw D, Lambers Heerspink HJ. Effect of a reduction in uric acid on renal outcomes during losartan treatment: a post hoc analysis of the reduction of endpoints in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan Trial. Hypertension 2011; 58: 2–7. III

476:

Choi HK, Soriano LC, Zhang Y, Rodríguez LA. Antihypertensive drugs and risk of incident gout among patients with hypertension: population based case-control study. BMJ 2012; 344: d8190. IVa

477:

Khanna D, Fitzgerald JD, Khanna PP, Bae S, Singh MK, Neogi T, Pillinger MH, Merill J, Lee S, Prakash S, Kaldas M, Gogia M, Perez-Ruiz F, Taylor W, Lioté F, Choi H, Singh JA, Dalbeth N, Kaplan S, Niyyar V, Jones D, Yarows SA, Roessler B, Kerr G, King C, Levy G, Furst DE, Edwards NL, Mandell B, Schumacher HR, Robbins M, Wenger N, Terkeltaub R, American College of Rheumatology. 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012; 64: 1431–146. GL

478:

Derosa G, Cicero AF, D’Angelo A, Ragonesi PD, Ciccarelli L, Piccinni MN, Pricolo F, Salvadeo SA, Ferrari I, Gravina A, Fogari R. Telmisartan and irbesartan therapy in type 2 diabetic patients treated with rosiglitazone: effects on insulin-resistance, leptin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Hypertens Res 2006; 29: 849–856. II

479:

Shimabukuro M, Tanaka H, Shimabukuro T. Effects of telmisartan on fat distribution in individuals with the metabolic syndrome. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 841–848. II

480:

Makita S, Abiko A, Naganuma Y, Moriai Y, Nakamura M. Effects of telmisartan on adiponectin levels and body weight in hypertensive patients with glucose intolerance. Metabolism 2008; 57: 1473–1478. II

481:

Bähr IN, Tretter P, Krüger J, Stark RG, Schimkus J, Unger T, Kappert K, Scholze J, Parhofer KG, Kintscher U. High-dose treatment with telmisartan induces monocytic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-ã target genes in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Hypertension 2011; 58: 725–732. II

482:

Fogari R, Zoppi A, Salvadeo SA, Mugellini A, Lazzari P, Santoro T, Derosa G. Fibrinolysis and insulin sensitivity in imidapril and candesartan (FISIC study) recipients with hypertension. Hypertens Res 2011; 34: 509–515. II

483:

Guidelines for Secondary Prevention of Myocardial Infarction (JCS 2011). The Japanese Circulation Society. 2011. GL

484:

McDowell SE, Coleman JJ, Ferner RE. Systematic review and meta-analysis of ethnic differences in risks of adverse reactions to drugs used in cardiovascular medicine. BMJ 2006; 332: 1177–1181. I

485:

Caldeira D, Alarcão J, Vaz-Carneiro A, Costa J. Risk of pneumonia associated with use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2012; 345: e4260. I

486:

Brown NJ, Byiers S, Carr D, Maldonado M, Warner BA. Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor use associated with increased risk of ACE inhibitor-associated angioedema. Hypertension 2009; 54: 516–523. I

487:

Kushiro T, Itakura H, Abo Y, Gotou H, Terao S, Keefe DL. Aliskiren, a novel oral renin inhibitor, provides dose-dependent efficacy and placebo-like tolerability in Japanese patients with hypertension. Hypertens Res 2006; 29: 997–1005. II

488:

Kushiro T, Itakura H, Abo Y, Gotou H, Terao S, Keefe DL. Long-term safety, tolerability, and antihypertensive efficacy of aliskiren, an oral direct renin inhibitor, in Japanese patients with hypertension. Hypertens Res 2009; 32: 169–175. IVb

489:

Parving HH, Persson F, Lewis JB, Lewis EJ, Hollenberg NK, AVOID Study Investigators. Aliskiren combined with losartan in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. New Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2433–2446. II]

490:

Parving HH, Brenner BM, McMurray JJ, de Zeeuw D, Haffner SM, Solomon SD, Chaturvedi N, Persson F, Desai AS, Nicolaides M, Richard A, Xiang Z, Brunel P, Pfeffer MA, ALTITUDE Investigators. Cardiorenal end points in a trial of aliskiren for type 2 diabetes. New Engl J Med 2012; 367: 2204–2213. II

491:

Sciarretta S, Palano F, Tocci G, Baldini R, Volpe M. Antihypertensive treatment and development of heart failure in hypertension: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of studies in patients with hypertension and high cardiovascular risk. Arch Intern Med 2011; 171: 384–394. I

492:

Messerli FH, Grossman E, Goldbourt U. Are β-blockers efficacious as first-line therapy for hypertension in the elderly? A systematic review. JAMA 1998; 279: 1903–1907. I

493:

Gress TW, Nieto FJ, Shahar E, Wofford MR, Brancati FL. Hypertension and antihypertensive therapy as risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. New Engl J Med 2000; 342: 905–912. IVa

494:

Manrique C, Johnson M, Sowers JR. Thiazide diuretics alone or with β-blockers impair glucose metabolism in hypertensive patients with abdominal obesity. Hypertension 2010; 55: 15–17. VI

495:

Torp-Pedersen C, Metra M, Charlesworth A, Spark P, Lukas MA, Poole-Wilson PA, Swedberg K, Cleland JG, Di Lenarda A, Remme WJ, Scherhag A, COMET investigators. Effects of metoprolol and carvedilol on pre-existing and new onset diabetes in patients with chronic heart failure: data from the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET). Heart 2007; 93: 968–973. III

496:

Karachalios GN, Charalabopoulos A, Papalimneou V, Kiortsis D, Dimicco P, Kostoula OK, Charalabopoulos K. Withdrawal syndrome following cessation of antihypertensive drug therapy. Int J Clin Pract 2005; 59: 562–570. VI

497:

Kario K, Matsui Y, Shibasaki S, Eguchi K, Ishikawa J, Hoshide S, Ishikawa S, Kabutoya T, Schwartz JE, Pickering TG, Shimada K, Japan Morning Surge-1 (JMS-1) Study Group. An alpha-adrenergic blocker titrated by self-measured blood pressure recordings lowered blood pressure and microalbuminuria in patients with morning hypertension: the Japan Morning Surge-1 Study. J Hypertens 2008; 26: 1257–1265. II

498:

Colussi G, Catena C, Sechi LA. Spironolactone, eplerenone and the new aldosterone blockers in endocrine and primary hypertension. J Hypertens 2013; 31: 3–15. VI

499:

Ezekowitz JA, McAlister FA. Aldosterone blockade and left ventricular dysfunction: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Eur Heart J 2009; 30: 469–477. I

500:

Hu LJ, Chen YQ, Deng SB, Du JL, She Q. Additional use of an aldosterone antagonist in patients with mild to moderate chronic heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 75: 1202–1212. I

501:

Zannad F, McMurray JJ, Krum H, van Veldhuisen DJ, Swedberg K, Shi H, Vincent J, Pocock SJ, Pitt B, EMPHASIS-HF Study Group. Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms. New Engl J Med 2011; 364: 11–21. II

502:

Bomback AS, Kshirsagar AV, Amamoo MA, Klemmer PJ. Change in proteinuria after adding aldosterone blockers to ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers in CKD: a systematic review. Am J Kidney Dis 2008; 51: 199–211. I

503:

Navaneethan SD, Nigwekar SU, Sehgal AR, Strippoli GF. Aldosterone antagonists for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 4: 542–551. I

504:

Shavit L, Lifschitz MD, Epstein M. Aldosterone blockade and the mineralocorticoid receptor in the management of chronic kidney disease: current concepts and emerging treatment paradigms. Kidney Int 2012; 81: 955–968. VI

505:

Calhoun DA, Jones D, Textor S, Goff DC, Murphy TP, Toto RD, White A, Cushman WC, White W, Sica D, Ferdinand K, Giles TD, Falkner B, Carey RM. Resistant hypertension: diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Professional Education Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research. Hypertension 2008; 51: 1403–1419. GL

506:

Moser M, Setaro JF. Clinical practice. Resistant or difficult-to-control hypertension. New Engl J Med 2006; 355: 385–392. VI

507:

Cuspidi C, Macca G, Sampieri L, Michev I, Salerno M, Fusi V, Severgnini B, Meani S, Magrini F, Zanchetti A. High prevalence of cardiac and extracardiac target organ damage in refractory hypertension. J Hypertens 2001; 19: 2063–2070. IVb

508:

Kaplan NM, et al. Treatment of hypertension: drug therapy. In: Kaplan's Clinical Hypertension, 10th edition. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010, pp 192–273. 5. VI

509:

Persell SD. Prevalence of resistant hypertension in the United States, 2003–2008. Hypertension 2011; 57: 1076–1080. IVb

510:

Black HR, Elliott WJ, Grandits G, Grambsch P, Lucente T, White WB, Neaton JD, Grimm RH Jr, Hansson L, Lacourciere Y, Muller J, Sleight P, Weber MA, Williams G, Wittes J, Zanchetti A, Anders RJ, CONVINCE Research Group. Principal results of the Controlled Onset Verapamil Investigation of Cardiovascular End Points (CONVINCE) trial. JAMA 2003; 289: 2073–2082. II

511:

Brown MJ, Palmer CR, Castaigne A, de Leeuw PW, Mancia G, Rosenthal T, Ruilope LM. Morbidity and mortality in patients randomised to double-blind treatment with a long-acting calcium-channel blocker or diuretic in the International Nifedipine GITS study: Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment (INSIGHT). Lancet 2000; 356: 366–372. II

512:

Ogihara T, Nakao K, Fukui T, Fukiyama K, Fujimoto A, Ueshima K, Oba K, Shimamoto K, Matsuoka H, Saruta T, CASE-J Trial Group. The optimal target blood pressure for antihypertensive treatment in Japanese elderly patients with high-risk hypertension: a subanalysis of the Candesartan Antihypertensive Survival Evaluation in Japan (CASE-J) trial. Hypertens Res 2008; 31: 1595–1601. E-Ib

513:

Obara T, Ohkubo T, Funahashi J, Kikuya M, Asayama K, Metoki H, Oikawa T, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Imai Y. Isolated uncontrolled hypertension at home and in the office among treated hypertensive patients from the J-HOME study. J Hypertens 2005; 23: 1653–1660. IVb

514:

Mori H, Ukai H, Yamamoto H, Saitou S, Hirao K, Yamauchi M, Umemura S. Current status of antihypertensive prescription and associated blood pressure control in Japan. Hypertens Res 2006; 29: 143–151. IVb

515:

de la Sierra A, Segura J, Banegas JR, Gorostidi M, de la Cruz JJ, Armario P, Oliveras A, Ruilope LM. Clinical features of 8295 patients with resistant hypertension classified on the basis of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Hypertension 2011; 57: 898–902. IVb

516:

Bunker J, Callister W, Chang CL, Sever PS. How common is true resistant hypertension? J Hum Hypertens 2011; 25: 137–140. IVb

517:

Pedrosa RP, Drager LF, Gonzaga CC, Sousa MG, de Paula LK, Amaro AC, Amodeo C, Bortolotto LA, Krieger EM, Bradley TD, Lorenzi-Filho G. Obstructive sleep apnea: the most common secondary cause of hypertension associated with resistant hypertension. Hypertension 2011; 58: 811–817. IVb

518:

Ono A, Fujita T. Factors relating to inadequate control of blood pressure in hypertensive outpatients. Hypertens Res 2003; 26: 219–224. IVb

519:

Salles GF, Cardoso CR, Muxfeldt ES. Prognostic influence of office and ambulatory blood pressures in resistant hypertension. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 2340–2346. IVa

520:

Ohta Y, Tsuchihashi T, Fujii K, Matsumura K, Ohya Y, Uezono K, Abe I, Iida M. Improvement of blood pressure control in a hypertension clinic: a 10-year follow-up study. J Hum Hypertens 2004; 18: 273–278. IVa

521:

Pimenta E, Gaddam KK, Oparil S, Aban I, Husain S, Dell’Italia LJ, Calhoun DA. Effects of dietary sodium reduction on blood pressure in subjects with resistant hypertension: results from a randomized trial. Hypertension 2009; 54: 475–481. II

522:

Oparil S, Melino M, Lee J, Fernandez V, Heyrman R. Triple therapy with olmesartan medoxomil, amlodipine besylate, and hydrochlorothiazide in adult patients with hypertension: The TRINITY multicenter, randomized, double-blind, 12-week, parallel-group study. Clin Ther 2010; 32: 1252–1269. II

523:

Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Mojón A, Fernández JR. Effects of time of antihypertensive treatment on ambulatory blood pressure and clinical characteristics of subjects with resistant hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2010; 23: 432–439. IVb

524:

Nishizaka MK, Zaman MA, Calhoun DA. Efficacy of low-dose spironolactone in subjects with resistant hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2003; 16: 925–930. III

525:

Chapman N, Dobson J, Wilson S, Dahlöf B, Sever PS, Wedel H, Poulter NR, Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial Investigators. Effect of spironolactone on blood pressure in subjects with resistant hypertension. Hypertension 2007; 49: 839–845. III

526:

Krum H, Sobotka P, Mahfoud F, Böhm M, Esler M, Schlaich M. Device-based antihypertensive therapy: therapeutic modulation of the autonomic nervous system. Circulation 2011; 123: 209–215. VI

527:

Krum H, Schlaich M, Whitbourn R, Sobotka PA, Sadowski J, Bartus K, Kapelak B, Walton A, Sievert H, Thambar S, Abraham WT, Esler M. Catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation for resistant hypertension: a multicentre safety and proof-of-principle cohort study. Lancet 2009; 373: 1275–1281. IVa

528:

Symplicity HTN-1 Investigators. Catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation for resistant hypertension: durability of blood pressure reduction out to 24 months. Hypertension 2011; 57: 911–917. IVa

529:

Esler MD, Krum H, Sobotka PA, Schlaich MP, Schmieder RE, Böhm M, Symplicity HTN-2 Investigators. Renal sympathetic denervation in patients with treatment-resistant hypertension (The Symplicity HTN-2 Trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010; 376: 1903–1909. II

530:

Peet MM. Hypertension and its surgical treatment by bilateral supradiaphragmatic splanchnicectomy. Am J Surg 1948; 75: 48–68. VI

531:

Smithwick RH, Thompson JE. Splanchnicectomy for essential hypertension; results in 1,266 cases. J Am Med Assoc 1953; 152: 1501–1504. E-III

532:

Persu A, Renkin J, Thijs L, Staessen JA. Renal denervation: ultima ratio or standard in treatment-resistant hypertension. Hypertension 2012; 60: 596–606. VI

533:

Schmieder RE, Redon J, Grassi G, Kjeldsen SE, Mancia G, Narkiewicz K, Parati G, Ruilope L, van de Borne P, Tsioufis C. ESH position paper: renal denervation: an interventional therapy of resistant hypertension. J Hypertens 2012; 30: 837–841. VI

534:

Pathak A, Girerd X, Azizi M, Benamer H, Halimi JM, Lantelme P, Lefevre T, Sapoval M, Société Française d’Hypertension Artérielle, Société Française de Cardiologie, Groupe Athérome Coronaire et Interventionnel, Société Française de Radiologie. Expert consensus: Renal denervation for the treatment of hypertension. Diagn Interv Imaging 2012; 93: 386–394. VI

535:

Katholi RE, Rocha-Singh KJ, Goswami NJ, Sobotka PA. Renal nerves in the maintenance of hypertension: a potential therapeutic target. Curr Hypertens Rep 2010; 12: 196–204. VI

536:

Jauch EC, Saver JL, Adams HP Jr, Bruno A, Connors JJ, Demaerschalk BM, Khatri P, McMullan PW Jr, Qureshi AI, Rosenfield K, Scott PA, Summers DR, Wang DZ, Wintermark M, Yonas H, American Heart Association Stroke Council, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease, Council on Clinical Cardiology. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2013; 44: 870–947. GL

537:

Morgenstern LB, Hemphill JC 3rd, Anderson C, Becker K, Broderick JP, Connolly ES Jr, Greenberg SM, Huang JN, MacDonald RL, Messé SR, Mitchell PH, Selim M, Tamargo RJ, American Heart Association Stroke Council and Council on Cardiovascular Nursing. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2010; 41: 2108–2129. GL

538:

Kuriyama Y. [CBF (cerebral blood flow) autoregulation and antihypertensive treatment]. In: Saruta T (ed). ACE inhibitors; innovative clinical applications (in Japanese). Medical Tribune: Tokyo, 1990, pp. 89–96. VI

539:

Bath P, Chalmers J, Powers W, Beilin L, Davis S, Lenfant C, Mancia G, Neal B, Whitworth J, Zanchetti A, International Society of Hypertension Writing Group. International Society of Hypertension (ISH): statement on the management of blood pressure in acute stroke. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 665–672. GL

540:

Osaki Y, Matsubayashi K, Yamasaki M, Okumiya K, Yoshimura K, Yoshimura K, Hamashige N, Doi Y. Post-stroke hypertension correlates with neurologic recovery in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Hypertens Res 1998; 21: 169–173. E-II

541:

Schrader J, Lüders S, Kulschewski A, Berger J, Zidek W, Treib J, Einhäupl K, Diener HC, Dominiak P, Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke Survivors Study Group. The ACCESS Study: evaluation of Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke Survivors. Stroke 2003; 34: 1699–1703. II

542:

Sandset EC, Bath PM, Boysen G, Jatuzis D, Kõrv J, Lüders S, Murray GD, Richter PS, Roine RO, Terént A, Thijs V, Berge E, SCAST Study Group. The angiotensin-receptor blocker candesartan for treatment of acute stroke (SCAST): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Lancet 2011; 377: 741–750. II

543:

Anderson CS, Huang Y, Wang JG, Arima H, Neal B, Peng B, Heeley E, Skulina C, Parsons MW, Kim JS, Tao QL, Li YC, Jiang JD, Tai LW, Zhang JL, Xu E, Cheng Y, Heritier S, Morgenstern LB, Chalmers J, INTERACT Investigators. Intensive blood pressure reduction in acute cerebral haemorrhage trial (INTERACT): a randomised pilot trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008; 7: 391–399. II

544:

Anderson CS, Heeley E, Huang Y, Wang J, Stapf C, Delcourt C, Lindley R, Robinson T, Lavados P, Neal B, Hata J, Arima H, Parsons M, Li Y, Wang J, Heritier S, Li Q, Woodward M, Simes RJ, Davis SM, Chalmers J, INTERACT2 Investigators. Rapid blood-pressure lowering in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. New Engl J Med 2013; 368: 2355–2365. II

545:

Koga M, Toyoda K, Naganuma M, Kario K, Nakagawara J, Furui E, Shiokawa Y, Hasegawa Y, Okuda S, Yamagami H, Kimura K, Okada Y, Minematsu K, Stroke Acute Management with Urgent Risk-factor Assessment and Improvement (SAMURAI) Study Investigators. Nationwide survey of antihypertensive treatment for acute intracerebral hemorrhage in Japan. Hypertens Res 2009; 32: 759–764. E-II

546:

Koga M, Toyoda K, Yamagami H, Okuda S, Okada Y, Kimura K, Shiokawa Y, Nakagawara J, Furui E, Hasegawa Y, Kario K, Osaki M, Miyagi T, Endo K, Nagatsuka K, Minematsu K, Stroke Acute Management with Urgent Risk-factor Assessment and Improvement Study Investigators. Systolic blood pressure lowering to 160 mmHg or less using nicardipine in acute intracerebral hemorrhage: a prospective, multicenter, observational study (the Stroke Acute Management with Urgent Risk-factor Assessment and Improvement-Intracerebral Hemorrhage study). J Hypertens 2012; 30: 2357–2364. V

547:

Sakamoto Y, Koga M, Yamagami H, Okuda S, Okada Y, Kimura K, Shiokawa Y, Nakagawara J, Furui E, Hasegawa Y, Kario K, Arihiro S, Sato S, Kobayashi J, Tanaka E, Nagatsuka K, Minematsu K, Toyoda K, SAMURAI Study Investigators. Systolic blood pressure after intravenous antihypertensive treatment and clinical outcomes in hyperacute intracerebral hemorrhage: the stroke acute management with urgent risk-factor assessment and improvement-intracerebral hemorrhage study. Stroke 2013; 44: 1846–1851. E-II

548:

Connolly ES Jr, Rabinstein AA, Carhuapoma JR, Derdeyn CP, Dion J, Higashida RT, Hoh BL, Kirkness CJ, Naidech AM, Ogilvy CS, Patel AB, Thompson BG, Vespa P, American Heart Association Stroke Council, Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, Council on Clinical Cardiology. Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2012; 43: 1711–1737. GL

549:

Yusuf S, Diener HC, Sacco RL, Cotton D, Ounpuu S, Lawton WA, Palesch Y, Martin RH, Albers GW, Bath P, Bornstein N, Chan BP, Chen ST, Cunha L, Dahlöf B, De Keyser J, Donnan GA, Estol C, Gorelick P, Gu V, Hermansson K, Hilbrich L, Kaste M, Lu C, Machnig T, Pais P, Roberts R, Skvortsova V, Teal P, Toni D, VanderMaelen C, Voigt T, Weber M, Yoon BW, PRoFESS Study Group. Telmisartan to prevent recurrent stroke and cardiovascular events. New Engl J Med 2008; 359: 1225–1237. II

550:

Ovbiagele B, Diener HC, Yusuf S, Martin RH, Cotton D, Vinisko R, Donnan GA, Bath PM, PROFESS Investigators. Level of systolic blood pressure within the normal range and risk of recurrent stroke. JAMA 2011; 306: 2137–2144. III

551:

Irie K, Yamaguchi T, Minematsu K, Omae T. The J-curve phenomenon in stroke recurrence. Stroke 1993; 24: 1844–1849. V

552:

The Dutch TIA Trial Study Group. Trial of secondary prevention with atenolol after transient ischemic attack or nondisabling ischemic stroke. Stroke 1993; 24: 543–548. II

553:

PATS Collaborating Group. Post-stroke antihypertensive treatment study. A preliminary result. Chin Med J (Engl) 1995; 108: 710–717. II

554:

Eriksson S, Olofsson B, Wester P. Atenolol in secondary prevention after stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 1995; 5: 21–25. II

555:

Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G, The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. New Engl J Med 2000; 342: 145–153. II

556:

Schrader J, Lüders S, Kulschewski A, Hammersen F, Plate K, Berger J, Zidek W, Dominiak P, Diener HC, MOSES Study Group. Morbidity and Mortality After Stroke, Eprosartan Compared with Nitrendipine for Secondary Prevention: principal results of a prospective randomized controlled study (MOSES). Stroke 2005; 36: 1218–1226. II

557:

Benavente OR, Coffey CS, Conwit R, Hart RG, McClure LA, Pearce LA, Pergola PE, Szychowski JM, SPS3 Study Group. Blood-pressure targets in patients with recent lacunar stroke: the SPS3 randomised trial. Lancet 2013; 382: 507–515. II

558:

Rashid P, Leonardi-Bee J, Bath P. Blood pressure reduction and secondary prevention of stroke and other vascular events: a systematic review. Stroke 2003; 34: 2741–2748. I

559:

Arima H, Chalmers J. PROGRESS: Prevention of Recurrent Stroke. J Clin Hypertens(Greenwich) 2011; 13: 693–702. VI

560:

Turan TN, Cotsonis G, Lynn MJ, Chaturvedi S, Chimowitz M, Warfarin-Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease (WASID) Trial Investigators. Relationship between blood pressure and stroke recurrence in patients with intracranial arterial stenosis. Circulation 2007; 115: 2969–2975. III

561:

Yamauchi H, Higashi T, Kagawa S, Kishibe Y, Takahashi M. Impaired perfusion modifies the relationship between blood pressure and stroke risk in major cerebral artery disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013; 84: 1226–1232. V

562:

Furie KL, Kasner SE, Adams RJ, Albers GW, Bush RL, Fagan SC, Halperin JL, Johnston SC, Katzan I, Kernan WN, Mitchell PH, Ovbiagele B, Palesch YY, Sacco RL, Schwamm LH, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Turan TN, Wentworth D, American Heart Association Stroke Council, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Clinical Cardiology, and Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the american heart association/american stroke association. Stroke 2011; 42: 227–276. GL

563:

Ebihara S, Suzuki N. Cerebral circulation/metabolism in patients with cerebral circulatory disorder. In: Goto Y, Gotoh F, Tazaki Y, Hasegawa T (eds) Cerebrovascular disease (in Japanese). Life Science Co, Ltd: Tokyo, 1980, pp 116–125. VI

564:

Arakawa S, Saku Y, Ibayashi S, Nagao T, Fujishima M. Blood pressure control and recurrence of hypertensive brain hemorrhage. Stroke 1998; 29: 1806–1809. V

565:

Committee to Prepare New Guidelines for ‘Brain Dock’. Guidelines for Brain Dock in 2003 (in Japanese). The Japan Brain Dock Society, 2003. http://www.snh.or.jp/jsbd/pdf/guideline2003.pdf. Accessed 13 June 2008. GL

566:

Vermeer SE, Prins ND, den Heijer T, Hofman A, Koudstaal PJ, Breteler MM. Silent brain infarcts and the risk of dementia and cognitive decline. New Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1215–1222. IVa

567:

Kinoshita T, Okudera T, Tamura H, Ogawa T, Hatazawa J. Assessment of lacunar hemorrhage associated with hypertensive stroke by echo-planar gradient-echo T2*-weighted MRI. Stroke 2000; 31: 1646–1650. V

568:

Kato H, Izumiyama M, Izumiyama K, Takahashi A, Itoyama Y. Silent cerebral microbleeds on T2*-weighted MRI: correlation with stroke subtype, stroke recurrence, and leukoaraiosis. Stroke 2002; 33: 1536–1540. IVb

569:

Leary MC, Saver JL. Annual incidence of first silent stroke in the United States: a preliminary estimate. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003; 16: 280–285. IVb

570:

Hasegawa Y, Yamaguchi T, Omae T, Woodward M, Chalmers J, PROGRESS CT Substudy Investigators. Effects of perindopril-based blood pressure lowering and of patient characteristics on the progression of silent brain infarct: the Perindopril Protection against Recurrent Stroke Study (PROGRESS) CT Substudy in Japan. Hypertens Res 2004; 27: 147–156. III

571:

Yamamoto Y, Akiguchi I, Oiwa K, Hayashi M, Kimura J. Adverse effect of nighttime blood pressure on the outcome of lacunar infarct patients. Stroke 1998; 29: 570–576. IVa

572:

Krahn AD, Manfreda J, Tate RB, Mathewson FA, Cuddy TE. The natural history of atrial fibrillation: incidence, risk factors, and prognosis in the Manitoba Follow-Up Study. Am J Med 1995; 98: 476–484. E-1b

573:

Stewart S, Hart CL, Hole DJ, McMurray JJ. A population-based study of the long-term risks associated with atrial fibrillation: 20-year follow-up of the Renfrew/Paisley study. Am J Med 2002; 113: 359–364. E-1b

574:

Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Benjamin EJ, Levy D. Prevalence, incidence, prognosis, and predisposing conditions for atrial fibrillation: population-based estimates. Am J Cardiol 1998; 82: 2N-9N. VI

575:

Conen D, Tedrow UB, Koplan BA, Glynn RJ, Buring JE, Albert CM. Influence of systolic and diastolic blood pressure on the risk of incident atrial fibrillation in women. Circulation 2009; 119: 2146–2152. E-1b

576:

Okin PM, Wachtell K, Devereux RB, Harris KE, Jern S, Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Lindholm LH, Nieminen MS, Edelman JM, Hille DA, Dahlöf B. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy and decreased incidence of new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertension. JAMA 2006; 296: 1242–1248. E-Ib

577:

Rienstra M, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Crijns HJ, Van Gelder IC, RACE Investigators. Enhanced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality during rhythm control treatment in persistent atrial fibrillation in hypertensives: data of the RACE study. Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 741–751. III

578:

Lip GY, Frison L, Grind M, SPORTIF Invetigators. Effect of hypertension on anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 752–759. E-Ib

579:

Staessen JA, Wang JG, Thijs L. Cardiovascular protection and blood pressure reduction: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2001; 358: 1305–1315. I

580:

Moser M, Hebert P, Hennekens CH. An overview of the meta-analyses of the hypertension treatment trials. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151: 1277–1279. VI

581:

Fox KM, EURopean trial On reduction of cardiac events with Perindopril in stable coronary Artery disease Investigators. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet 2003; 362: 782–788. II

582:

Pitt B, Byington RP, Furberg CD, Hunninghake DB, Mancini GB, Miller ME, Riley W, PREVENT Investigators. Effect of amlodipine on the progression of atherosclerosis and the occurrence of clinical events. Circulation 2000; 102: 1503–1510. II

583:

Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Libby P, Thompson PD, Ghali M, Garza D, Berman L, Shi H, Buebendorf E, Topol EJ, CAMELOT Investigators. Effect of antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease and normal blood pressure: the CAMELOT study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 292: 2217–2225. II

584:

Kondo J, Sone T, Tsuboi H, Mukawa H, Morishima I, Uesugi M, Kono T, Kosaka T, Yoshida T, Numaguchi Y, Matsui H, Murohara T, Okumura K. Effects of low-dose angiotensin II receptor blocker candesartan on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 2003; 146: E20. II

585:

Yui Y, Sumiyoshi T, Kodama K, Hirayama A, Nonogi H, Kanmatsuse K, Origasa H, Iimura O, Ishii M, Saruta T, Arakawa K, Hosoda S, Kawai C, Japan Multicenter Investigation for Cardiovascular Diseases-B Study Group. Comparison of nifedipine retard with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in Japanese hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease: the Japan Multicenter Investigation for Cardiovascular Diseases-B (JMIC-B) randomized trial. Hypertens Res 2004; 27: 181–191. II

586:

Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, Rouleau JL, Rutherford JD, Cole TG, Brown L, Warnica JW, Arnold JM, Wun CC, Davis BR, Braunwald E, Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. New Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1001–1009. II

587:

Smith SC Jr, Benjamin EJ, Bonow RO, Braun LT, Creager MA, Franklin BA, Gibbons RJ, Grundy SM, Hiratzka LF, Jones DW, Lloyd-Jones DM, Minissian M, Mosca L, Peterson ED, Sacco RL, Spertus J, Stein JH, Taubert KA, World Heart Federation and the Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association. AHA/ACCF Secondary Prevention and Risk Reduction Therapy for Patients with Coronary and other Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: 2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation 2011; 124: 2458–2473. GL

588:

Hamm CW, Bassand JP, Agewall S, Bax J, Boersma E, Bueno H, Caso P, Dudek D, Gielen S, Huber K, Ohman M, Petrie MC, Sonntag F, Uva MS, Storey RF, Wijns W, Zahger D, ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines. ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2011; 32: 2999–3054. GL

589:

Thune JJ, Signorovitch J, Kober L, Velazquez EJ, McMurray JJ, Califf RM, Maggioni AP, Rouleau JL, Howlett J, Zelenkofske S, Pfeffer MA, Solomon SD. Effect of antecedent hypertension and follow-up blood pressure on outcomes after high-risk myocardial infarction. Hypertension 2008; 51: 48–54. E-Ib

590:

Bangalore S, Messerli FH, Wun CC, Zuckerman AL, DeMicco D, Kostis JB, LaRosa JC, Treating to New Targets Steering Committee and Investigators. J-curve revisited: An analysis of blood pressure and cardiovascular events in the Treating to New Targets (TNT) Trial. Eur Heart J 2010; 31: 2897–2908. III

591:

Bangalore S, Qin J, Sloan S, Murphy SA, Cannon CP, PROVE IT-TIMI 22 Trial Investigators. What is the optimal blood pressure in patients after acute coronary syndromes?: Relationship of blood pressure and cardiovascular events in the PRavastatin OR atorVastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (PROVE IT-TIMI) 22 trial. Circulation 2010; 122: 2142–2151. III

592:

Kai H, Ueno T, Kimura T, Adachi H, Furukawa Y, Kita T, Imaizumi T, CREDO-Kyoto Investigators. Low DBP may not be an independent risk for cardiovascular death in revascularized coronary artery disease patients. J Hypertens 2011; 29: 1889–1896. IVa

593:

Bangalore S, Kumar S, Volodarskiy A, Messerli FH. Blood pressure targets in patients with coronary artery disease: observations from traditional and Bayesian random effects meta-analysis of randomised trials. Heart 2013; 99: 601–613. I

594:

Ginsburg R, Lamb IH, Schroeder JS, Hu M, Harrison DC. Randomized double-blind comparison of nifedipine and isosorbide dinitrate therapy in variant angina pectoris due to coronary artery spasm. Am Heart J 1982; 103: 44–49. II

595:

Chahine RA, Feldman RL, Giles TD, Nicod P, Raizner AE, Weiss RJ, Vanov SK, Amlodipine Study 160 Group. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of amlodipine in vasospastic angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 21: 1365–1370. II

596:

Nishigaki K, Inoue Y, Yamanouchi Y, Fukumoto Y, Yasuda S, Sueda S, Urata H, Shimokawa H, Minatoguchi S. Prognostic effects of calcium channel blockers in patients with vasospastic angina—a meta-analysis. Circ J 2010; 74: 1943–1950. IVa

597:

van de Ven LL, Vermeulen A, Tans JG, Tans AC, Liem KL, Lageweg NC, Lie KI. Which drug to choose for stable angina pectoris: a comparative study between bisoprolol and nitrates. Int J Cardiol 1995; 47: 217–223. II

598:

Heidenreich PA, McDonald KM, Hastie T, Fadel B, Hagan V, Lee BK, Hlatky MA. Meta-analysis of trials comparing β-blockers, calcium antagonists, and nitrates for stable angina. JAMA 1999; 281: 1927–1936. I

599:

Boberg J, Larsen FF, Pehrsson SK, Visacor Study Group. The effects of beta blockade with (epanolol) and without (atenolol) intrinsic sympathomimetic activity in stable angina pectoris. Clin Cardiol 1992; 15: 591–595. II

600:

Bradley HA, Wiysonge CS, Volmink JA, Mayosi BM, Opie LH. How strong is the evidence for use of beta-blockers as first-line therapy for hypertension? Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 2131–2141. I

601:

Bangalore S, Messerli FH, Kostis JB, Pepine CJ. Cardiovascular protection using beta-blockers: a critical review of the evidence. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50: 563–572. VI

602:

Pedersen TR. Six-year follow-up of the Norwegian Multicenter Study on Timolol after Acute Myocardial Infarction. New Engl J Med 1985; 313: 1055–1058. II

603:

Dargie HJ. Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomised trial. Lancet 2001; 357: 1385–1390. II

604:

The Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Trial Research Group. The effect of diltiazem on mortality and reinfarction after myocardial infarction. New Engl J Med 1988; 319: 385–392. II

605:

Japanese beta-Blockers and Calcium Antagonists Myocardial Infarction (JBCMI) Investigators. Comparison of the effects of beta blockers and calcium antagonists on cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction in Japanese subjects. Am J Cardiol 2004; 93: 969–973. II

606:

Yui Y, Shinoda E, Kodama K, Hirayama A, Nonogi H, Haze K, Sumiyoshi T, Hosoda S, Kawai C, Japan Multicenter Investigation for Cardiovascular Diseases B (JMIC-B) Study Group. Nifedipine retard prevents hospitalization for angina pectoris better than angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertensive Japanese patients with previous myocardial infarction (JMIC-B substudy). J Hypertens 2007; 25: 2019–2026. III

607:

Nakagomi A, Kodani E, Takano H, Uchida T, Sato N, Ibuki C, Kusama Y, Seino Y, Munakata K, Mizuno K, Takano T. Secondary preventive effects of a calcium antagonist for ischemic heart attack: randomized parallel comparison with β-blockers. Circ J 2011; 75: 1696–1705. II

608:

Ishikawa K, Nakai S, Takenaka T, Kanamasa K, Hama J, Ogawa I, Yamamoto T, Oyaizu M, Kimura A, Yamamoto K, Yabushita H, Katori R, Secondary Prevention Group. Short-acting nifedipine and diltiazem do not reduce the incidence of cardiac events in patients with healed myocardial infarction. Circulation 1997; 95: 2368–2373. III

609:

Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moyé LA, Basta L, Brown EJ Jr, Cuddy TE, Davis BR, Geltman EM, Goldman S, Flaker GC, Klein M, Lamas GA, Packer M, Rouleau J, Rouleau JL, Rutherford J, Wertheimer JH, Hawkins CM, The SAVE Investigators. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. New Engl J Med 1992; 327: 669–677. II

610:

Pfeffer MA, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ, Rouleau JL, Køber L, Maggioni AP, Solomon SD, Swedberg K, Van de Werf F, White H, Leimberger JD, Henis M, Edwards S, Zelenkofske S, Sellers MA, Califf RM, Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial Investigators. Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. New Engl J Med 2003; 349: 1893–1906. II

611:

The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators. Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. Lancet 1993; 342: 821–828. II

612:

Køber L, Torp-Pedersen C, Carlsen JE, Bagger H, Eliasen P, Lyngborg K, Videbaek J, Cole DS, Auclert L, Pauly NC, Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group. A clinical trial of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. New Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1670–1676. II

613:

Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, Neaton J, Martinez F, Roniker B, Bittman R, Hurley S, Kleiman J, Gatlin M, Eplerenone Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study Investigators. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. New Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1309–1321. II

614:

Tsutsui H, Tsuchihashi-Makaya M, Kinugawa S, Goto D, Takeshita A, JCARE-GENERAL Investigators. Characteristics and outcomes of patients with heart failure in general practices and hospitals. Circ J 2007; 71: 449–454. E-1b

615:

Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension. II. Results in patients with diastolic blood pressure averaging 90 through 114mm Hg. JAMA 1970; 213: 1143–1152. II

616:

Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, Palensky J, Wittes J, Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. New Engl J Med 1999; 341: 709–717. II

617:

The SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. New Engl J Med 1991; 325: 293–302. II

618:

The SOLVD Investigattors. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. New Engl J Med 1992; 327: 685–691. II

619:

Cohn JN, Tognoni G, Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators. A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. New Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1667–1675. II

620:

Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, Granger CB, Held P, McMurray JJ, Michelson EL, Olofsson B, Ostergren J, Yusuf S, Pocock S, CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM-Overall programme. Lancet 2003; 362: 759–766. II

621:

Granger CB, McMurray JJ, Yusuf S, Held P, Michelson EL, Olofsson B, Ostergren J, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Alternative trial. Lancet 2003; 362: 772–776. II

622:

Dickstein K, Kjekshus J, OPTIMAAL Steering Committee of the OPTIMAAL Study Group. Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction: the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Optimal Trial in Myocardial Infarction with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan. Lancet 2002; 360: 752–760. II

623:

Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN, Colucci WS, Fowler MB, Gilbert EM, Shusterman NH, U. S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. New Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1349–1355. II

624:

Hjalmarson A, Goldstein S, Fagerberg B, Wedel H, Waagstein F, Kjekshus J, Wikstrand J, El Allaf D, Vítovec J, Aldershvile J, Halinen M, Dietz R, Neuhaus KL, Jánosi A, Thorgeirsson G, Dunselman PH, Gullestad L, Kuch J, Herlitz J, Rickenbacher P, Ball S, Gottlieb S, Deedwania P, MERIT-HF Study Group. Effects of controlled-release metoprolol on total mortality, hospitalizations, and well-being in patients with heart failure: the Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF). JAMA 2000; 283: 1295–1302. II

625:

The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 353: 9–13. II

626:

Packer M, Coats AJ, Fowler MB, Katus HA, Krum H, Mohacsi P, Rouleau JL, Tendera M, Castaigne A, Roecker EB, Schultz MK, DeMets DL, Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival Study Group. Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. New Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1651–1658. II

627:

Hunt SA, Baker DW, Chin MH, Cinquegrani MP, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Goldstein S, Gregoratos G, Jessup ML, Noble RJ, Packer M, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Gibbons RJ, Antman EM, Alpert JS, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gregoratos G, Jacobs AK, Hiratzka LF, Russell RO, Smith SC Jr, American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1995 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation, Heart Failure Society of America. ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: Executive Summary A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1995 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): Developed in Collaboration With the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Endorsed by the Heart Failure Society of America. Circulation 2001; 104: 2996–3007. GL

628:

Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW. 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Circulation 2009; 119: 1977–2016. GL

629:

McMurray JJ, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD, Auricchio A, Böhm M, Dickstein K, Falk V, Filippatos G, Fonseca C, Gomez-Sanchez MA, Jaarsma T, Køber L, Lip GY, Maggioni AP, Parkhomenko A, Pieske BM, Popescu BA, Rønnevik PK, Rutten FH, Schwitter J, Seferovic P, Stepinska J, Trindade PT, Voors AA, Zannad F, Zeiher A, ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 2012; 33: 1787–1847. GL

630:

Packer M, O’Connor CM, Ghali JK, Pressler ML, Carson PE, Belkin RN, Miller AB, Neuberg GW, Frid D, Wertheimer JH, Cropp AB, DeMets DL, Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation Study Group. Effect of amlodipine on morbidity and mortality in severe chronic heart failure. New Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1107–1114. II

631:

Verdecchia P, Angeli F, Cavallini C, Gattobigio R, Gentile G, Staessen JA, Reboldi G. Blood pressure reduction and renin–angiotensin system inhibition for prevention of congestive heart failure: a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2009; 30: 679–688. I

632:

Lee DS, Gona P, Vasan RS, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, Wang TJ, Tu JV, Levy D. Relation of disease pathogenesis and risk factors to heart failure with preserved or reduced ejection fraction: insights from the framingham heart study of the national heart, lung, and blood institute. Circulation 2009; 119: 3070–3077. IVb

633:

Solomon SD, Verma A, Desai A, Hassanein A, Izzo J, Oparil S, Lacourciere Y, Lee J, Seifu Y, Hilkert RJ, Rocha R, Pitt B, Exforge Intensive Control of Hypertension to Evaluate Efficacy in Diastolic Dysfunction Investigators. Effect of intensive versus standard blood pressure lowering on diastolic function in patients with uncontrolled hypertension and diastolic dysfunction. Hypertension 2010; 55: 241–248. II

634:

Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, Granger CB, Held P, McMurray JJ, Michelson EL, Olofsson B, Ostergren J, CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-Preserved Trial. Lancet 2003; 362: 777–781. II

635:

Cleland JG, Tendera M, Adamus J, Freemantle N, Polonski L, Taylor J, PEP-CHF Investigators. The perindopril in elderly people with chronic heart failure (PEP-CHF) study. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 2338–2345. II

636:

Massie BM, Carson PE, McMurray JJ, Komajda M, McKelvie R, Zile MR, Anderson S, Donovan M, Iverson E, Staiger C, Ptaszynska A, I-PRESERVE Investigators. Irbesartan in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. New Engl J Med 2008; 359: 2456–2467. II

637:

Lund LH, Benson L, Dahlström U, Edner M. Association between use of renin–angiotensin system antagonists and mortality in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. JAMA 2012; 308: 2108–2117. E-1b

638:

Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, Kannel WB, Castelli WP. Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. New Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1561–1566. E-1b

639:

Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, Ciucci A, Gattobigio R, Zampi I, Reboldi G, Porcellati C. Prognostic significance of serial changes in left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Circulation 1998; 97: 48–54. E-1b

640:

Wachtell K, Okin PM, Olsen MH, Dahlöf B, Devereux RB, Ibsen H, Kjeldsen SE, Lindholm LH, Nieminen MS, Thygesen K. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy during antihypertensive therapy and reduction in sudden cardiac death: the LIFE Study. Circulation 2007; 116: 700–705. E-Ib

641:

Ogihara T, Saruta T, Rakugi H, Fujimoto A, Ueshima K, Yasuno S, Oba K, Takeda K, Higaki J, Nakao K, CASE-J trial Group. Relationship between the achieved blood pressure and the incidence of cardiovascular events in Japanese hypertensive patients with complications: a sub-analysis of the CASE-J trial. Hypertens Res 2009; 32: 248–254. E-Ib

642:

Sato A, Hayashi M, Saruta T. Relative long-term effects of spironolactone in conjunction with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on left ventricular mass and diastolic function in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertens Res 2002; 25: 837–842. II

643:

Taniguchi I, Kawai M, Date T, Yoshida S, Seki S, Taniguchi M, Shimizu M, Mochizuki S. Effects of spironolactone during an angiotensin II receptor blocker treatment on the left ventricular mass reduction in hypertensive patients with concentric left ventricular hypertrophy. Circ J 2006; 70: 995–1000. II

644:

Gottdiener JS, Reda DJ, Massie BM, Materson BJ, Williams DW, Anderson RJ, The Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Effect of single-drug therapy on reduction of left ventricular mass in mild to moderate hypertension: comparison of six antihypertensive agents. Circulation 1997; 95: 2007–2014. II

645:

Miller AB, Reichek N, St John Sutton M, Iyengar M, Henderson LS, Tarka EA, Bakris GL. Importance of blood pressure control in left ventricular mass regression. J Am Soc Hypertens 2010; 4: 302–310. II

646:

Iseki K, Tohyama K, Matsumoto T, Nakamura H. High Prevalence of chronic kidney disease among patients with sleep related breathing disorder (SRBD). Hypertens Res 2008; 31: 249–255. IVa

647:

Sakaguchi Y, Shoji T, Kawabata H, Niihata K, Suzuki A, Kaneko T, Okada N, Isaka Y, Rakugi H, Tsubakihara Y. High prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea and its association with renal function among nondialysis chronic kidney disease patients in Japan: a cross-sectional study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 6: 995–1000. E-II

648:

Imai E, Horio M, Yamagata K, Iseki K, Hara S, Ura N, Kiyohara Y, Makino H, Hishida A, Matsuo S. Slower decline of glomerular filtration rate in the Japanese general population: a longitudinal 10-year follow-up study. Hypertens Res 2008; 31: 433–441. E-Ib

649:

Bakris GL, Williams M, Dworkin L, Elliott WJ, Epstein M, Toto R, Tuttle K, Douglas J, Hsueh W, Sowers J, National Kidney Foundation Hypertension and Diabetes Executive Committees Working Group. Preserving renal function in adults with hypertension and diabetes: a consensus approach. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 36: 646–661. GL

650:

Nakai S, Iseki K, Itami N, Ogata S, Kazama JJ, Kimata N, Shigematsu T, Shinoda T, Shoji T, Suzuki K, Taniguchi M, Tsuchida K, Nakamoto H, Nishi H, Hashimoto S, Hasegawa T, Hanafusa N, Hamano T, Fujii N, Masakane I, Marubayashi S, Morita O, Yamagata K, Wakai K, Wada A, Watanabe Y, Tsubakihara Y. An overview of regular dialysis treatment in Japan (as of 31 December 2010). Ther Apher Dial 2012; 16: 483–521. E-II

651:

Klag MJ, Whelton PK, Randall BL, Neaton JD, Brancati FL, Ford CE, Shulman NB, Stamler J. Blood pressure and end-stage renal disease in men. New Engl J Med 1996; 334: 13–18. E-Ib

652:

Sarnak MJ, Levey AS, Schoolwerth AC, Coresh J, Culleton B, Hamm LL, McCullough PA, Kasiske BL, Kelepouris E, Klag MJ, Parfrey P, Pfeffer M, Raij L, Spinosa DJ, Wilson PW, American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention. Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: a statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 2003; 108: 2154–2169. GL

653:

The GISEN Group (Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia). Randomised placebo-controlled trial of effect of ramipril on decline in glomerular filtration rate and risk of terminal renal failure in proteinuric, non-diabetic nephropathy. Lancet 1997; 349: 1857–1863. II

654:

de Zeeuw D, Remuzzi G, Parving HH, Keane WF, Zhang Z, Shahinfar S, Snapinn S, Cooper ME, Mitch WE, Brenner BM. Proteinuria, a target for renoprotection in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy: lessons from RENAAL. Kidney Int 2004; 65: 2309–2320. IVa

655:

Keane WF, Brenner BM, de Zeeuw D, Grunfeld JP, McGill J, Mitch WE, Ribeiro AB, Shahinfar S, Simpson RL, Snapinn SM, Toto R, RENAAL Study Investigators. The risk of developing end-stage renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy: the RENAAL study. Kidney Int 2003; 63: 1499–1507. IVa

656:

Nakamura K, Okamura T, Hayakawa T, Kadowaki T, Kita Y, Ohnishi H, Saitoh S, Sakata K, Okayama A, Ueshima H, NIPPON DATA90 Research Group. Chronic kidney disease is a risk factor for cardiovascular death in a community-based population in Japan: NIPPON DATA90. Circ J 2006; 70: 954–959. IVa

657:

Keith DS, Nichols GA, Gullion CM, Brown JB, Smith DH. Longitudinal follow-up and outcomes among a population with chronic kidney disease in a large managed care organization. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 659–663. E-Ib

658:

Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, McCulloch CE, Hsu CY. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. New Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1296–12305. E-Ib

659:

Nagata M, Ninomiya T, Kiyohara Y, Murakami Y, Irie F, Sairenchi T, Miura K, Okamura T, Ueshima H, EPOCH-JAPAN Research Group. Prediction of cardiovascular disease mortality by proteinuria and reduced kidney function: pooled analysis of 39,000 individuals from 7 cohort studies in Japan. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 178: 1–11. E-Ia

660:

National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39: S1–266. GL

661:

Japanese Society of Nephrology. Evidence-based Clinical Practice Guideline for CKD 2013 (in Japanese). Tokyo Igakusha: Tokyo. 2013. GL

662:

Matsushita K, van der Velde M, Astor BC, Woodward M, Levey AS, de Jong PE, Coresh J, Gansevoort RT, Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis Consortium. Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in general population cohorts: a collaborative meta-analysis. Lancet 2010; 375: 2073–2081. E-Ia

663:

Stevens PE, Levin A, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Chronic Kidney Disease Guideline Development Work Group Members. Evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease: synopsis of the kidney disease: improving global outcomes 2012 clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med 2013; 158: 825–830. GL

664:

Nakayama M, Sato T, Miyazaki M, Matsushima M, Sato H, Taguma Y, Ito S. Increased risk of cardiovascular events and mortality among non-diabetic chronic kidney disease patients with hypertensive nephropathy: the Gonryo study. Hypertens Res 2011; 34: 1106–1110. E-Ib

665:

Ito S. Cardiorenal syndrome: an evolutionary point of view. Hypertension 2012; 60: 589–595. VI

666:

Umemura T, Kawamura T, Sakakibara T, Mashita S, Hotta N, Sobue G. Microalbuminuria is independently associated with deep or infratentorial brain microbleeds in hypertensive adults. Am J Hypertens 2012; 25: 430–436. E-II

667:

Imai E, Horio M, Watanabe T, Iseki K, Yamagata K, Hara S, Ura N, Kiyohara Y, Moriyama T, Ando Y, Fujimoto S, Konta T, Yokoyama H, Makino H, Hishida A, Matsuo S. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the Japanese general population. Clin Exp Nephrol 2009; 13: 621–630. E-II

668:

Yokoyama H, Kawai K, Kobayashi M, Japan Diabetes Clinical Data Management Study Group. Microalbuminuria is common in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients: a nationwide survey from the Japan Diabetes Clinical Data Management Study Group (JDDM 10). Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 989–992. E-II

669:

Middleton RJ, Foley RN, Hegarty J, Cheung CM, McElduff P, Gibson JM, Kalra PA, O’Donoghue DJ, New JP. The unrecognized prevalence of chronic kidney disease in diabetes. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21: 88–92. E-II

670:

Araki S, Haneda M, Koya D, Hidaka H, Sugimoto T, Isono M, Isshiki K, Chin-Kanasaki M, Uzu T, Kashiwagi A. Reduction in microalbuminuria as an integrated indicator for renal and cardiovascular risk reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2007; 56: 1727–1730. IVa

671:

Ogawa S, Takeuchi K, Mori T, Nako K, Tsubono Y, Ito S. Effects of monotherapy of temocapril or candesartan with dose increments or combination therapy with both drugs on the suppression of diabetic nephropathy. Hypertens Res 2007; 30: 325–334. II

672:

Slagman MC, Waanders F, Hemmelder MH, Woittiez AJ, Janssen WM, Lambers Heerspink HJ, Navis G, Laverman GD, HOlland NEphrology STudy Group. Moderate dietary sodium restriction added to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition compared with dual blockade in lowering proteinuria and blood pressure: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2011; 343: d4366. II

673:

Lambers Heerspink HJ, de Borst MH, Bakker SJ, Navis GJ. Improving the efficacy of RAAS blockade in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2013; 9: 112–121. VI

674:

Vegter S, Perna A, Postma MJ, Navis G, Remuzzi G, Ruggenenti P. Sodium intake, ACE inhibition, and progression to ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23: 165–173. E-Ib

675:

Iseki K, Ikemiya Y, Kinjo K, Inoue T, Iseki C, Takishita S. Body mass index and the risk of development of end-stage renal disease in a screened cohort. Kidney Int 2004; 65: 1870–1876. E-Ib

676:

Tozawa M, Iseki K, Iseki C, Oshiro S, Ikemiya Y, Takishita S. Influence of smoking and obesity on the development of proteinuria. Kidney Int 2002; 62: 956–962. E-Ib

677:

Bello AK, de Zeeuw D, El Nahas M, Brantsma AH, Bakker SJ, de Jong PE, Gansevoort RT. Impact of weight change on albuminuria in the general population. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22: 1619–1627. IVa

678:

Afshinnia F, Wilt TJ, Duval S, Esmaeili A, Ibrahim HN. Weight loss and proteinuria: systematic review of clinical trials and comparative cohorts. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25: 1173–1183. IVa

679:

Navaneethan SD, Yehnert H, Moustarah F, Schreiber MJ, Schauer PR, Beddhu S. Weight loss interventions in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 4: 1565–1574. IVa

680:

Kramer H, Shoham D, McClure LA, Durazo-Arvizu R, Howard G, Judd S, Muntner P, Safford M, Warnock DG, McClellan W. Association of waist circumference and body mass index with all-cause mortality in CKD: The REGARDS (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) Study. Am J Kidney Dis 2011; 58: 177–185. IVa

681:

Elsayed EF, Tighiouart H, Weiner DE, Griffith J, Salem D, Levey AS, Sarnak MJ. Waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index as risk factors for cardiovascular events in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 2008; 52: 49–57. IVa

682:

Orth SR. Smoking and the kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13: 1663–1672. VI

683:

Parving HH, Lewis JB, Ravid M, Remuzzi G, Hunsicker LG, DEMAND investigators. Prevalence and risk factors for microalbuminuria in a referred cohort of type II diabetic patients: a global perspective. Kidney Int 2006; 69: 2057–2063. E-II

684:

Pedrini MT, Levey AS, Lau J, Chalmers TC, Wang PH. The effect of dietary protein restriction on the progression of diabetic and nondiabetic renal diseases: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124: 627–632. I

685:

Pan Y, Guo LL, Jin HM. Low-protein diet for diabetic nephropathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88: 660–666. I

686:

Robertson L, Waugh N, Robertson A. Protein restriction for diabetic renal disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; CD002181. I

687:

Koya D, Haneda M, Inomata S, Suzuki Y, Suzuki D, Makino H, Shikata K, Murakami Y, Tomino Y, Yamada K, Araki SI, Kashiwagi A, Kikkawa R, Low-Protein Diet Study Group. Long-term effect of modification of dietary protein intake on the progression of diabetic nephropathy: a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia 2009; 52: 2037–2045. II

688:

Japanese Society of Nephrology. Guidelines for Life Style and Dietary Therapy for CKD patients. Jpn J Nephrol 1997; 39: 1–37. Japanese. GL

689:

Smart NA, Williams AD, Levinger I, Selig S, Howden E, Coombes JS, Fassett RG. Exercise & Sports Science Australia (ESSA) position statement on exercise and chronic kidney disease. J Sci Med Sport 2013; 16: 406–411. GL

690:

Mancia G, Laurent S, Agabiti-Rosei E, Ambrosioni E, Burnier M, Caulfield MJ, Cifkova R, Clément D, Coca A, Dominiczak A, Erdine S, Fagard R, Farsang C, Grassi G, Haller H, Heagerty A, Kjeldsen SE, Kiowski W, Mallion JM, Manolis A, Narkiewicz K, Nilsson P, Olsen MH, Rahn KH, Redon J, Rodicio J, Ruilope L, Schmieder RE, Struijker-Boudier HA, van Zwieten PA, Viigimaa M, Zanchetti A, European Society of Hypertension. Reappraisal of European guidelines on hypertension management: a European Society of Hypertension Task Force document. J Hypertens 2009; 27: 2121–2158. GL

691:

de Galan BE, Perkovic V, Ninomiya T, Pillai A, Patel A, Cass A, Neal B, Poulter N, Harrap S, Mogensen CE, Cooper M, Marre M, Williams B, Hamet P, Mancia G, Woodward M, Glasziou P, Grobbee DE, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Lowering blood pressure reduces renal events in type 2 diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20: 883–892. II

692:

Uzu T, Kida Y, Yamauchi A, Kume S, Isshiki K, Araki S, Koya D, Haneda M, Kashiwagi A, Maegawa H, Kikkawa R. The effects of blood pressure control levels on the renoprotection of type 2 diabetic patients without overt proteinuria. J Am Soc Hypertens 2012; 6: 124–131. E-Ib

693:

Pohl MA, Blumenthal S, Cordonnier DJ, De Alvaro F, Deferrari G, Eisner G, Esmatjes E, Gilbert RE, Hunsicker LG, de Faria JB, Mangili R, Moore J Jr, Reisin E, Ritz E, Schernthaner G, Spitalewitz S, Tindall H, Rodby RA, Lewis EJ. Independent and additive impact of blood pressure control and angiotensin II receptor blockade on renal outcomes in the irbesartan diabetic nephropathy trial: clinical implications and limitations. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16: 3027–3037. IVa

694:

Kawamori R, Fujita T, Matsuoka H, Umemura S, Saito Y. Relation between cardiovascular complications and blood pressure/blood glucose control in diabetic patients with hypertension receiving long-term candesartan cilexetil therapy: Challenge-DM study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009; 83: 241–248. IVb

695:

Wright JT Jr, Bakris G, Greene T, Agodoa LY, Appel LJ, Charleston J, Cheek D, Douglas-Baltimore JG, Gassman J, Glassock R, Hebert L, Jamerson K, Lewis J, Phillips RA, Toto RD, Middleton JP, Rostand SG, African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension Study Group. Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: results from the AASK trial. JAMA 2002; 288: 2421–2431. II

696:

Klahr S, Levey AS, Beck GJ, Caggiula AW, Hunsicker L, Kusek JW, Striker G, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood-pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. New Engl J Med 1994; 330: 877–884. II

697:

Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Loriga G, Ganeva M, Ene-Iordache B, Turturro M, Lesti M, Perticucci E, Chakarski IN, Leonardis D, Garini G, Sessa A, Basile C, Alpa M, Scanziani R, Sorba G, Zoccali C, Remuzzi G, REIN-2 Study Group. Blood-pressure control for renoprotection in patients with non-diabetic chronic renal disease (REIN-2): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 365: 939–946. II

698:

Peralta CA, Norris KC, Li S, Chang TI, Tamura MK, Jolly SE, Bakris G, McCullough PA, Shlipak M, KEEP Investigators. Blood pressure components and end-stage renal disease in persons with chronic kidney disease: the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP). Arch Intern Med 2012; 172: 41–47. IVa

699:

Peterson JC, Adler S, Burkart JM, Greene T, Hebert LA, Hunsicker LG, King AJ, Klahr S, Massry SG, Seifter JL. Blood pressure control, proteinuria, and the progression of renal disease. The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Ann Intern Med 1995; 123: 754–762. II

700:

Appel LJ, Wright JT Jr, Greene T, Agodoa LY, Astor BC, Bakris GL, Cleveland WH, Charleston J, Contreras G, Faulkner ML, Gabbai FB, Gassman JJ, Hebert LA, Jamerson KA, Kopple JD, Kusek JW, Lash JP, Lea JP, Lewis JB, Lipkowitz MS, Massry SG, Miller ER, Norris K, Phillips RA, Pogue VA, Randall OS, Rostand SG, Smogorzewski MJ, Toto RD, Wang X, AASK Collaborative Research Group. Intensive blood-pressure control in hypertensive chronic kidney disease. New Engl J Med 2010; 363: 918–929. IVa

701:

Upadhyay A, Earley A, Haynes SM, Uhlig K. Systematic review: blood pressure target in chronic kidney disease and proteinuria as an effect modifier. Ann Intern Med 2011; 154: 541–548. IVa

702:

Sarnak MJ, Greene T, Wang X, Beck G, Kusek JW, Collins AJ, Levey AS. The effect of a lower target blood pressure on the progression of kidney disease: long-term follow-up of the modification of diet in renal disease study. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142: 342–351. II

703:

Lv J, Ehteshami P, Sarnak MJ, Tighiouart H, Jun M, Ninomiya T, Foote C, Rodgers A, Zhang H, Wang H, Strippoli GF, Perkovic V. Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering on the progression of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ 2013; 185: 949–957. I

704:

Weiner DE, Tighiouart H, Levey AS, Elsayed E, Griffith JL, Salem DN, Sarnak MJ. Lowest systolic blood pressure is associated with stroke in stages 3 to 4 chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18: 960–966. E-Ib

705:

Ninomiya T, Perkovic V, Gallagher M, Jardine M, Cass A, Arima H, Anderson C, Neal B, Woodward M, Omae T, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Lower blood pressure and risk of recurrent stroke in patients with chronic kidney disease: PROGRESS trial. Kidney Int 2008; 73: 963–970. III

706:

Ninomiya T, Perkovic V, Verdon C, Barzi F, Cass A, Gallagher M, Jardine M, Anderson C, Chalmers J, Craig JC, Huxley R. Proteinuria and stroke: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 53: 417–425. E-Ia

707:

Sarafidis PA, Khosla N, Bakris GL. Antihypertensive therapy in the presence of proteinuria. Am J Kidney Dis 2007; 49: 12–26. VI

708:

Jafar TH, Stark PC, Schmid CH, Landa M, Maschio G, de Jong PE, de Zeeuw D, Shahinfar S, Toto R, Levey AS, AIPRD Study Group. Progression of chronic kidney disease: the role of blood pressure control, proteinuria, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition: a patient-level meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139: 244–252. E-Ia

709:

Saruta T, Hayashi K, Ogihara T, Nakao K, Fukui T, Fukiyama K, CASE-J Study Group. Effects of candesartan and amlodipine on cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease: subanalysis of the CASE-J Study. Hypertens Res 2009; 32: 505–512. III

710:

Keane WF, Eknoyan G. Proteinuria, albuminuria, risk, assessment, detection, elimination (PARADE): a position paper of the National Kidney Foundation. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 33: 1004–1010. GL

711:

Kim-Mitsuyama S, Ogawa H, Matsui K, Jinnouchi T, Jinnouchi H, Arakawa K. An angiotensin II receptor blocker-calcium channel blocker combination prevents cardiovascular events in elderly high-risk hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease better than high-dose angiotensin II receptor blockade alone. Kidney Int 2013; 83: 167–176. III

712:

Baba S, J-MIND Study Group. Nifedipine and enalapril equally reduce the progression of nephropathy in hypertensive type 2 diabetics. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2001; 54: 191–201. II

713:

Hayashi K, Kumagai H, Saruta T. Effect of efonidipine and ACE inhibitors on proteinuria in human hypertension with renal impairment. Am J Hypertens 2003; 16: 116–122. II

714:

Katayama K, Nomura S, Ishikawa H, Murata T, Koyabu S, Nakano T. Comparison between valsartan and valsartan plus cilnidipine in type II diabetics with normo- and microalbuminuria. Kidney Int 2006; 70: 151–156. II

715:

Ogawa S, Mori T, Nako K, Ito S. Combination therapy with renin–angiotensin system inhibitors and the calcium channel blocker azelnidipine decreases plasma inflammatory markers and urinary oxidative stress markers in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Hypertens Res 2008; 31: 1147–1155. II

716:

Sato A, Hayashi K, Naruse M, Saruta T. Effectiveness of aldosterone blockade in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Hypertension 2003; 41: 64–68. V

717:

Bianchi S, Bigazzi R, Campese VM. Long-term effects of spironolactone on proteinuria and kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2006; 70: 2116–2123. II

718:

Zager PG, Nikolic J, Brown RH, Campbell MA, Hunt WC, Peterson D, Van Stone J, Levey A, Meyer KB, Klag MJ, Johnson HK, Clark E, Sadler JH, Teredesai P.’U’curve association of blood pressure and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Medical Directors of Dialysis Clinic, Inc. Kidney Int 1998; 54: 561–569. IVa

719:

Mazzuchi N, Carbonell E, Fernández-Cean J. Importance of blood pressure control in hemodialysis patient survival. Kidney Int 2000; 58: 2147–2154. IVa

720:

Iseki K, Miyasato F, Tokuyama K, Nishime K, Uehara H, Shiohira Y, Sunagawa H, Yoshihara K, Yoshi S, Toma S, Kowatari T, Wake T, Oura T, Fukiyama K. Low diastolic blood pressure, hypoalbuminemia, and risk of death in a cohort of chronic hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 1997; 51: 1212–1217. IVa

721:

Robinson BM, Tong L, Zhang J, Wolfe RA, Goodkin DA, Greenwood RN, Kerr PG, Morgenstern H, Li Y, Pisoni RL, Saran R, Tentori F, Akizawa T, Fukuhara S, Port FK. Blood pressure levels and mortality risk among hemodialysis patients in the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study. Kidney Int 2012; 82: 570–580. E-II

722:

Iseki K, Nakai S, Shinzato T, Morita O, Shinoda T, Kikuchi K, Wada A, Kimata N, Akiba T. Prevalence and determinants of hypertension in chronic hemodialysis patients in Japan. Ther Apher Dial 2007; 11: 183–188. E-II

723:

Shoji T, Tsubakihara Y, Fujii M, Imai E. Hemodialysis-associated hypotension as an independent risk factor for two-year mortality in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2004; 66: 1212–1220. IVa

724:

Agarwal R, Alborzi P, Satyan S, Light RP. Dry-weight reduction in hypertensive hemodialysis patients (DRIP): a randomized, controlled trial. Hypertension 2009; 53: 500–507. II

725:

Moriya H, Ohtake T, Kobayashi S. Aortic stiffness, left ventricular hypertrophy and weekly averaged blood pressure (WAB) in patients on haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22: 1198–1204. V

726:

The Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy. Clinical Guidelines for the Evaluation and the Treatment of Cardiovascular Complications in Hemodialysis Patients. J Jpn Soc Dia Ther 2011; 44: 358–362. Japanese. GL

727:

The Japanese Circulation Society. Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Aneurysm and Aortic Dissection (JCS 2011). The Japanese Circulation Society. Japanese. 2011. GL

728:

Genoni M, Paul M, Jenni R, Graves K, Seifert B, Turina M. Chronic ß-blocker therapy improves outcome and reduces treatment costs in chronic type B aortic dissection. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001; 19: 606–610. IVa

729:

Leach SD, Toole AL, Stern H, DeNatale RW, Tilson MD. Effect of β-adrenergic blockade on the growth rate of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Arch Surg 1988; 123: 606–609. IVb

730:

Hackam DG, Thiruchelvam D, Redelmeier DA. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and aortic rupture: a population-based case-control study. Lancet 2006; 368: 659–665. IVb

731:

Isselbacher ME. Disease of the Aorta In: Douglas P, Libby P Bonow RO (eds), Braunwald’ Heart Disease, a text book of cardiovascular medicine. 7th edn. Philadelphia, 2005, 1428. VI

732:

Ashton HA, Buxton MJ, Day NE, Kim LG, Marteau TM, Scott RA, Thompson SG, Walker NM, Multicentre Aneurysm Screening Study Group. The Multicentre Aneurysm Screening Study (MASS) into the effect of abdominal aortic aneurysm screening on mortality in men: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 1531–1539. II

733:

Shores J, Berger KR, Murphy EA, Pyeritz RE. Progression of aortic dilatation and the benefit of long-term β-adrenergic blockade in Marfan's syndrome. New Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1335–1341. II

734:

Brooke BS, Habashi JP, Judge DP, Patel N, Loeys B, Dietz HC 3rd. Angiotensin II blockade and aortic-root dilation in Marfan's syndrome. New Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2787–2795. V

735:

MacSweeney ST, Ellis M, Worrell PC, Greenhalgh RM, Powell JT. Smoking and growth rate of small abdominal aortic aneurysms. Lancet 1994; 344: 651–652. IVa

736:

Brewster DC, Cronenwett JL, Hallett JW Jr, Johnston KW, Krupski WC, Matsumura JS, Joint Council of the American Association for Vascular Surgery and Society for Vascular Surgery. Guidelines for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Report of a subcommittee of the Joint Council of the American Association for Vascular Surgery and Society for Vascular Surgery. J Vasc Surg 2003; 37: 1106–1117. GL

737:

Stewart KJ, Hiatt WR, Regensteiner JG, Hirsch AT. Exercise training for claudication. New Engl J Med 2002; 347: 1941–1951. VI

738:

Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, Nehler MR, Harris KA, Fowkes FG, TASC II Working Group. Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II). J Vasc Surg 2007; 45(Suppl S): S5–S67. GL

739:

Radack K, Deck C. β-adrenergic blocker therapy does not worsen intermittent claudication in subjects with peripheral arterial disease. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151: 1769–1776. I

740:

Espinola-Klein C, Weisser G, Jagodzinski A, Savvidis S, Warnholtz A, Ostad MA, Gori T, Munzel T. β-Blockers in patients with intermittent claudication and arterial hypertension: results from the nebivolol or metoprolol in arterial occlusive disease trial. Hypertension 2011; 58: 148–154. II

741:

Iimura O. Insulin resistance and hypertension in Japanese. Hypertens Res 1996; 19(Suppl 1): S1–S8. VI

742:

American Diabetes Association. Role of cardiovascular risk factors in prevention and treatment of macrovascular disease in diabetes. Diabetes Care 1989; 12: 573–579. GL

743:

Ravid M, Savin H, Jutrin I, Bental T, Katz B, Lishner M. Long-term stabilizing effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on plasma creatinine and on proteinuria in normotensive type II diabetic patients. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118: 577–581. II

744:

Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2003; 26(Suppl 1): S5–S20. GL

745:

American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2013. Diabetes Care 2013; 36(Suppl 1): S11–S66. GL

746:

Doi Y, Ninomiya T, Hata J, Fukuhara M, Yonemoto K, Iwase M, Iida M, Kiyohara Y. Impact of glucose tolerance status on development of ischemic stroke and coronary heart disease in a general Japanese population: the Hisayama study. Stroke 2010; 41: 203–209. E-Ib

747:

Watanabe M, Kokubo Y, Higashiyama A, Ono Y, Okayama A, Okumura T, New disgnosis criteria for diabetes with hemoglobin A1c and risks of macro-vascular complications in an urban Japanese cohort: the Suita study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010; 88: e20–e203. E-Ib

748:

Sone H, Tanaka S, Tanaka S, Iimuro S, Oida K, Yamasaki Y, Oikawa S, Ishibashi S, Katayama S, Ohashi Y, Akanuma Y, Yamada N, Japan Diabetes Complications Study Group. Serum level of triglycerides is a potent risk factor comparable to LDL cholesterol for coronary heart disease in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: subanalysis of the Japan Diabetes Complications Study (JDCS). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96: 3448–3456. E-Ib

749:

Reboldi G, Gentile G, Angeli F, Ambrosio G, Mancia G, Verdecchia P. Effects of intensive blood pressure reduction on myocardial infarction and stroke in diabetes: a meta-analysis in 73,913 patients. J Hypertens 2011; 29: 1253–1269. I

750:

Onishi H, Saito S, Shimamoto K. Tanno–Sobetsu Study Review in 2007. Ther Res 2007; 28: 513–525. Japanese. VI

751:

Eguchi K, Hoshide S, Ishikawa S, Shimada K, Kario K. Aggressive blood pressure-lowering therapy guided by home blood pressure monitoring improves target organ damage in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes/prediabetes. J Clin Hypertens(Greenwich) 2012; 14: 422–428. III

752:

Bavry AA, Anderson RD, Gong Y, Denardo SJ, Cooper-Dehoff RM, Handberg EM, Pepine CJ. Outcomes Among hypertensive patients with concomitant peripheral and coronary artery disease: findings from the INternational VErapamil-SR/Trandolapril STudy. Hypertension 2010; 55: 48–53. IVa

753:

Iimura O, Shimamoto K, Matsuda K, Masuda A, Takizawa H, Higashiura K, Miyazaki Y, Hirata A, Ura N, Nakagawa M. Effects of angiotensin receptor antagonist and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor on insulin sensitivity in fructose-fed hypertensive rats and essential hypertensives. Am J Hypertens 1995; 8: 353–357. III

754:

The EUCLID Study Group. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of lisinopril in normotensive patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and normoalbuminuria or microalbuminuria. Lancet 1997; 349: 1787–1792. II

755:

Kazumi T, Yoshino G, Kikkawa R, Baba S. Comparison of the long-term effects of Ca channel blockers and ACE inhibitors on the onset/progression of diabetic nephropathy. J Jpn Diabetes Soc 1999; 42: S225. Japanese. II

756:

UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 39. BMJ 1998; 317: 713–720. II

757:

Berl T, Hunsicker LG, Lewis JB, Pfeffer MA, Porush JG, Rouleau JL, Drury PL, Esmatjes E, Hricik D, Parikh CR, Raz I, Vanhille P, Wiegmann TB, Wolfe BM, Locatelli F, Goldhaber SZ, Lewis EJ, Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy Trial. Collaborative Study Group. Cardiovascular outcomes in the Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy Trial of patients with type 2 diabetes and overt nephropathy. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138: 542–549. III

758:

Parving HH, Lehnert H, Bröchner-Mortensen J, Gomis R, Andersen S, Arner P, Irbesartan in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria Study Group. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. New Engl J Med 2001; 345: 870–878. II

759:

Viberti G, Wheeldon NM, MicroAlbuminuria Reduction With VALsartan (MARVAL) Study Investigators. Microalbuminuria reduction with valsartan in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a blood pressure-independent effect. Circulation 2002; 106: 672–678. II

760:

Haller H, Ito S, Izzo JL Jr, Januszewicz A, Katayama S, Menne J, Mimran A, Rabelink TJ, Ritz E, Ruilope LM, Rump LC, Viberti G, ROADMAP Trial Investigators. Olmesartan for the delay or prevention of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes. New Engl J Med 2011; 364: 907–917. II

761:

Niskanen L, Hedner T, Hansson L, Lanke J, Niklason A, CAPPP Study Group. Reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertensive diabetic patients on first-line therapy with an ACE inhibitor compared with a diuretic/β-blocker-based treatment regimen: a subanalysis of the Captopril Prevention Project. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 2091–2096. III

762:

Tuomilehto J, Rastenyte D, Birkenhäger WH, Thijs L, Antikainen R, Bulpitt CJ, Fletcher AE, Forette F, Goldhaber A, Palatini P, Sarti C, Fagard R, Systolic Hypertension in Europe Trial Investigators. Effects of calcium-channel blockade in older patients with diabetes and systolic hypertension. New Engl J Med 1999; 340: 677–684. III

763:

Estacio RO, Jeffers BW, Hiatt WR, Biggerstaff SL, Gifford N, Schrier RW. The effect of nisoldipine as compared with enalapril on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes and hypertension. New Engl J Med 1998; 338: 645–652. II

764:

Tatti P, Pahor M, Byington RP, Di Mauro P, Guarisco R, Strollo G, Strollo F. Outcome results of the Fosinopril Versus Amlodipine Cardiovascular Events Randomized Trial (FACET) in patients with hypertension and NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 597–603. II

765:

Leenen FH, Nwachuku CE, Black HR, Cushman WC, Davis BR, Simpson LM, Alderman MH, Atlas SA, Basile JN, Cuyjet AB, Dart R, Felicetta JV, Grimm RH, Haywood LJ, Jafri SZ, Proschan MA, Thadani U, Whelton PK, Wright JT, Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial Collaborative Research Group. Clinical events in high-risk hypertensive patients randomly assigned to calcium channel blocker versus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in the antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial. Hypertension 2006; 48: 374–384. III

766:

Weber MA, Bakris GL, Jamerson K, Weir M, Kjeldsen SE, Devereux RB, Velazquez EJ, Dahlöf B, Kelly RY, Hua TA, Hester A, Pitt B, ACCOMPLISH Investigators. Cardiovascular events during differing hypertension therapies in patients with diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56: 77–85. III

767:

Matsuzaki M, Kita T, Mabuchi H, Matsuzawa Y, Nakaya N, Oikawa S, Saito Y, Sasaki J, Shimamoto K, Itakura H, J-LIT Study Group. Japan Lipid Intervention Trial. Large scale cohort study of the relationship between serum cholesterol concentration and coronary events with low-dose simvastatin therapy in Japanese patients with hypercholesterolemia. Circ J 2002; 66: 1087–1095. E-Ib

768:

Sever PS, Dahlöf B, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers G, Caulfield M, Collins R, Kjeldsen SE, Kristinsson A, McInnes GT, Mehlsen J, Nieminen M, O’Brien E, Ostergren J, ASCOT investigators. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial—Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361: 1149–1158. II

769:

Kushiro T, Mizuno K, Nakaya N, Ohashi Y, Teramoto T, Yokoyama S, Kakinoki S, Nakamura H, MEGA Study Group. Blood pressure control status and effects of pravastatin on cardiovascular events occurrence in patients with dyslipidaemia. J Hum Hypertens 2012; 26: 388–395. E-Ib

770:

Velasco M, Hurt E, Silva H, Urbina-Quintana A, Hernández-Pieretti O, Feldstein E, Camejo G. Effects of prazosin and propranolol on blood lipids and lipoproteins in hypertensive patients. Am J Med 1986; 80: 109–113. II

771:

The Ministry of Welfare, Japan. Report of the National Nutrition Survey in 1990. Daiichi-Shuppan: Tokyo, 1992, pp. 121. Japanese. E-III

772:

Neter JE, Stam BE, Kok FJ, Grobbee DE, Geleijnse JM. Influence of weight reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension 2003; 42: 878–884. I

773:

Barzilay JI, Howard AG, Evans GW, Fleg JL, Cohen RM, Booth GL, Kimel AR, Pedley CF, Cushman WC. Intensive blood pressure treatment does not improve cardiovascular outcomes in centrally obese hypertensive individuals with diabetes: the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Blood Pressure Trial. Diabetes Care 2012; 35: 1401–1405. III

774:

Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285: 2486–2497. GL

775:

Definition of metabolic syndrome and diagnostic criteria. J Jpn Soc Intern Med 2005, 94: 794–809. Japanese. VI

776:

Ohnishi H, Saito S, Takagi S, Katoh N, Chiba Y, Akasaka H, Nakamura Y Shimamoto K. Incidence of type 2 diabetes in individuals with central obesity and metabolic syndrome by routine medical check-up in a rural Japanese population: The Tanno and Sobetsu study. J Jpn Diabetes Soc 2006; 49; s-50. Japanese. E-Ib

777:

Somers VK, White DP, Amin R, Abraham WT, Costa F, Culebras A, Daniels S, Floras JS, Hunt CE, Olson LJ, Pickering TG, Russell R, Woo M, Young T, American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research Professional Education Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; American Heart Association Stroke Council; American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; American College of Cardiology Foundation. Sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: an American Heart Association/american College Of Cardiology Foundation Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research Professional Education Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke Council, and Council On Cardiovascular Nursing. In collaboration with the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Center on Sleep Disorders Research (National Institutes of Health). Circulation 2008; 118: 1080–1111. GL

778:

Parati G, Lombardi C, Hedner J, Bonsignore MR, Grote L, Tkacova R, Levy P, Riha R, Bassetti C, Narkiewicz K, Mancia G, McNicholas WT, European Respiratory Society, EU COST ACTION B26 members. Position paper on the management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea and hypertension: joint recommendations by the European Society of Hypertension, by the European Respiratory Society and by the members of European COST (COoperation in Scientific and Technological research) ACTION B26 on obstructive sleep apnea. J Hypertens 2012; 30: 633–646. GL

779:

Eguchi K, Kario K, Hoshide S, Ishikawa J, Morinari M, Shimada K. Nocturnal hypoxia is associated with silent cerebrovascular disease in a high-risk Japanese community-dwelling population. Am J Hypertens 2005; 18: 1489–1495. IVb

780:

Kario K. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and hypertension: ambulatory blood pressure. Hypertens Res 2009; 32: 428–432. VI

781:

Kario K. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and hypertension: mechanism of the linkage and 24-h blood pressure control. Hypertens Res 2009; 32: 537–541. VI

782:

Sasanabe R, Banno K, Otake K, Hasegawa R, Usui K, Morita M, Shiomi T. Metabolic syndrome in Japanese patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Hypertens Res 2006; 29: 315–322. IVb

783:

Shiina K, Tomiyama H, Takata Y, Usui Y, Asano K, Hirayama Y, Nakamura T, Yamashina A. Concurrent presence of metabolic syndrome in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome exacerbates the cardiovascular risk: a sleep clinic cohort study. Hypertens Res 2006; 29: 433–341. IVb

784:

Endo S, Mataki S, Kurosaki N. Cephalometric evaluation of craniofacial and upper airway structures in Japanese patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Med Dent Sci 2003; 50: 109–120. IVb

785:

Yumino D, Wang H, Floras JS, Newton GE, Mak S, Ruttanaumpawan P, Parker JD, Bradley TD. Prevalence and physiological predictors of sleep apnea in patients with heart failure and systolic dysfunction. J Card Fail 2009; 15: 279–285. IVb

786:

Sim JJ, Rasgon SA, Kujubu DA, Kumar VA, Liu IL, Shi JM, Pham TT, Derose SF. Sleep apnea in early and advanced chronic kidney disease: Kaiser Permanente Southern California cohort. Chest 2009; 135: 710-6. IVb

787:

Momomura S, Akashiba T, Asanoi H, Ando S, Kario K, Shiomi T, Seino Y, Tamura A, Chin K, Nakamoto T, Narui K, Hagiwara N, Yamashina A, Adachi H, Kuriyama T, Sasayama S, Yamaguchi T, Osada N, Kasai T, Sasanabe R, Sata M, Shinozaki T, Suga C, Serizawa N, Takata Y, Naito R, Maeno K, Minoguchi K, Yoshioka T, Tomoike H, Hori M. Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Sleep Disordered Breathing in Cardiovascular Disease (JCS 2010) (Chairman: Shinichi Momomura). Circ J 2010; 74(Suppl II). Japanese. GL

788:

Hla KM, Young T, Finn L, Peppard PE, Szklo-Coxe M, Stubbs M. Longitudinal association of sleep-disordered breathing and nondipping of nocturnal blood pressure in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study. Sleep 2008; 31: 795–800. IVa

789:

Sekizuka H, Osada N, Kida K, Yoneyama K, Eguchi Y, Miyake F. Relationship between chronic kidney disease and sleep blood pressure in patients with sleep apnea syndrome. Hypertens Res 2010; 33: 1278–1282. IVb

790:

Giles TL, Lasserson TJ, Smith BH, White J, Wright J, Cates CJ. Continuous positive airways pressure for obstructive sleep apnoea in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; CD001106. I

791:

Bazzano LA, Khan Z, Reynolds K, He J. Effect of nocturnal nasal continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnea. Hypertension 2007; 50: 417–423. I

792:

Akashiba T, Minemura H, Yamamoto H, Kosaka N, Saito O, Horie T. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure changes blood pressure’non-dippers’to’dippers’in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 1999; 22: 849–853. III

793:

Marin JM, Carrizo SJ, Vicente E, Agusti AG. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure: an observational study. Lancet 2005; 365: 1046–1053. IVa

794:

Marin JM, Agusti A, Villar I, Forner M, Nieto D, Carrizo SJ, Barbé F, Vicente E, Wei Y, Nieto FJ, Jelic S. Association between treated and untreated obstructive sleep apnea and risk of hypertension. JAMA 2012; 307: 2169–2176. IVa

795:

Barbé F, Mayoralas LR, Duran J, Masa JF, Maimó A, Montserrat JM, Monasterio C, Bosch M, Ladaria A, Rubio M, Rubio R, Medinas M, Hernandez L, Vidal S, Douglas NJ, Agustí AG. Treatment with continuous positive airway pressure is not effective in patients with sleep apnea but no daytime sleepiness. a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134: 1015–1023. II

796:

Robinson GV, Smith DM, Langford BA, Davies RJ, Stradling JR. Continuous positive airway pressure does not reduce blood pressure in nonsleepy hypertensive OSA patients. Eur Respir J 2006; 27: 1229–1235. II

797:

Barbé F, Durán-Cantolla J, Sánchez-de-la-Torre M, Martínez-Alonso M, Carmona C, Barceló A, Chiner E, Masa JF, Gonzalez M, Marín JM, Garcia-Rio F, Diaz de Atauri J, Terán J, Mayos M, de la Peña M, Monasterio C, del Campo F, Montserrat JM, Spanish Sleep And Breathing Network. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on the incidence of hypertension and cardiovascular events in nonsleepy patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2012; 307: 2161–2168. II

798:

Andrén A, Hedberg P, Walker-Engström ML, Wahlén P, Tegelberg A. Effects of treatment with oral appliance on 24-h blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and hypertension: a randomized clinical trial. Sleep Breath 2013; 17: 705–712. II

799:

Kraiczi H, Hedner J, Peker Y, Grote L. Comparison of atenolol, amlodipine, enalapril, hydrochlorothiazide, and losartan for antihypertensive treatment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 1423–1428. II

800:

Pelttari LH, Hietanen EK, Salo TT, Kataja MJ, Kantola IM. Little effect of ordinary antihypertensive therapy on nocturnal high blood pressure in patients with sleep disordered breathing. Am J Hypertens 1998; 11: 272–279. II

801:

Bucca CB, Brussino L, Battisti A, Mutani R, Rolla G, Mangiardi L, Cicolin A. Diuretics in obstructive sleep apnea with diastolic heart failure. Chest 2007; 132: 440–446. III

802:

Gaddam K, Pimenta E, Thomas SJ, Cofield SS, Oparil S, Harding SM, Calhoun DA. Spironolactone reduces severity of obstructive sleep apnoea in patients with resistant hypertension: a preliminary report. J Hum Hypertens 2010; 24: 532–537. III

803:

Friedman O, Bradley TD, Chan CT, Parkes R, Logan AG. Relationship between overnight rostral fluid shift and obstructive sleep apnea in drug-resistant hypertension. Hypertension 2010; 56: 1077–1082. IVb

804:

Witkowski A, Prejbisz A, Florczak E, Kądziela J, Śliwiñski P, Bieleñ P, Michałowska I, Kabat M, Warchoł E, Januszewicz M, Narkiewicz K, Somers VK, Sobotka PA, Januszewicz A. Effects of renal sympathetic denervation on blood pressure, sleep apnea course, and glycemic control in patients with resistant hypertension and sleep apnea. Hypertension 2011; 58: 559–565. V

805:

Guideline-Revising Committee, Japanese Society of Gout and Nucleic Acid Metabolism (ed). Guideline for the Management of Hyperuricemia and Gout: 2nd edition. Supplement revision in 2012, Tokyo. Japanese. GL

806:

Forman JP, Scheven L, de Jong PE, Bakker SJ, Curhan GC, Gansevoort RT. Association between sodium intake and change in uric acid, urine albumin excretion, and the risk of developing hypertension. Circulation 2012; 125: 3108–3116. E-Ib

807:

Feig DI, Soletsky B, Johnson RJ. Effect of allopurinol on blood pressure of adolescents with newly diagnosed essential hypertension: a randomized trial. JAMA 2008; 300: 924–932. II

808:

Higgins P, Dawson J, Lees KR, McArthur K, Quinn TJ, Walters MR. Xanthine oxidase inhibition for the treatment of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Ther 2012; 30: 217–226. I

809:

Noman A, Ang DS, Ogston S, Lang CC, Struthers AD. Effect of high-dose allopurinol on exercise in patients with chronic stable angina: a randomised, placebo controlled crossover trial. Lancet 2010; 375: 2161–2167. II

810:

Rajendra NS, Ireland S, George J, Belch JJ, Lang CC, Struthers AD. Mechanistic insights into the therapeutic use of high-dose allopurinol in angina pectoris. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58: 820–828. II

811:

Soletsky B, Feig DI. Uric acid reduction rectifies prehypertension in obese adolescents. Hypertension 2012; 60: 1148–1156. II

812:

Ogino K, Kato M, Furuse Y, Kinugasa Y, Ishida K, Osaki S, Kinugawa T, Igawa O, Hisatome I, Shigemasa C, Anker SD, Doehner W. Uric acid-lowering treatment with benzbromarone in patients with heart failure: a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover preliminary study. Circ Heart Fail 2010; 3: 73–81. II

813:

Enomoto A, Kimura H, Chairoungdua A, Shigeta Y, Jutabha P, Cha SH, Hosoyamada M, Takeda M, Sekine T, Igarashi T, Matsuo H, Kikuchi Y, Oda T, Ichida K, Hosoya T, Shimokata K, Niwa T, Kanai Y, Endou H. Molecular identification of a renal urate anion exchanger that regulates blood urate levels. Nature 2002; 417: 447–452.

814:

Ito S, Naritomi H, Ogihara T, Shimada K, Shimamoto K, Tanaka H, Yoshiike N. Impact of serum uric acid on renal function and cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients treated with losartan. Hypertens Res 2012; 35: 867–873. E-Ib

815:

Fabbri LM, Luppi F, Beghé B, Rabe KF. Complex chronic comorbidities of COPD. Eur Respir J 2008; 31: 204–212. VI

816:

Hirota SA, Janssen LJ. Sodium and asthma: something borrowed, something new? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 293: L1369–L1373. VI

817:

Boulet LP, Milot J, Lampron N, Lacourcière Y. Pulmonary function and airway responsiveness during long-term therapy with captopril. JAMA 1989; 261: 413–416. IVb

818:

Covar RA, Macomber BA, Szefler SJ. Medications as asthma triggers. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2005; 25: 169–190. VI

819:

Salpeter S, Ormiston T, Salpeter E. Cardioselective beta-blockers for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; CD003566. I

820:

Hawkins NM, MacDonald MR, Petrie MC, Chalmers GW, Carter R, Dunn FG, McMurray JJ. Bisoprolol in patients with heart failure and moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2009; 11: 684–690. II

821:

Rutten FH, Zuithoff NP, Hak E, Grobbee DE, Hoes AW. β-blockers may reduce mortality and risk of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med 2010; 170: 880–887. IVa

822:

Short PM, Lipworth SI, Elder DH, Schembri S, Lipworth BJ. Effect of β blockers in treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ 2011; 342: d2549. IVa

823:

Jabbour A, Macdonald PS, Keogh AM, Kotlyar E, Mellemkjaer S, Coleman CF, Elsik M, Krum H, Hayward CS. Differences between beta-blockers in patients with chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized crossover trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55: 1780–1787. III

824:

Cheng JW, Zhu L, Gu MJ, Song ZM. Meta analysis of propranolol effects on gastrointestinal hemorrhage in cirrhotic patients. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9: 1836–1839. I

825:

Yokohama S, Yoneda M, Haneda M, Okamoto S, Okada M, Aso K, Hasegawa T, Tokusashi Y, Miyokawa N, Nakamura K. Therapeutic efficacy of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2004; 40: 1222–1225. IVb

826:

Counter of Government statistics: [List of statistical tables] (in Japanese). http://www.e-stat.go.jp/SG1/estat/GL08020103.do?_toGL08020103_&listID=000001108362&disp=Other&requestSender=dsearch. Accessed 18 May 2013. E-III

827:

Aronow WS, Ahn C. Postprandial hypotension in 499 elderly persons in a long-term health care facility. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994; 42: 930–932. E-II

828:

Franklin SS, Wilkinson IB, McEniery CM. Unusual hypertensive phenotypes: what is their significance? Hypertension 2012; 59: 173–178. VI

829:

Insua JT, Sacks HS, Lau TS, Lau J, Reitman D, Pagano D, Chalmers TC. Drug treatment of hypertension in the elderly: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1994; 121: 355–362. I

830:

Peters R, Beckett N, Forette F, Tuomilehto J, Clarke R, Ritchie C, Waldman A, Walton I, Poulter R, Ma S, Comsa M, Burch L, Fletcher A, Bulpitt C, HYVET investigators. Incident dementia and blood pressure lowering in the Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial cognitive function assessment (HYVET-COG): a double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008; 7: 683–689. II

831:

Peters R, Beckett N, Burch L, de Vernejoul MC, Liu L, Duggan J, Swift C, Gil-Extremera B, Fletcher A, Bulpitt C. The effect of treatment based on a diuretic (indapamide) +/− ACE inhibitor (perindopril) on fractures in the Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial (HYVET). Age Ageing 2010; 39: 609–616. II

832:

Liu L, Wang JG, Gong L, Liu G, Staessen JA, Systolic Hypertension in China (Syst-China) Collaborative Group. Comparison of active treatment and placebo in older Chinese patients with isolated systolic hypertension. J Hypertens 1998; 16: 1823–1829. III

833:

Gong L, Zhang W, Zhu Y, Zhu J, Kong D, Pagé V, Ghadirian P, LeLorier J, Hamet P. Shanghai trial of nifedipine in the elderly (STONE). J Hypertens 1996; 14: 1237–1245. III

834:

Black HR, Elliott WJ, Weber MA, Frishman WH, Strom JA, Liebson PR, Hwang CT, Ruff DA, Montoro R, DeQuattro V, Zhang D, Schleman MM, Klibaner MI. One-year study of felodipine or placebo for stage 1 isolated systolic hypertension. Hypertension 2001; 38: 1118–1123. II

835:

SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA 1991; 265: 3255–3264. II

836:

Odden MC, Peralta CA, Haan MN, Covinsky KE. Rethinking the association of high blood pressure with mortality in elderly adults: the impact of frailty. Arch Intern Med 2012; 172: 1162–1168. E-Ib

837:

National Institute for Health and Clinical-Excellence. Hypertension: management of hypertension in adults in primary care. (2011). http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/13561/56007/56007.pdf. Accessed on 20 May 2013. GL

838:

Aronow WS, Fleg JL, Pepine CJ, Artinian NT, Bakris G, Brown AS, Ferdinand KC, Forciea MA, Frishman WH, Jaigobin C, Kostis JB, Mancia G, Oparil S, Ortiz E, Reisin E, Rich MW, Schocken DD, Weber MA, Wesley DJ, Harrington RA, ACCF Task Force. ACCF/AHA 2011 expert consensus document on hypertension in the elderly: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents. Circulation 2011; 123: 2434–2506. VI

839:

Zhang Y, Zhang X, Liu L, Zanchetti A, FEVER Study Group. Is a systolic blood pressure target <140mmHg indicated in all hypertensives? Subgroup analyses of findings from the randomized FEVER trial. Eur Heart J 2011; 32: 1500–1508. III

840:

Kjeldsen SE, Kolloch RE, Leonetti G, Mallion JM, Zanchetti A, Elmfeldt D, Warnold I, Hansson L. Influence of gender and age on preventing cardiovascular disease by antihypertensive treatment and acetylsalicylic acid. The HOT study. Hypertension Optimal Treatment. J Hypertens 2000; 18: 629–642. E-Ib

841:

JATOS Study Group. Principal results of the Japanese trial to assess optimal systolic blood pressure in elderly hypertensive patients (JATOS). Hypertens Res 2008; 31: 2115–2127. II

842:

Ogihara T, Saruta T, Rakugi H, Matsuoka H, Shimamoto K, Shimada K, Imai Y, Kikuchi K, Ito S, Eto T, Kimura G, Imaizumi T, Takishita S, Ueshima H, Valsartan in Elderly Isolated Systolic Hypertension Study Group. Target blood pressure for treatment of isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly: valsartan in elderly isolated systolic hypertension study. Hypertension 2010; 56: 196–202. II

843:

Somes GW, Pahor M, Shorr RI, Cushman WC, Applegate WB. The role of diastolic blood pressure when treating isolated systolic hypertension. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159: 2004–2009. E-Ib

844:

Fagard RH, Staessen JA, Thijs L, Celis H, Bulpitt CJ, de Leeuw PW, Leonetti G, Tuomilehto J, Yodfat Y. On-treatment diastolic blood pressure and prognosis in systolic hypertension. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 1884–1891. E-Ib

845:

Ogihara T. Practitioner's Trial on the Efficacy of Antihypertensive Treatment in the Elderly Hypertension (The PATE-Hypertension Study) in Japan. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13: 461–467. III

846:

Ogihara T, Matsuoka H, Rakugi H. Practitioner's trial on the efficacy of antihypertensive treatment in elderly patients with hypertension II (PATE-hypertension II study) in Japan. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2011; 11: 414–421. E-Ib

847:

Denardo SJ, Gong Y, Nichols WW, Messerli FH, Bavry AA, Cooper-Dehoff RM, Handberg EM, Champion A, Pepine CJ. Blood pressure and outcomes in very old hypertensive coronary artery disease patients: an INVEST substudy. Am J Med 2010; 123: 719–726. E-Ib

848:

Denardo SJ, Messerli FH, Gaxiola E, Aranda JM Jr, Cooper-Dehoff RM, Handberg EM, Gong Y, Champion A, Zhou Q, Pepine CJ. Coronary revascularization strategy and outcomes according to blood pressure (from the International Verapamil SR-Trandolapril Study[INVEST]). Am J Cardiol 2010; 106: 498–503. E-Ib

849:

Bulpitt C, Fletcher A, Beckett N, Coope J, Gil-Extremera B, Forette F, Nachev C, Potter J, Sever P, Staessen J, Swift C, Tuomilehto J. Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial (HYVET): protocol for the main trial. Drugs Aging 2001; 18: 151–164. II

850:

Masuo K, Mikami H, Ogihara T, Tuck ML. Changes in frequency of orthostatic hypotension in elderly hypertensive patients under medications. Am J Hypertens 1996; 9: 263–268. III

851:

Motoyama M, Sunami Y, Kinoshita F, Kiyonaga A, Tanaka H, Shindo M, Irie T, Urata H, Sasaki J, Arakawa K. Blood pressure lowering effect of low intensity aerobic training in elderly hypertensive patients. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30: 818–823. III

852:

Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Ekbom T, Dahlöf B, Lanke J, Scherstén B, Wester PO, Hedner T, de Faire U. Randomised trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients: cardiovascular mortality and morbidity the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2 study. Lancet 1999; 354: 1751–1756. II

853:

Kjeldsen SE, Dahlöf B, Devereux RB, Julius S, Aurup P, Edelman J, Beevers G, de Faire U, Fyhrquist F, Ibsen H, Kristianson K, Lederballe-Pedersen O, Lindholm LH, Nieminen MS, Omvik P, Oparil S, Snapinn S, Wedel H, LIFE (Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction) Study Group. Effects of losartan on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: a Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction (LIFE) substudy. JAMA 2002; 288: 1491–1498. III

854:

Wing LM, Reid CM, Ryan P, Beilin LJ, Brown MA, Jennings GL, Johnston CI, McNeil JJ, Macdonald GJ, Marley JE, Morgan TO, West MJ, Second Australian National Blood Pressure Study Group. A comparison of outcomes with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and diuretics for hypertension in the elderly. New Engl J Med 2003; 348: 583–592. II

855:

Ogihara T, Matsuzaki M, Umemoto S, Rakugi H, Matsuoka H, Shimada K, Higaki J, Ito S, Kamiya A, Suzuki H, Ohashi Y, Shimamoto K, Saruta T, Combination Therapy of Hypertension to Prevent Cardiovascular Events Trial Group. Combination therapy for hypertension in the elderly: a sub-analysis of the Combination Therapy of Hypertension to Prevent Cardiovascular Events (COPE) Trial. Hypertens Res 2012; 35: 441–448. III

856:

Arai T, Yasuda Y, Toshima S, Yoshimi N, Kashiki Y. ACE inhibitors and pneumonia in elderly people. Lancet 1998; 352: 1937–1938. E-Ib

857:

Okaishi K, Morimoto S, Fukuo K, Niinobu T, Hata S, Onishi T, Ogihara T. Reduction of risk of pneumonia associated with use of angiotensinI converting enzyme inhibitors in elderly inpatients. Am J Hypertens 1999; 12: 778–783. E-II

858:

Meisinger C, Heier M, Lang O, Döring A. β-blocker use and risk of fractures in men and women from the general population: the MONICA/KORA Augsburg cohort study. Osteoporos Int 2007; 18: 1189–1195. E-Ib

859:

Schlienger RG, Kraenzlin ME, Jick SS, Meier CR. Use of β-blockers and risk of fractures. JAMA 2004; 292: 1326–1332. E-II

860:

Solomon DH, Mogun H, Garneau K, Fischer MA. Risk of fractures in older adults using antihypertensive medications. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26: 1561–1567. E-Ib

861:

The Japan Geriatrics Society. Health and Long Life Treatment Handbook—-Geriatric essence for practitioners (in Japanese). Medical View Co, Ltd: Tokyo, 2011. GL

862:

Butt DA, Mamdani M, Austin PC, Tu K, Gomes T, Glazier RH. The risk of hip fracture after initiating antihypertensive drugs in the elderly. Arch Intern Med 2012; 172: 1739–1744. E-Ib

863:

Amery A, Birkenhäger W, Brixko P, Bulpitt C, Clement D, Deruyttere M, De Schaepdryver A, Dollery C, Fagard R, Forette F, Hamdy R, Joossens JV, Lund-Johansen P, Petrie J, Tuomilehto J, Williams B. Mortality and morbidity results from the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly trial. Lancet 1985; 1: 1349–1354. II

864:

Forette F, Seux ML, Staessen JA, Thijs L, Birkenhäger WH, Babarskiene MR, Babeanu S, Bossini A, Gil-Extremera B, Girerd X, Laks T, Lilov E, Moisseyev V, Tuomilehto J, Vanhanen H, Webster J, Yodfat Y, Fagard R. Prevention of dementia in randomised double-blind placebo-controlled Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) trial. Lancet 1998; 352: 1347–1351. II

865:

MRC Working Party. Medical Research Council trial of treatment of hypertension in older adults: principal results. BMJ 1992; 304: 405–412. II

866:

Coope J, Warrender TS. Randomised trial of treatment of hypertension in elderly patients in primary care. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986; 293: 1145–1151. II

867:

Dahlöf B, Lindholm LH, Hansson L, Scherstén B, Ekbom T, Wester PO. Morbidity and mortality in the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension (STOP-Hypertension). Lancet 1991; 338: 1281–1285. II

868:

Kuzuya M, Endo H, Umegaki H, Nakao M, Niwa T, Kumagai T, Ushida Y, Nabeshima T, Shimokata H, Iguchi A. Factors influencing Noncompliance with Medication Regimens in the Elderly. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 2000; 37: 363–370. Japanese. E-II

869:

Gorelick PB, Scuteri A, Black SE, Decarli C, Greenberg SM, Iadecola C, Launer LJ, Laurent S, Lopez OL, Nyenhuis D, Petersen RC, Schneider JA, Tzourio C, Arnett DK, Bennett DA, Chui HC, Higashida RT, Lindquist R, Nilsson PM, Roman GC, Sellke FW, Seshadri S, American Heart Association Stroke Council, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention, and Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia. Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: a statement for healthcare professionals from the american heart association/american stroke association. Stroke 2011; 42: 2672–2713. VI

870:

Cooperative Committee for Preparing the ‘Guidelines for the Treatment of Dementia’. Guidelines for the Treatment of Dementia in 2010 (in Japanese). Igaku-Shoin Ltd: Tokyo, 2010. GL

871:

Reitz C, Brayne C, Mayeux R. Epidemiology of Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2011; 7: 137–152. VI

872:

Novak V, Hajjar I. The relationship between blood pressure and cognitive function. Nat Rev Cardiol 2010; 7: 686–698. E-Ia

873:

Glynn RJ, Beckett LA, Hebert LE, Morris MC, Scherr PA, Evans DA. Current and remote blood pressure and cognitive decline. JAMA 1999; 281: 438–445. E-Ib

874:

Matsubayashi K, Okumiya K, Wada T, Osaki Y, Fujisawa M, Doi Y, Ozawa T. Postural dysregulation in systolic blood pressure is associated with worsened scoring on neurobehavioral function tests and leukoaraiosis in the older elderly living in a community. Stroke 1997; 28: 2169–2173. E-II

875:

Ohya Y, Ohtsubo T, Tsuchihashi T, Eto K, Sadanaga T, Nagao T, Abe I, Fujishima M. Altered diurnal variation of blood pressure in elderly subjects with decreased activity of daily living and impaired cognitive function. Hypertens Res 2001; 24: 655–661. E-II

876:

Forette F, Seux ML, Staessen JA, Thijs L, Babarskiene MR, Babeanu S, Bossini A, Fagard R, Gil-Extremera B, Laks T, Kobalava Z, Sarti C, Tuomilehto J, Vanhanen H, Webster J, Yodfat Y, Birkenhäger WH, Systolic Hypertension in Europe Investigators. The prevention of dementia with antihypertensive treatment: new evidence from the Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) study. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 2046–2052. III

877:

Lithell H, Hansson L, Skoog I, Elmfeldt D, Hofman A, Olofsson B, Trenkwalder P, Zanchetti A, SCOPE Study Group. The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE): principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 875–886. II

878:

Diener HC, Sacco RL, Yusuf S, Cotton D, Ounpuu S, Lawton WA, Palesch Y, Martin RH, Albers GW, Bath P, Bornstein N, Chan BP, Chen ST, Cunha L, Dahlöf B, De Keyser J, Donnan GA, Estol C, Gorelick P, Gu V, Hermansson K, Hilbrich L, Kaste M, Lu C, Machnig T, Pais P, Roberts R, Skvortsova V, Teal P, Toni D, VanderMaelen C, Voigt T, Weber M, Yoon BW, Prevention Regimen for Effectively Avoiding Second Strokes (PRoFESS) study group. Effects of aspirin plus extended-release dipyridamole versus clopidogrel and telmisartan on disability and cognitive function after recurrent stroke in patients with ischaemic stroke in the Prevention Regimen for Effectively Avoiding Second Strokes (PRoFESS) trial: a double-blind, active and placebo-controlled study. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7: 875–884. III

879:

Anderson C, Teo K, Gao P, Arima H, Dans A, Unger T, Commerford P, Dyal L, Schumacher H, Pogue J, Paolasso E, Holwerda N, Chazova I, Binbrek A, Young J, Yusuf S, ONTARGET and TRANSCEND Investigators. Renin-angiotensin system blockade and cognitive function in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease: analysis of data from the ONTARGET and TRANSCEND studies. Lancet Neurol 2011; 10: 43–53. III

880:

Li NC, Lee A, Whitmer RA, Kivipelto M, Lawler E, Kazis LE, Wolozin B. Use of angiotensin receptor blockers and risk of dementia in a predominantly male population: prospective cohort analysis. BMJ 2010; 340: b5465. IVa

881:

Ohrui T, Matsui T, Yamaya M, Arai H, Ebihara S, Maruyama M, Sasaki H. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and incidence of Alzheimer's disease in Japan. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004; 52: 649–650. VI

882:

Sink KM, Leng X, Williamson J, Kritchevsky SB, Yaffe K, Kuller L, Yasar S, Atkinson H, Robbins M, Psaty B, Goff DC Jr. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and cognitive decline in older adults with hypertension: results from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Intern Med 2009; 169: 1195–1202. IVa

883:

Sörös P, Whitehead S, Spence JD, Hachinski V. Antihypertensive treatment can prevent stroke and cognitive decline. Nat Rev Neurol 2013; 9: 174–178. VI

884:

Li J, Wang YJ, Zhang M, Xu ZQ, Gao CY, Fang CQ, Yan JC, Zhou HD, Chongqing Ageing Study Group. Vascular risk factors promote conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2011; 76: 1485–1491. IVa

885:

Kume K, Hanyu H, Sakurai H, Takada Y, Onuma T, Iwamoto T. Effects of telmisartan on cognition and regional cerebral blood flow in hypertensive patients with Alzheimer's disease. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 12: 207–214. II

886:

Furiya Y, Ryo M, Kawahara M, Kiriyama T, Morikawa M, Ueno S. Renin-angiotensin system blockers affect cognitive decline and serum adipocytokines in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2013; 9: 512–518. IVb

887:

Ohrui T, Tomita N, Sato-Nakagawa T, Matsui T, Maruyama M, Niwa K, Arai H, Sasaki H. Effects of brain-penetrating ACE inhibitors on Alzheimer disease progression. Neurology 2004; 63: 1324–1325. II

888:

Chapman AB, Abraham WT, Zamudio S, Coffin C, Merouani A, Young D, Johnson A, Osorio F, Goldberg C, Moore LG, Dahms T, Schrier RW. Temporal relationships between hormonal and hemodynamic changes in early human pregnancy. Kidney Int 1998; 54: 2056-63. E-III

889:

Karumanchi SA, Lindheimer MD. Preeclampsia pathogenesis: ‘triple a rating’-autoantibodies and antiangiogenic factors. Hypertension 2008; 51: 991–992. VI

890:

Levine RJ, Lam C, Qian C, Yu KF, Maynard SE, Sachs BP, Sibai BM, Epstein FH, Romero R, Thadhani R, Karumanchi SA, CPEP Study Group. Soluble endoglin and other circulating antiangiogenic factors in preeclampsia. New Engl J Med 2006; 355: 992–1005. IVb

891:

Barton JR, Sibai BM. Prediction and prevention of recurrent preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 2008; 112: 359–372. VI

892:

Metoki H, Ohkubo T, Obara T, Akutsu K, Yamamoto M, Ishikuro M, Sakurai K, Iwama N, Katagiri M, Sugawara J, Hirose T, Sato M, Kikuya M, Yagihashi K, Matsubara Y, Yaegashi N, Mori S, Suzuki M, Imai Y, BOSHI Study Group. Daily serial hemodynamic data during pregnancy and seasonal variation: the BOSHI study. Clin Exp Hypertens 2012; 34: 290–296. VI

893:

Pickering TG. Reflections in hypertension. How should blood pressure be measured during pregnancy? J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2005; 7: 46–49. VI

894:

Verdecchia P, Schillaci G. Prognostic value of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. In: White WB, Kaplan NM (eds) Blood Pressure Monitoring in Cardiovascular Medicine and Therapeutics, Humana Press: Totowa, New Jersey, pp 191–218, 2001. VI

895:

Hermida RC, Ayala DE. Prognostic value of office and ambulatory blood pressure measurements in pregnancy. Hypertension 2002; 40: 298–303. V

896:

White WB, Weber MA, Davidai G, Neutel JM, Bakris GL, Giles T. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the primary care setting: assessment of therapy on the circadian variation of blood pressure from the MICCAT-2 Trial. Blood Press Monit 2005; 10: 157–163. III

897:

Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Mojón A, Fernández JR. Ambulatory blood pressure control with bedtime aspirin administration in subjects with prehypertension. Am J Hypertens 2009; 22: 896–903. II

898:

Visser W, Wallenburg HC. Central hemodynamic observations in untreated preeclamptic patients. Hypertension 1991; 17: 1072–1077. V

899:

Abalos E, Duley L, Steyn DW, Henderson-Smart DJ. Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; CD002252. I

900:

Ono Y, Takagi K, Seki H, Takai Y, Samejima K, Matsunaga S, Matsumura H. Neonatal outcome in infants of chronically hypertensive mothers. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2013; 39: 1142–1146. IVa

901:

Jones DC, Hayslett JP. Outcome of pregnancy in women with moderate or severe renal insufficiency. New Engl J Med 1996; 335: 226–232. IVa

902:

Churchill D, Duley L. Interventionist versus expectant care for severe pre-eclampsia before term. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002; CD003106. IVa

903:

Williams B, Poulter NR, Brown MJ, Davis M, McInnes GT, Potter JF, Sever PS, McG Thom S, British Hypertension Society. Guidelines for management of hypertension: report of the fourth working party of the British Hypertension Society, 2004-BHSIV. J Hum Hypertens 2004; 18: 139–185. GL

904:

Sibai BM. Chronic hypertension in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 100: 369–377. VI

905:

Podymow T, August P. Hypertension in pregnancy. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2007; 14: 178–190. VI

906:

Raheem IA, Saaid R, Omar SZ, Tan PC. Oral nifedipine versus intravenous labetalol for acute blood pressure control in hypertensive emergencies of pregnancy: a randomised trial. BJOG 2012; 119: 78–85. II

907:

Khan K, Zamora J, Lamont RF, Van Geijn Hp H, Svare J, Santos-Jorge C, Jacquemyn Y, Husslein P, Helmer HH, Dudenhausen J, Di Renzo GC, Roura LC, Beattie B. Safety concerns for the use of calcium channel blockers in pregnancy for the treatment of spontaneous preterm labour and hypertension: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010; 23: 1030–1038. I

908:

Nij Bijvank SW, Duvekot JJ. Nicardipine for the treatment of severe hypertension in pregnancy: a review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2010; 65: 341–347. I

909:

Manzur-Verástegui S, Mandeville PB, Gordillo-Moscoso A, Hernández-Sierra JF, Rodríguez-Martínez M. Efficacy of nitroglycerine infusion versus sublingual nifedipine in severe pre-eclampsia: a randomized, triple-blind, controlled trial. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 35: 580–585. II

910:

Redman CW, Beilin LJ, Bonnar J. Treatment of hypertension in pregnancy with methyldopa: blood pressure control and side effects. Br J Obstet Gynaeco. 1977; 84: 419–426. V

911:

Cockburn J, Moar VA, Ounsted M, Redman CW. Final report of study on hypertension during pregnancy: the effects of specific treatment on the growth and development of the children. Lancet 1982; 1: 647–649. IVa

912:

Plouin PF, Breart G, Maillard F, Papiernik E, Relier JP. Comparison of antihypertensive efficacy and perinatal safety of labetalol and methyldopa in the treatment of hypertension in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1988; 95: 868–876. II

913:

Magee LA, Cham C, Waterman EJ, Ohlsson A, von Dadelszen P. Hydralazine for treatment of severe hypertension in pregnancy: meta-analysis. BMJ 2003; 327: 955–960. I

914:

Pickles CJ, Broughton Pipkin F, Symonds EM. A randomised placebo controlled trial of labetalol in the treatment of mild to moderate pregnancy induced hypertension. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1992; 99: 964–968. II

915:

Pickles CJ, Symonds EM, Broughton Pipkin F. The fetal outcome in a randomized double-blind controlled trial of labetalol versus placebo in pregnancy-induced hypertension. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989; 96: 38–43. II

916:

Collins R, Yusuf S, Peto R. Overview of randomised trials of diuretics in pregnancy. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985; 290: 17–23. VI

917:

Freier DT, Thompson NW. Pheochromocytoma and pregnancy: the epitome of high risk. Surgery 1993; 114: 1148–1152. V

918:

Cooper WO, Hernandez-Diaz S, Arbogast PG, Dudley JA, Dyer S, Gideon PS, Hall K, Ray WA. Major congenital malformations after first-trimester exposure to ACE inhibitors. New Engl J Med 2006; 354: 2443–2451. E-Ib

919:

Khan NA, Hemmelgarn B, Padwal R, Larochelle P, Mahon JL, Lewanczuk RZ, McAlister FA, Rabkin SW, Hill MD, Feldman RD, Schiffrin EL, Campbell NR, Logan AG, Arnold M, Moe G, Campbell TS, Milot A, Stone JA, Jones C, Leiter LA, Ogilvie RI, Herman RJ, Hamet P, Fodor G, Carruthers G, Culleton B, Burns KD, Ruzicka M, deChamplain J, Pylypchuk G, Gledhill N, Petrella R, Boulanger JM, Trudeau L, Hegele RA, Woo V, McFarlane P, Touyz RM, Tobe SW, Canadian Hypertension Education Program. The 2007 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension: part 2- therapy. Can J Cardiol 2007; 23: 539–550. GL

920:

Diav-Citrin O, Shechtman S, Halberstadt Y, Finkel-Pekarsky V, Wajnberg R, Arnon J, Di Gianantonio E, Clementi M, Ornoy A. Pregnancy outcome after in utero exposure to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. Reprod Toxicol 2011; 31: 540–545. E-Ib

921:

Li DK, Yang C, Andrade S, Tavares V, Ferber JR. Maternal exposure to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in the first trimester and risk of malformations in offspring: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ 2011; 343: d5931. E-Ib

922:

Duley L, Gülmezoglu AM, Henderson-Smart DJ. Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; CD000025. I

923:

Speroff L, Barnhart KT, Gonzalez J. A signal for the future. In: Lobo RA (ed), Treatment of Postmenoupausal Woman, Basic and Clinical Aspects. Elsevier: Boston, MA, 2007.

924:

Staessen J, Bulpitt CJ, Fagard R, Lijnen P, Amery A. The influence of menopause on blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens 1989; 3: 427–433. E-II

925:

Orshal JM, Khalil RA. Gender, sex hormones, and vascular tone. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004; 286: R233–R249. VI

926:

Rossi R, Chiurlia E, Nuzzo A, Cioni E, Origliani G, Modena MG. Flow-mediated vasodilation and the risk of developing hypertension in healthy postmenopausal women. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44: 1636–1640. E-Ib

927:

Taddei S, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Mattei P, Sudano I, Bernini G, Pinto S, Salvetti A. Menopause is associated with endothelial dysfunction in women. Hypertension 1996; 28: 576–582. E-Ib

928:

Zaydun G, Tomiyama H, Hashimoto H, Arai T, Koji Y, Yambe M, Motobe K, Hori S, Yamashina A. Menopause is an independent factor augmenting the age-related increase in arterial stiffness in the early postmenopausal phase. Atherosclerosis 2006; 184: 137–142. E-II

929:

Gragasin FS, Xu Y, Arenas IA, Kainth N, Davidge ST. Estrogen reduces angiotensin II-induced nitric oxide synthase and NAD(P)H oxidase expression in endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23: 38–44.

930:

Herrick W, Tillman A. The mild toxemias of pregnancy: their relation ot cardiovascular and renal disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1936. 31: 832–844. E-Ib

931:

Sibai BM, Anderson GD. Pregnancy outcome of intensive therapy in severe hypertension in first trimester. Obstet Gynecol 1986; 67: 517–522. E-III

932:

Wikström AK, Haglund B, Olovsson M, Lindeberg SN. The risk of maternal ischaemic heart disease after gestational hypertensive disease. BJOG 2005; 112: 1486–1491. E-II

933:

Lino K, Ito M, Abe K, Tanaka K, Mizunuma H,Yamauchi Y, Misaki N, Higuchi T. Association between blood pressure on pregnancy and the onset of lifestyle-related diseases -Analysis of mother-and-baby notebooks. Hypertens Pregnancy 2012; 20: 62–64. Japanese. E-Ib

934:

Uchiyama M, Sakai K. Studies of blood pressures in school children in northern Japan. Public Health 1985; 99: 18–22. IVb

935:

Tochikubo O, Sasaki O, Umemura S, Kaneko Y. Management of hypertension in high school students by using new salt titrator tape. Hypertension 1986; 8: 1164–1171. IVb

936:

National Statistics Center. [Changes in the percentage of obese children with respect to age (1977 to 2012)] (in Japanese). http://www.e-stat.go.jp/SG1/estat/List.do?bid=000001014499&cycode=0. Accessed on 18 September 2013. E-III

937:

Kikuchi T, Yamazaki H, Kameda K, Hiura M, Nishina M, Uchiyama M. The effects on the Blood Pressure Evaluation of School Children as Determined by the Frequency of Measurements. J Child Health 2002; 61: 322–327. Japanese. IVb

938:

National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2004; 114: 555–576. GL

939:

The Japanese Society of Hypertension Committee for Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. Hypertension in children. In The Japanese Society of Hypertension (ed). Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension in 2004 (in Japanese). The Japanese Society of Hypertension, Tokyo, 2004, pp 75–78. GL

940:

Kikuchi T, Nagasaki K, Ogawa Y, Abe H, Hiura M, Tanaka Y, Sato H, Uchiyama M. Examination of reference blood pressure values with respect to gender and school age in Japanese children (Mitsuke Study) Tokyo. Jpn J Pediatr Hypertens 2011; 8: 21–25. Japanese. IVb

941:

Kikuchi T, Nagasaki K, Hiura M, Ogawa Y, Tanaka Y, Uchiyama M. Epidemiological approaches for childhood obesity. J Jpn Soc Stu Obes 2004; 10: 12–17. Japanese. VI

942:

Kotani K, Nishida M, Yamashita S, Funahashi T, Fujioka S, Tokunaga K, Ishikawa K, Tarui S, Matsuzawa Y. Two decades of annual medical examinations in Japanese obese children: do obese children grow into obese adults? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997; 21: 912–921. IVa

943:

Hashimoto N, Kawasaki T, Kikuchi T, Takahashi H, Uchiyama M. The relationship between the intrauterine environment and blood pressure in 3-year-old Japanese children. Acta Paediatr 1996; 85: 132–138. IVa

944:

Miura K, Nakagawa H, Tabata M, Morikawa Y, Nishijo M, Kagamimori S. Birth weight, childhood growth, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in Japanese aged 20 years. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 153: 783–789. IVa

945:

Abe Y, Kikuchi T, Nagasaki K, Hiura M, Tanaka Y, Ogawa Y, Uchiyama M. Lower birth weight associated with current overweight status is related with the metabolic syndrome in obese Japanese children. Hypertens Res 2007; 30: 627–634. IVb

946:

Lurbe E, Cifkova R, Cruickshank JK, Dillon MJ, Ferreira I, Invitti C, Kuznetsova T, Laurent S, Mancia G, Morales-Olivas F, Rascher W, Redon J, Schaefer F, Seeman T, Stergiou G, Wühl E, Zanchetti A, European Society of Hypertension. Management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents: recommendations of the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 2009; 27: 1719–1742. GL

947:

Uchiyama M. Risk factors for the development of essential hypertension: long-term follow-up study in junior high school students in Niigata, Japan. J Hum Hypertens 1994; 8: 323–325. V

948:

Kawasaki T, Uezono K, Sanefuji M, Utsunomiya H, Fujino T, Kanaya S, Babazono A. A 17-year follow-up study of hypertensive and normotensive male university students in Japan. Hypertens Res 2003; 26: 445–452. IVa

949:

Bao W, Threefoot SA, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Essential hypertension predicted by tracking of elevated blood pressure from childhood to adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Hypertens 1995; 8: 657–665. E-1b

950:

Yang Q, Zhang Z, Kuklina EV, Fang J, Ayala C, Hong Y, Loustalot F, Dai S, Gunn JP, Tian N, Cogswell ME, Merritt R. Sodium intake and blood pressure among US children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2012; 130: 611–619. IVb

951:

Leary SD, Ness AR, Smith GD, Mattocks C, Deere K, Blair SN, Riddoch C. Physical activity and blood pressure in childhood: findings from a population-based study. Hypertension 2008; 51: 92–98. E-II

952:

Stergiou GS, Yiannes NG, Rarra VC, Panagiotakos DB. Home blood pressure normalcy in children and adolescents: the Arsakeion School study. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 1375–1379. IVb

953:

Holm JC, Gamborg M, Neland M, Ward L, Gammeltoft S, Heitmann BL, Sørensen TI, Ibsen KK. Longitudinal changes in blood pressure during weight loss and regain of weight in obese boys and girls. J Hypertens 2012; 30: 368–374. IVa

954:

Torrance B, McGuire KA, Lewanczuk R, McGavock J. Overweight, physical activity and high blood pressure in children: a review of the literature. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2007; 3: 139–149. VI

955:

Simonetti GD, Rizzi M, Donadini R, Bianchetti MG. Effects of antihypertensive drugs on blood pressure and proteinuria in childhood. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 2370–2376. IVb

956:

Wühl E, Trivelli A, Picca S, Litwin M, Peco-Antic A, Zurowska A, Testa S, Jankauskiene A, Emre S, Caldas-Afonso A, Anarat A, Niaudet P, Mir S, Bakkaloglu A, Enke B, Montini G, Wingen AM, Sallay P, Jeck N, Berg U, Caliskan S, Wygoda S, Hohbach-Hohenfellner K, Dusek J, Urasinski T, Arbeiter K, Neuhaus T, Gellermann J, Drozdz D, Fischbach M, Möller K, Wigger M, Peruzzi L, Mehls OSchaefer F, ESCAPE Trial Group. Strict blood-pressure control and progression of renal failure in children. New Engl J Med 2009; 361: 1639–1650. II

957:

Matteucci MC, Chinali M, Rinelli G, Wühl E, Zurowska A, Charbit M, Pongiglione G, Schaefer F, ESCAPE Trial Group. Change in cardiac geometry and function in CKD children during strict BP control: a randomized study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 8: 203–210. III

958:

Kaplan NM. Hypertensive crises. Clinical Hypertension (9th edn). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore, pp 311–324, 2006. VI

959:

Rosei EA, Salvetti M, Farsang C. European Society of Hypertension Scientific Newsletter: treatment of hypertensive urgencies and emergencies. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 2482–2485. VI

960:

Deshmukh A, Kumar G, Kumar N, Nanchal R, Gobal F, Sakhuja A, Mehta JL. Effect of Joint National CommitteeVII report on hospitalizations for hypertensive emergencies in the United States. Am J Cardiol 2011; 108: 1277–1282. E-II

961:

Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ed). Obstetric and Gynecological Treatment Guidelines-Obstetrics in 2014 (in Japanese). 2014. GL

962:

Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet 2000; 356: 411–417. VI

963:

Narotam PK, Puri V, Roberts JM, Taylon C, Vora Y, Nathoo N. Management of hypertensive emergencies in acute brain disease: evaluation of the treatment effects of intravenous nicardipine on cerebral oxygenation. J Neurosurg 2008; 109: 1065–1074. E-II

964:

Japanese Circulation Society. JCS joint working group for guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (2010 JCS Joint Working Group Report): Guidelines for Treatment of Acute Heart Failure (JCS 2011) (in Japanese). Japanese Circulation Society. 2011. GL

965:

Nomura F, Kurobe N, Mori Y, Hikita A, Kawai M, Suwa M, Okutani Y. Multicenter prospective investigation on efficacy and safety of carperitide as a first-line drug for acute heart failure syndrome with preserved blood pressure: COMPASS: Carperitide Effects Observed Through Monitoring Dyspnea in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Study. Circ J 2008; 72: 1777–1786. E-III

966:

Japanese Circulation Society. JCS joint working group for guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (2006 JCS Joint Working Group Report): Guidelines for Management of Acute Coronary Syndrome without Persistent ST Segment Elevation (JCS 2007) (in Japanese). Japanese Circulation Society. 2007. GL

967:

Prejbisz A, Lenders JW, Eisenhofer G, Januszewicz A. Cardiovascular manifestations of phaeochromocytoma. J Hypertens 2011; 29: 2049–2060. VI

968:

Sesoko S, Akema N, Matsukawa T, Kaneko Y. Predisposing factors for the development of malignant essential hypertension. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147: 1721–1724. E-II

969:

Ohta Y, Tsuchihashi T, Ohya Y, Fujii K, Hirakata H, Abe I, Fujishima M. Trends in the pathophysiological characteristics of malignant hypertension. Hypertens Res 2001; 24: 489–492. E-III

970:

Kawazoe N, Eto T, Abe I, Takishita S, Ueno M, Kobayashi K, Uezono K, Muratani H, Kimura Y, Tsuchihashi T, Onoyama K, Kawasaki T, Fukiyama K, Fujishima M. Long-term prognosis of malignant hypertension; difference between underlying diseases such as essential hypertension and chronic glomerulonephritis. Clin Nephrol 1988; 29: 53–57. E-Ib

971:

Lane DA, Lip GY, Beevers DG. Improving survival of malignant hypertension patients over 40 years. Am J Hypertens 2009; 22: 1199–1204. V

972:

Mann SJ. Severe paroxysmal hypertension (pseudopheochromocytoma). Curr Hypertens Rep 2008; 10: 12–18. VI

973:

Chen YH, Tsai SY, Lee HC, Lin HC. Increased risk of acute myocardial infarction for patients with panic disorder: a nationwide population-based study. Psychosom Med 2009; 71: 798–804. IVa

974:

Chen YH, Hu CJ, Lee HC, Lin HC. An increased risk of stroke among panic disorder patients: a 3-year follow-up study. Can J Psychiatry 2010; 55: 43–49. IVa

975:

Pickering TG, Clemow L. Paroxysmal hypertension: the role of stress and psychological factors. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2008; 10: 575–581. VI

976:

Fleisher LA, Beckman JA, Brown KA, Calkins H, Chaikof E, Fleischmann KE, Freeman WK, Froehlich JB, Kasper EK, Kersten JR, Riegel B, Robb JF, Smith SC Jr, Jacobs AK, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Antman EM, Buller CE, Creager MA, Ettinger SM, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Hunt SA, Lytle BW, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Tarkington LG, Yancy CW, American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery); American Society of Echocardiography; American Society of Nuclear Cardiology; Heart Rhythm Society; Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions; Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology; Society for Vascular Surgery. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and care for noncardiac surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery): developed in collaboration with the American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Rhythm Society, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, and Society for Vascular Surgery. Circulation 2007; 116: e418–e499. GL

977:

Bangalore S, Wetterslev J, Pranesh S, Sawhney S, Gluud C, Messerli FH. Perioperative b blockers in patients having non-cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2008; 372: 1962–1976. I

978:

Ishikawa S, Griesdale DE, Lohser J. Acute kidney injury after lung resection surgery: incidence and perioperative risk factors. Anesth Analg 2012; 114: 1256–1262. IVb

979:

Herman WW, Konzelman JL Jr, Prisant LM, Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. New national guidelines on hypertension: a summary for dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc 2004; 135: 576–584. GL

980:

Tsuchihashi T, Takata Y, Kurokawa H, Miura K, Maruoka Y, Kajiyama M, Fujishima M. Blood pressure response during dental surgery. Hypertens Res 1996; 19: 189–194. V

981:

Whaley-Connell AT, Sowers JR, Stevens LA, McFarlane SI, Shlipak MG, Norris KC, Chen SC, Qiu Y, Wang C, Li S, Vassalotti JA, Collins AJ, Kidney Early Evaluation Program Investigators. CKD in the United States: Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2004. Am J Kidney Dis 2008; 51: S13–S20. IVb

982:

Sinclair AM, Isles CG, Brown I, Cameron H, Murray GD, Robertson JW. Secondary hypertension in a blood pressure clinic. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147: 1289–1293. IVb

983:

Anderson GH Jr, Blakeman N, Streeten DH. The effect of age on prevalence of secondary forms of hypertension in 4429 consecutively referred patients. J Hypertens 1994; 12: 609–615. IVb

984:

Rossi GP, Bernini G, Caliumi C, Desideri G, Fabris B, Ferri C, Ganzaroli C, Giacchetti G, Letizia C, Maccario M, Mallamaci F, Mannelli M, Mattarello MJ, Moretti A, Palumbo G, Parenti G, Porteri E, Semplicini A, Rizzoni D, Rossi E, Boscaro M, Pessina AC, Mantero F, PAPY Study Investigators. A prospective study of the prevalence of primary aldosteronism in 1,125 hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 2293–2300. IVb

985:

Omura M, Saito J, Yamaguchi K, Kakuta Y, Nishikawa T. Prospective study on the prevalence of secondary hypertension among hypertensive patients visiting a general outpatient clinic in Japan. Hypertens Res 2004; 27: 193–202. IVb

986:

Gifford RW. Evaluation of the hypertensive patients with emphasis on detecting curable causes. Milbank Mem Fund Q 1969; 47: 170–186. V

987:

Bech K, Hilden T. The frequency of secondary hypertension. Acta Med Scand 1975; 197: 65–69. IVb

988:

Ferguson RK. Cost and yield of the hypertensive evaluation. Experience of a community-based referral clinic. Ann Intern Med 1975; 82: 761–765. V

989:

Berglund G, Andersson O, Wilhelmsen L. Prevalence of primary and secondary hypertension: studies in a random population sample. Br Med J 1976; 2: 554–556. E-II

990:

Danielson M, Dammström B. The prevalence of secondary and curable hypertension. Acta Med Scand 1981; 209: 451–455. E-II

991:

Omae T. Pathogenesis and prognosis of hypertension. J Jpn Soc Intern Med 1985; 74: 401–405. Japanese. VI

992:

Japan Dialysis Medical Science Association Statistics Investigation Committee. An overview of regular dialysis treatment in Japan. J Jpn Soc Dial Ther 2013; 46: 1–76. Japanese. E-II

993:

Kimura G, Brenner BM. The renal basis for salt sensitivity in hypertension. In: Laragh JH, Brenner BM (eds), Hypertension: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management, 2nd edn. pp 1569–1588, Raven Press: New York, 1995. VI

994:

Kimura G. Glomerular function reserve and sodium sensitivity. Clin Exp Nephrol 2005; 9: 102–113. VI

995:

Kimura G. Clinical pathology and treatment of renin–angiotensin system 2. Chronic kidney disease and the renin–angiotensin system. Intern Med 2007; 46: 1295–1298. VI

996:

Usami T, Koyama K, Takeuchi O, Morozumi K, Kimura G. Regional variations in the incidence of end-stage renal failure in Japan. JAMA 2000; 284: 2622–2624. E-III

997:

Usami T, Sato R, Yoshida A, Kimura G. Regional variation in end-stage renal disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2002; 11: 343–346. VI

998:

Usami T, Nakao N, Fukuda M, Takeuchi O, Kamiya Y, Yoshida A, Kimura G. Maps of end-stage renal disease and amounts of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors prescribed in Japan. Kidney Int 2003; 64: 1445–1449. E-II

999:

Usami T, Kimura G. Proposal for mapping renal failure in Japan and its application for strategy to arrest endstage renal disease. Clin Exp Nephrol 2006; 10: 8–12. VI

1000:

Wakamatsu-Yamanaka T, Fukuda M, Sato R, Naito T, Togawa H, Tomonari T, Kato Y, Miura T, Mizuno M, Ichikawa T, Miyagi S, Shirasawa Y, Ito A, Yoshida A, Kimura G. Geographic differences in the increasing ESRD rate have disappeared in Japan. Clin Exp Nephrol 2011; 15: 708–713. E-III

1001:

Blythe WB. Natural history of hypertension in renal parenchymal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1985; 5: A50–A56. VI

1002:

Konishi Y, Imanishi M, Okamura M, Yoshioka K, Okumura M, Okada N, Tanaka S, Fujii S, Kimura G. Relationship of renal histological damage to glomerular hypertension in patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy. J Hypertens 2000; 18: 103–109. E-II

1003:

Preston RA, Singer I, Epstein M. Renal Parenchymal Hypertension: current concepts of pathogenesis and management. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 602–611. VI

1004:

Progressive Kidney Damage Study Group (Chairman: Tomino Y, Director of the Multiple Cystic Kidney Working Group: Higashihara E), Research Business for Specific Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Guidelines for the Treatment of Autosomal Dominant Multiple Cystic Kidney (2nd version)]. In: Higashihara E (ed), Multiple cystic kidney. Intermedica: Tokyo, 2006. pp 294–313. Japanese. GL

1005:

Mizoguchi M, Tamura T, Yamaki A, Higashihara E, Shimizu Y. Genotypes of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in Japanese. J Hum Genet 2002; 47: 51–54. E-II

1006:

Higashihara E, Nutahara K, Kojima M, Tamakoshi A, Yoshiyuki O, Sakai H, Kurokawa K. Prevalence and renal prognosis of diagnosed autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in Japan. Nephron 1998; 80: 421–427. E-II

1007:

Higashihara E, Aso Y, Shimazaki J, Ito H, Koiso K, Sakai O. Clinical aspects of polycystic kidney disease. J Urol 1992; 147: 329–332. E-II

1008:

Kelleher CL, McFann KK, Johnson AM, Schrier RW. Characteristics of hypertension in young adults with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease compared with the general U. S. population. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17: 1029–1034. E-II

1009:

Chapman AB, Johnson A, Gabow PA, Schrier RW. The renin–angiotensin-aldosterone system and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. New Engl J Med 1990; 323: 1091–1096. E-II

1010:

Gansevoort RT, van der Heij B, Stegeman CA, de Charro FT, Nieuwenhuizen MG, de Zeeuw D, de Jong PE. Trends in the incidence of treated end-stage renal failure in The Netherlands: hope for the future? Kidney Int Suppl 2004; S7–S10.

1011:

Sørensen VR, Hansen PM, Heaf J, Feldt-Rasmussen B. Stabilized incidence of diabetic patients referred for renal replacement therapy in Denmark. Kidney Int 2006; 70: 187–191. E-II

1012:

Safian RD, Textor SC. Renal-artery stenosis. New Engl J Med 2001; 344: 431–442. VI

1013:

de Mast Q, Beutler JJ. The prevalence of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis in risk groups: a systematic literature review. J Hypertens 2009; 27: 1333–1340. I

1014:

Nakamura S, Iihara K, Matayoshi T, Yasuda H, Yoshihara F, Kamide K, Horio T, Miyamoto S, Kawano Y. The incidence and risk factors of renal artery stenosis in patients with severe carotid artery stenosis. Hypertens Res 2007; 30: 839–844. IVb

1015:

Preston RA, Epstein M. Ischemic renal disease: an emerging cause of chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. J Hypertens 1997; 15: 1365–1377. VI

1016:

Olin JW, Piedmonte MR, Young JR, DeAnna S, Grubb M, Childs MB. The utility of duplex ultrasound scanning of the renal arteries for diagnosing significant renal artery stenosis. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122: 833–838. IVb

1017:

Williams GJ, Macaskill P, Chan SF, Karplus TE, Yung W, Hodson EM, Craig JC. Comparative accuracy of renal duplex sonographic parameters in the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis: paired and unpaired analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007; 188: 798–811. IVa

1018:

Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, Bakal CW, Creager MA, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Murphy WR, Olin JW, Puschett JB, Rosenfield KA, Sacks D, Stanley JC, Taylor LM Jr, White CJ, White J, White RA, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gibbons RJ, Hunt SA, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B, American Association for Vascular Surgery; Society for Vascular Surgery; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions; Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology; Society of Interventional Radiology; ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease, American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Society for Vascular Nursing, TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus, Vascular Disease Foundation. ACC/AHA 2005 Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease): endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation. Circulation 2006; 113: e463–e654. GL

1019:

Postma CT, van Aalen J, de Boo T, Rosenbusch G, Thien T. Doppler ultrasound scanning in the detection of renal artery stenosis in hypertensive patients. Br J Radiol 1992; 65: 857–860. IVb

1020:

Vasbinder GB, Nelemans PJ, Kessels AG, Kroon AA, de Leeuw PW, van Engelshoven JM. Diagnostic tests for renal artery stenosis in patients suspected of having renovascular hypertension: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135: 401–411. IVa

1021:

Joint committee for NSF and use of gadolinium-based contrast agents (Japan Radiological Society/Japanese Society of Nephrology). Guidelines for Administering Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents to Patients with Renal Dysfunction: Second edition (in Japanese). Tokyo Igakusha: Tokyo. 2009. GL

1022:

Khoo MM, Deeab D, Gedroyc WM, Duncan N, Taube D, Dick EA. Renal artery stenosis: comparative assessment by unenhanced renal artery MRA versus contrast-enhanced MRA. Eur Radiol 2011; 21: 1470–1476. IVb

1023:

Japanese Society of Nephrology/Japan Radiological Society/The Japanese Circulation Society. Guidelines for Iodinated Contrast in Patient with CKD 2012. Tokyo Igakusha: Tokyo, 2012. Japanese. GL

1024:

Wilcox CS. Use of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors for diagnosing renovascular hypertension. Kidney Int 1993; 44: 1379–1390. IVb

1025:

Rossi GP, Pavan E, Chiesura-Corona M, Bader M, Paganini G, Cesari M, De Toni R, Feltrin GP, Ganten D, Pessina AC. Renovascular hypertension with low-to-normal plasma renin: clinical and angiographic features. Clin Sci (Lond) 1997; 93: 435–443. E-II

1026:

Hackam DG, Spence JD, Garg AX, Textor SC. Role of renin–angiotensin system blockade in atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis and renovascular hypertension. Hypertension 2007; 50: 998–1003. VI

1027:

Losito A, Errico R, Santirosi P, Lupattelli T, Scalera GB, Lupattelli L. Long-term follow-up of atherosclerotic renovascular disease. Beneficial effect of ACE inhibition. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20: 1604–1609. IVa

1028:

Hackam DG, Duong-Hua ML, Mamdani M, Li P, Tobe SW, Spence JD, Garg AX. Angiotensin inhibition in renovascular disease: a population-based cohort study. Am Heart J 2008; 156: 549–555. IVa

1029:

van de Ven PJ, Beutler JJ, Kaatee R, Beek FJ, Mali WP, Koomans HA. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor-induced renal dysfunction in atherosclerotic renovascular disease. Kidney Int 1998; 53: 986–993. E-II

1030:

Tegtmeyer CJ, Selby JB, Hartwell GD, Ayers C, Tegtmeyer V. Results and complications of angioplasty in fibromuscular disease. Circulation 1991; 83: I155–I161. E-III

1031:

Alhadad A, Mattiasson I, Ivancev K, Gottsäter A, Lindblad B. Revascularisation of renal artery stenosis caused by fibromuscular dysplasia: effects on blood pressure during 7-year follow-up are influenced by duration of hypertension and branch artery stenosis. J Hum Hypertens 2005; 19: 761–767. E-III

1032:

Bonelli FS, McKusick MA, Textor SC, Kos PB, Stanson AW, Johnson CM, Sheedy PF 2nd, Welch TJ, Schirger A. Renal artery angioplasty: technical results and clinical outcome in 320 patients. Mayo Clin Proc 1995; 70: 1041–1052. III

1033:

Zeller T, Frank U, Müller C, Bürgelin K, Sinn L, Bestehorn HP, Cook-Bruns N, Neumann FJ. Predictors of improved renal function after percutaneous stent-supported angioplasty of severe atherosclerotic ostial renal artery stenosis. Circulation 2003; 108: 2244–2249. III

1034:

Plouin PF, Chatellier G, Darné B, Raynaud A. Blood pressure outcome of angioplasty in atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: a randomized trial. Essai Multicentrique Medicaments vs Angioplastie (EMMA) Study Group. Hypertension 1998; 31: 823–829. II

1035:

Webster J, Marshall F, Abdalla M, Dominiczak A, Edwards R, Isles CG, Loose H, Main J, Padfield P, Russell IT, Walker B, Watson M, Wilkinson R, Scottish and Newcastle Renal Artery Stenosis Collaborative Group. Randomised comparison of percutaneous angioplasty vs continued medical therapy for hypertensive patients with atheromatous renal artery stenosis. J Hum Hypertens 1998; 12: 329–335. II

1036:

van Jaarsveld BC, Krijnen P, Pieterman H, Derkx FH, Deinum J, Postma CT, Dees A, Woittiez AJ, Bartelink AK, Man in ‘t Veld AJ, Schalekamp MA, Dutch Renal Artery Stenosis Intervention Cooperative Study Group. The effect of balloon angioplasty on hypertension in atherosclerotic renal-artery stenosis. New Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1007–1014. II

1037:

Ives NJ, Wheatley K, Stowe RL, Krijnen P, Plouin PF, van Jaarsveld BC, Gray R. Continuing uncertainty about the value of percutaneous revascularization in atherosclerotic renovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18: 298–304. I

1038:

Nordmann AJ, Woo K, Parkes R, Logan AG. Balloon angioplasty or medical therapy for hypertensive patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 2003; 114: 44–50. I

1039:

Balk E, Raman G, Chung M, Ip S, Tatsioni A, Alonso A, Chew P, Gilbert SJ, Lau J. Effectiveness of management strategies for renal artery stenosis: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2006; 145: 901–912. I

1040:

Bax L, Woittiez AJ, Kouwenberg HJ, Mali WP, Buskens E, Beek FJ, Braam B, Huysmans FT, Schultze Kool LJ, Rutten MJ, Doorenbos CJ, Aarts JC, Rabelink TJ, Plouin PF, Raynaud A, van Montfrans GA, Reekers JA, van den Meiracker AH, Pattynama PM, van de Ven PJ, Vroegindeweij D, Kroon AA, de Haan MW, Postma CT, Beutler JJ. Stent placement in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis and impaired renal function: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2009; 150: 840–848, W150–1. II

1041:

Wheatley K, Ives N, Gray R, Kalra PA, Moss JG, Baigent C, Carr S, Chalmers N, Eadington D, Hamilton G, Lipkin G, Nicholson AScoble J, ASTRAL Investigators. Revascularization versus medical therapy for renal-artery stenosis. New Engl J Med 2009; 361: 1953–1962. II

1042:

Cooper CJ, Murphy TP, Cutlip DE, Jamerson K, Henrich W, Reid DM, Cohen DJ, Matsumoto AH, Steffes M, Jaff MR, Prince MR, Lewis EF, Tuttle KR, Shapiro JI, Rundback JH, Massaro JM, D’Agostino RB Sr, Dworkin LD, CORAL Investigators. Stenting and medical therapy for atherosclerotic renal-artery stenosis. New Engl J Med 2014; 370: 13-22. II

1043:

Galaria II, Surowiec SM, Rhodes JM, Illig KA, Shortell CK, Sternbach Y, Green RM, Davies MG. Percutaneous and open renal revascularizations have equivalent long-term functional outcomes. Ann Vasc Surg 2005; 19: 218–228. IVa

1044:

Cherr GS, Hansen KJ, Craven TE, Edwards MS, Ligush J Jr, Levy PJ, Freedman BI, Dean RH. Surgical management of atherosclerotic renovascular disease. J Vasc Surg 2002; 35: 236–245. III

1045:

Modrall JG, Rosero EB, Smith ST, Arko FR 3rd, Valentine RJ, Clagett GP, Timaran CH. Operative mortality for renal artery bypass in the United States: Results from the National Inpatient Sample. J Vasc Surg 2008; 48: 317–322. IVb

1046:

Volpe C, Wahrenberg H, Hamberger B, Thorén M. Screening for primary aldosteronism in a primary care unit. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2013; 14: 212–219. IVa

1047:

Quinkler M, Born-Frontsberg E, Fourkiotis VG. Comorbidities in primary aldosteronism. Horm Metab Res 2010; 42: 429–434. VI

1048:

Viera AJ, Hinderliter AL. Evaluation and management of the patient with difficult-to-control or resistant hypertension. Am Fam Physician 2009; 79: 863–869. VI

1049:

Funder JW, Carey RM, Fardella C, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Mantero F, Stowasser M, Young WF Jr, Montori VM, Endocrine Society. Case detection, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with primary aldosteronism: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 3266–3281. GL

1050:

Nishikawa T, Omura M, Satoh F, Shibata H, Takahashi K, Tamura N, Tanabe A, Task Force Committee on Primary Aldosteronism, The Japan Endocrine Society. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of primary aldosteronism—the Japan Endocrine Society 2009. Endocr J 2011; 58: 711–721. GL

1051:

Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism. J Endocrinol Invest 1995; 18: 495–511. VI

1052:

Hannemann A, Bidlingmaier M, Friedrich N, Manolopoulou J, Spyroglou A, Völzke H, Beuschlein F, Seissler J, Rettig R, Felix SB, Biffar R, Döring A, Meisinger C, Peters A, Wichmann HE, Nauck M, Wallaschofski H, Reincke M. Screening for primary aldosteronism in hypertensive subjects: results from two German epidemiological studies. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 167: 7–15. IVb

1053:

Douma S, Petidis K, Doumas M, Papaefthimiou P, Triantafyllou A, Kartali N, Papadopoulos N, Vogiatzis K, Zamboulis C. Prevalence of primary hyperaldosteronism in resistant hypertension: a retrospective observational study. Lancet 2008; 371: 1921–1926. IVa

1054:

Calhoun DA, Nishizaka MK, Zaman MA, Thakkar RB, Weissmann P. Hyperaldosteronism among black and white subjects with resistant hypertension. Hypertension 2002; 40: 892–896. IVa

1055:

Vierhapper H. Determination of the aldosterone/renin ratio in 269 patients with adrenal incidentaloma. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2007; 115: 518–521. IVa

1056:

Di Murro A, Petramala L, Cotesta D, Zinnamosca L, Crescenzi E, Marinelli C, Saponara M, Letizia C. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in patients with sleep apnoea: prevalence of primary aldosteronism. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2010; 11: 165–172. IVa

1057:

Suzuki S, Ito S. Aldosterone and Na metabolism on the renin stimulation test. Jpn J Nephrol 1978; 20: 1–10. Japanese. VI

1058:

Hiramatsu K, Yamada T, Yukimura Y, Komiya I, Ichikawa K, Ishihara M, Nagata H, Izumiyama T. A screening test to identify aldosterone-producing adenoma by measuring plasma renin activity. Results in hypertensive patients. Arch Intern Med 1981; 141: 1589–1593. IVb

1059:

Stowasser M, Taylor PJ, Pimenta E, Ahmed AH, Gordon RD. Laboratory investigation of primary aldosteronism. Clin Biochem Rev 2010; 31: 39–56. VI]

1060:

Stowasser M. Update in primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 3623–330. VI

1061:

Fischer E, Beuschlein F, Bidlingmaier M, Reincke M. Commentary on the Endocrine Society Practice Guidelines: Consequences of adjustment of antihypertensive medication in screening of primary aldosteronism. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2011; 12: 43–48. IVb

1062:

Tanabe A, Naruse M, Takagi S, Tsuchiya K, Imaki T, Takano K. Variability in the renin/aldosterone profile under random and standardized sampling conditions in primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 2489–2494. V

1063:

Arlt W. A detour guide to the Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline on case detection, diagnosis and treatment of patients with primary aldosteronism. Eur J Endocrinol 2010; 162: 435–438. VI

1064:

Nanba K, Tamanaha T, Nakao K, Kawashima ST, Usui T, Tagami T, Okuno H, Shimatsu A, Suzuki T, Naruse M. Confirmatory testing in primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97: 1688–1694. IVb

1065:

Nishikawa T, Omura M. Clinical characteristics of primary aldosteronism: its prevalence and comparative studies on various causes of primary aldosteronism in Yokohama Rosai Hospital. Biomed Pharmacother 2000; 54(Suppl 1): 83s-85s. IVb

1066:

Ishidoya S, Kaiho Y, Ito A, Morimoto R, Satoh F, Ito S, Ishibashi T, Nakamura Y, Sasano H, Arai Y. Single-center outcome of laparoscopic unilateral adrenalectomy for patients with primary aldosteronism: lateralizing disease using results of adrenal venous sampling. Urology 2011; 78: 68–73. V

1067:

Mulatero P, Bertello C, Sukor N, Gordon R, Rossato D, Daunt N, Leggett D, Mengozzi G, Veglio F, Stowasser M. Impact of different diagnostic criteria during adrenal vein sampling on reproducibility of subtype diagnosis in patients with primary aldosteronism. Hypertension 2010; 55: 667–673. IVb

1068:

Rossi GP, Barisa M, Allolio B, Auchus RJ, Amar L, Cohen D, Degenhart C, Deinum J, Fischer E, Gordon R, Kickuth R, Kline G, Lacroix A, Magill S, Miotto D, Naruse M, Nishikawa T, Omura M, Pimenta E, Plouin PF, Quinkler M, Reincke M, Rossi E, Rump LC, Satoh F, Schultze Kool L, Seccia TM, Stowasser M, Tanabe A, Trerotola S, Vonend O, Widimsky J Jr, Wu KD, Wu VC, Pessina AC. The Adrenal Vein Sampling International Study (AVIS) for identifying the major subtypes of primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97: 1606–1614. IVb

1069:

Stewart PM, Allolio B. Adrenal vein sampling for Primary Aldosteronism: time for a reality check. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010; 72: 146–148. VI

1070:

Vonend O, Ockenfels N, Gao X, Allolio B, Lang K, Mai K, Quack I, Saleh A, Degenhart C, Seufert J, Seiler L, Beuschlein F, Quinkler M, Podrabsky P, Bidlingmaier M, Lorenz R, Reincke M, Rump LC, German Conn's Registry. Adrenal venous sampling: evaluation of the German Conn's registry. Hypertension 2011; 57: 990–995. IVb

1071:

Morimoto S, Takeda R, Murakami M. Does prolonged pretreatment with large doses of spironolactone hasten a recovery from juxtaglomerular-adrenal suppression in primary aldosteronism? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1970; 31: 659–664. IVb

1072:

Parthasarathy HK, Ménard J, White WB, Young WF Jr, Williams GH, Williams B, Ruilope LM, McInnes GT, Connell JM, MacDonald TM. A double-blind, randomized study comparing the antihypertensive effect of eplerenone and spironolactone in patients with hypertension and evidence of primary aldosteronism. J Hypertens 2011; 29: 980–990. II

1073:

Mancini T, Kola B, Mantero F, Boscaro M, Arnaldi G. High cardiovascular risk in patients with Cushing's syndrome according to 1999 WHO/ISH guidelines. Clin Endocrinol(Oxf) 2004; 61: 768–777. E-III

1074:

Miyachi Y. [Study report in 2001 by the ‘Study Group on Abnormalities in Adrenal Hormone Production’, Research Business for Specific Disease Control by a scientific grant/subsidy from the Ministry of Health and Welfare]. Japanese. IVb

1075:

Nawada H, Demura H, Suda T, Takayanagi R. [Adrenal preclinical Cushing's syndrome] (in Japanese). Study report in 1995 by the Working Group for Investigating ‘Abnormalities in Adrenal Hormone Production’, Specific Disease/Endocrine Disease Study Group, Ministry of Health and Welfare, 1999, pp 223–226. VI

1076:

Tsuiki M, Tanabe A, Takagi S, Naruse M, Takano K. Cardiovascular risks and their long-term clinical outcome in patients with subclinical Cushing's syndrome. Endocr J 2008; 55: 737–745. E-II

1077:

Study Group on the Promotion of Pheochromocytoma Diagnosis and Treatment, Research Business for Refractory Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Clinical Guide to the Management of Pheochromocytoma 2012 (In Japanese). 2012. GL

1078:

Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Dahia PL, Robledo M. An update on the genetics of paraganglioma, pheochromocytoma, and associated hereditary syndromes. Horm Metab Res 2012; 44: 328–333. VI

1079:

Kobayashi Y, Hashimoto H. [Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of aortitis syndrome (Takayasu's arteritis)] (in Japanese). Scientific grant/subsidy from the Ministry of Health and Welfare: Research Business for Specific Disease Control, Investigational study regarding refractory angiitis, Study report in 1999 to 2001, 2002, pp 41–63. VI

1080:

Ishikawa K. [Takayasu's disease hypertension] (in Japanese). Syndrome series with respect to regions, 12 cardiovascular syndromes (special version of the Nihon Rinsho), 1996, pp 118–121. VI

1081:

Hashimoto H. Study report in 2001 by the ‘Working Group for Refractory Angiitis’, Specific Disease/Immunological Disease Study Group, Ministry of Health and Welfare (in Japanese), 2002, pp. 21–25. VI

1082:

Ohigashi H, Haraguchi G, Konishi M, Tezuka D, Kamiishi T, Ishihara T, Isobe M. Improved prognosis of Takayasu arteritis over the past decade: comprehensive analysis of 106 patients. Circ J 2012; 76: 1004–1011. IVb

1083:

Kobayashi K. Epidemiological Study of Aortitis Syndrome: On the Number of New Crisis Patient and Complications. Study report in 1994 by the Specific Disease/Refractory Angiitis Study Group, Ministry of Health and Welfare, 1994, pp. 7–10. VI

1084:

Ogino H, Matsuda H, Minatoya K, Sasaki H, Tanaka H, Matsumura Y, Ishibashi-Ueda H, Kobayashi J, Yagihara T, Kitamura S. Overview of late outcome of medical and surgical treatment for Takayasu arteritis. Circulation 2008; 118: 2738–2747. VI

1085:

Machida M, Sakuma M, Aoki H, Yasuda Y. Long-term Results of Cardiac MacroVascular Lesions Accompanying Takayasu's Arteritis (in Japanese). Study report in 1993 by the Specific Disease/Immunological Disease Study Group, Ministry of Health and Welfare, 1993, pp 192–195. VI

1086:

Miyata T, Sato O, Koyama H, Shigematsu H, Tada Y. Long-term survival after surgical treatment of patients with Takayasu's arteritis. Circulation 2003; 108: 1474–1480. V

1087:

Disease Control Section, Health and Medical Bureau, Ministry of Health and Welfare. [Nodular periarteritis]. Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Refractory Diseases (in Japanese), Roppo Publishing Company: Aichi, 1997, pp 107–115. GL

1088:

Blaustein DA, Kumbar L, Srivastava M, Avram MM. Polyarteritis nodosa presenting as isolated malignant hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17: 380–381. V

1089:

Kurosawa M, Inaba Y, Kobayashi S, Ozaki S, Nagai M. [Analysis of personal sheet-based electronic data on a clinical survey in 2004 regarding refractory angiitis (nodular periarteritis)] (in Japanese). Scientific grant/subsidy from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare: Study report in 2005 by the ‘Clinical Research Working Group for Intermediate/Micro Angiitis’, Study Group on Refractory Angiitis, 2006, pp 137–150. VI

1090:

Bussone G, Bérezné A, Pestre V, Guillevin L, Mouthon L. The scleroderma kidney: progress in risk factors, therapy, and prevention. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2011; 13: 37–43. VI

1091:

Murakami T, Ueno M, Takeda A, Yakuwa S. Pressure wave reflection after successful balloon dilatation of aortic coarctation. Circ J 2007; 71: 1821–1822. V

1092:

Trojnarska O, Szczepaniak-Chicheł L, Mizia-Stec K, Gabriel M, Bartczak A, Grajek S, Gąsior Z, Kramer L, Tykarski A. Vascular remodeling in adults after coarctation repair: impact of descending aorta stenosis and age at surgery. Clin Res Cardiol 2011; 100: 447–455. IVb

1093:

Ross RD, Clapp SK, Gunther S, Paridon SM, Humes RA, Farooki ZQ, Pinsky WW. Augmented norepinephrine and renin output in response to maximal exercise in hypertensive coarctectomy patients. Am Heart J 1992; 123: 1293–1299. IVb

1094:

Toro-Salazar OH, Steinberger J, Thomas W, Rocchini AP, Carpenter B, Moller JH. Long-term follow-up of patients after coarctation of the aorta repair. Am J Cardiol 2002; 89: 541–547. V

1095:

Canniffe C, Ou P, Walsh K, Bonnet D, Celermajer D. Hypertension after repair of aortic coarctation- A systematic review. Int J Cardiol 2013; 167: 2456–2461. IVa

1096:

Lee MG, Kowalski R, Galati JC, Cheung MM, Jones B, Koleff J, d’Udekem Y. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring detects a high prevalence of hypertension late after coarctation repair in patients with hypoplastic arches. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 144: 1110–1116. V

1097:

Luijendijk P, Bouma BJ, Vriend JW, Vliegen HW, Groenink M, Mulder BJ. Usefulness of exercise-induced hypertension as predictor of chronic hypertension in adults after operative therapy for aortic isthmic coarctation in childhood. Am J Cardiol 2011; 108: 435–439. IVa

1098:

Jannetta PJ, Segal R, Wolfson SK Jr. Neurogenic hypertension: etiology and surgical treatment. I. Observations in 53 patients. Ann Surg 1985; 201: 391–398. IVb

1099:

Makino Y, Kawano Y, Okuda N, Horio T, Iwashima Y, Yamada N, Takamiya M, Takishita S. Autonomic function in hypertensive patients with neurovascular compression of the ventrolateral medulla oblongata. J Hypertens 1999; 17: 1257–1263. IVb

1100:

Schobel HP, Frank H, Naraghi R, Geiger H, Titz E, Heusser K. Hypertension in patients with neurovascular compression is associated with increased central sympathetic outflow. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13: 35–41. IVb

1101:

Smith PA, Meaney JF, Graham LN, Stoker JB, Mackintosh AF, Mary DA, Ball SG. Relationship of neurovascular compression to central sympathetic discharge and essential hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 1453–1458. IVb

1102:

Aoki S, Ohtsuki T, Hosomi N, Sueda Y, Kono T, Yamawaki T, Matsumoto M. Blood pressure variability and prognosis in acute ischemic stroke with vascular compression on the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Hypertens Res 2011; 34: 617–622. IVa

1103:

Sasaki S, Tanda S, Hatta T, Morimoto S, Takeda K, Kizu O, Tamaki S, Saito M, Tamura Y, Kondo A. Neurovascular decompression of the rostral ventrolateral medulla decreases blood pressure and sympathetic nerve activity in patients with refractory hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2011; 13: 818–820. V

1104:

Sakuma T, Morimoto S, Aota Y, Takahashi N, Toyoda N, Kosaki A, Maehara M, Tanigawa N, Ikeda K, Sawada S, Iwasaka T. Efficacy of clonidine in patients with essential hypertension with neurovascular contact of the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Hypertens Res 2010; 33: 633–637. IVa

1105:

Aota Y, Morimoto S, Sakuma T, Morita T, Jo F, Takahashi N, Maehara M, Ikeda K, Sawada S, Iwasaka T. Efficacy of an L- and N-type calcium channel blocker in hypertensive patients with neurovascular compression of the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Hypertens Res 2009; 32: 700–705. IVa

1106:

Brown MJ. The causes of essential hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1996; 42: 21–27. VI

1107:

Kupper N, Willemsen G, Riese H, Posthuma D, Boomsma DI, de Geus EJ. Heritability of daytime ambulatory blood pressure in an extended twin design. Hypertension 2005; 45: 80–85. IVb

1108:

International Consortium for Blood Pressure Genome-Wide Association Studies. Genetic variants in novel pathways influence blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risk. Nature 2011; 478: 103–109. IVb

1109:

Kato N. Ethnic differences in genetic predisposition to hypertension. Hypertens Res 2012; 35: 574–581. VI

1110:

Tabara Y, Kohara K, Kita Y, Hirawa N, Katsuya T, Ohkubo T, Hiura Y, Tajima A, Morisaki T, Miyata T, Nakayama T, Takashima N, Nakura J, Kawamoto R, Takahashi N, Hata A, Soma M, Imai Y, Kokubo Y, Okamura T, Tomoike H, Iwai N, Ogihara T, Inoue I, Tokunaga K, Johnson T, Caulfield M, Munroe P, Umemura S, Ueshima H, Miki T, Global Blood Pressure Genetics Consortium. Common variants in the ATP2B1 gene are associated with susceptibility to hypertension: the Japanese Millennium Genome Project. Hypertension 2010; 56: 973–980. IVb

1111:

Kato N, Takeuchi F, Tabara Y, Kelly TN, Go MJ, Sim X, Tay WT, Chen CH, Zhang Y, Yamamoto K, Katsuya T, Yokota M, Kim YJ, Ong RT, Nabika T, Gu D, Chang LC, Kokubo Y, Huang W, Ohnaka K, Yamori Y, Nakashima E, Jaquish CE, Lee JY, Seielstad M, Isono M, Hixson JE, Chen YT, Miki T, Zhou X, Sugiyama T, Jeon JP, Liu JJ, Takayanagi R, Kim SS, Aung T, Sung YJ, Zhang X, Wong TY, Han BG, Kobayashi S, Ogihara T, Zhu D, Iwai N, Wu JY, Teo YY, Tai ES, Cho YS, He J. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies common variants associated with blood pressure variation in east Asians. Nat Genet 2011; 43: 531–538. IVb

1112:

Katsuya T, Ishikawa K, Sugimoto K, Rakugi H, Ogihara T. Salt sensitivity of Japanese from the viewpoint of gene polymorphism. Hypertens Res 2003; 26: 521–525. VI

1113:

Hunt SC, Cook NR, Oberman A, Cutler JA, Hennekens CH, Allender PS, Walker WG, Whelton PK, Williams RR. Angiotensinogen genotype, sodium reduction, weight loss, and prevention of hypertension: trials of hypertension prevention, phase II. Hypertension 1998; 32: 393–401. II

1114:

Arnett DK, Baird AE, Barkley RA, Basson CT, Boerwinkle E, Ganesh SK, Herrington DM, Hong Y, Jaquish C, McDermott DA, O’Donnell CJ, American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; American Heart Association Stroke Council; Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Group. Relevance of genetics and genomics for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, the Stroke Council, and the Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation 2007; 115: 2878–2901. VI

1115:

Ji W, Foo JN, O’Roak BJ, Zhao H, Larson MG, Simon DB, Newton-Cheh C, State MW, Levy D, Lifton RP. Rare independent mutations in renal salt handling genes contribute to blood pressure variation. Nat Genet 2008; 40: 592–599. IVb

1116:

Lifton RP, Gharavi AG, Geller DS. Molecular mechanisms of human hypertension. Cell 2001; 104: 545–556. VI

1117:

Boyden LM, Choi M, Choate KA, Nelson-Williams CJ, Farhi A, Toka HR, Tikhonova IR, Bjornson R, Mane SM, Colussi G, Lebel M, Gordon RD, Semmekrot BA, Poujol A, Välimäki MJ, De Ferrari ME, Sanjad SA, Gutkin M, Karet FE, Tucci JR, Stockigt JR, Keppler-Noreuil KM, Porter CC, Anand SK, Whiteford ML, Davis ID, Dewar SB, Bettinelli A, Fadrowski JJ, Belsha CW, Hunley TE, Nelson RD, Trachtman H, Cole TR, Pinsk M, Bockenhauer D, Shenoy M, Vaidyanathan P, Foreman JW, Rasoulpour M, Thameem F, Al-Shahrouri HZ, Radhakrishnan J, Gharavi AG, Goilav B, Lifton RP. Mutations in kelch-like 3 and cullin 3 cause hypertension and electrolyte abnormalities. Nature 2012; 482: 98–102. IVb

1118:

Choi M, Scholl UI, Yue P, Björklund P, Zhao B, Nelson-Williams C, Ji W, Cho Y, Patel A, Men CJ, Lolis E, Wisgerhof MV, Geller DS, Mane S, Hellman P, Westin G, Åkerström G, Wang W, Carling T, Lifton RP. K+ channel mutations in adrenal aldosterone-producing adenomas and hereditary hypertension. Science 2011; 331: 768–772. IVb

1119:

Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare. Ethical Guidelines for Human Genome/Gene Analysis Research. Revised on February 8, 2013. http://www.mhlw.go.jp/seisakunitsuite/bunya/hokabunya/kenkyujigyou/i-kenkyu/index.html. Japanese. VI

1120:

Antman EM, Bennett JS, Daugherty A, Furberg C, Roberts H, Taubert KA, American Heart Association. Use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: an update for clinicians: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2007; 115: 1634–1642. GL

1121:

Layton D, Souverein PC, Heerdink ER, Shakir SA, Egberts AC. Evaluation of risk profiles for gastrointestinal and cardiovascular adverse effects in nonselective NSAID and COX-2 inhibitor users: a cohort study using pharmacy dispensing data in The Netherlands. Drug Saf 2008; 31: 143–158. E-II

1122:

Strand V. Are COX-2 inhibitors preferable to non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with risk of cardiovascular events taking low-dose aspirin? Lancet 2007; 370: 2138–2151. VI

1123:

Arellano FM, Yood MU, Wentworth CE, Oliveria SA, Rivero E, Verma A, Rothman KJ. Use of cyclo-oxygenase 2 inhibitors (COX-2) and prescription non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) in UK and USA populations. Implications for COX-2 cardiovascular profile. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2006; 15: 861–872. E-II

1124:

Fogari R, Zoppi A, Carretta R, Veglio F, Salvetti A, Italian Collaborative Study Group. Effect of indomethacin on the antihypertensive efficacy of valsartan and lisinopril: a multicentre study. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 1007–1014. II

1125:

Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Final report on the safety assessment of Glycyrrhetinic Acid, Potassium Glycyrrhetinate, Disodium Succinoyl Glycyrrhetinate, Glyceryl Glycyrrhetinate, Glycyrrhetinyl Stearate, Stearyl Glycyrrhetinate, Glycyrrhizic Acid, Ammonium Glycyrrhizate, Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate, Disodium Glycyrrhizate, Trisodium Glycyrrhizate, Methyl Glycyrrhizate, and Potassium Glycyrrhizinate. Int J Toxicol 2007; 26(Suppl 2): 79–112. VI

1126:

Homma M, Ishihara M, Qian W, Kohda Y. Effects of Long Term Administration of Shakuyaku-kanzo-To and Shosaiko-To on Serum Potassium Levels. Yakugaku Zasshi 2006; 126: 973–978. Japanese. V

1127:

Panoulas VF, Douglas KM, Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou A, Metsios GS, Nightingale P, Kita MD, Elisaf MS, Kitas GD. Long-term exposure to medium-dose glucocorticoid therapy associates with hypertension in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008; 47: 72–75. E-II

1128:

Sato A, Funder JW, Okubo M, Kubota E, Saruta T. Glucocorticoid-induced hypertension in the elderly. Relation to serum calcium and family history of essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1995; 8: 823–828. E-II

1129:

Saruta T. Mechanism of glucocorticoid-induced hypertension. Hypertens Res 1996; 19: 1–8. VI

1130:

Kelly JJ, Martin A, Whitworth JA. Role of erythropoietin in cortisol-induced hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2000; 14: 195–198. II

1131:

Whitworth JA, Schyvens CG, Zhang Y, Andrews MC, Mangos GJ, Kelly JJ. The nitric oxide system in glucocorticoid-induced hypertension. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 1035–1043. VI

1132:

Iuchi T, Akaike M, Mitsui T, Ohshima Y, Shintani Y, Azuma H, Matsumoto T. Glucocorticoid excess induces superoxide production in vascular endothelial cells and elicits vascular endothelial dysfunction. Circ Res 2003; 92: 81–87. VI

1133:

Andoh TF, Johnson RJ, Lam T, Bennett WM. Subclinical renal injury induced by transient cyclosporine exposure is associated with salt-sensitive hypertension. Am J Transplant 2001; 1: 222–227.

1134:

Sander M, Lyson T, Thomas GD, Victor RG. Sympathetic neural mechanisms of cyclosporine-induced hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1996; 9: 121S-138S. VI

1135:

Zhang W, Victor RG. Calcineurin inhibitors cause renal afferent activation in rats: a novel mechanism of cyclosporine-induced hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13: 999–1004.

1136:

Lungu AO, Jin ZG, Yamawaki H, Tanimoto T, Wong C, Berk BC. Cyclosporin A inhibits flow-mediated activation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase by altering cholesterol content in caveolae. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 48794–48800.

1137:

Halimi JM, Giraudeau B, Buchler M, Al-Najjar A, Etienne I, Laouad I, Bruyère F, Lebranchu Y. Enalapril/amlodipine combination in cyclosporine-treated renal transplant recipients: a prospective randomized trial. Clin Transplant 2007; 21: 277–284. II

1138:

Suzuki M, Goya T. Survey regarding the preparation of guidelines for the use of EPO. Study report in 1992 by the Medical Research Business for Renal Failure by a scientific grant from the Ministry of Health and Welfare, 1993, pp. 165–172. Japanese. VI

1139:

Sasagawa I, Nakada T, Hashimoto T, Kubota Y, Suzuki H, Sawamura T. Change in haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit and vasoactive hormones in haemodialysis patients with erythropoietin-associated hypertension. Int Urol Nephrol 1994; 26: 237–243. III

1140:

Okura Y, Oshima T, Yasunobu Y, Amano K, Mori M, Shinozaki K, Kajiyama G. Effect of erythropoietin treatment on blood pressure and intracellular cation concentrations in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Hypertens Res 1996; 19: 91–95. III

1141:

Shimada N, Saka S, Sekizuka K, Tanaka A, Takahashi Y, Nakamura T, Ebihara I, Koide H. Increased endothelin: nitric oxide ratio is associated with erythropoietin-induced hypertension in hemodialysis patients. Ren Fail 2003; 25: 569–578. III

1142:

Ishimitsu T, Tsukada H, Ogawa Y, Numabe A, Yagi S. Genetic predisposition to hypertension facilitates blood pressure elevation in hemodialysis patients treated with erythropoietin. Am J Med 1993; 94: 401–406. E-Ib

1143:

Miyashita K, Tojo A, Kimura K, Goto A, Omata M, Nishiyama K, Fujita T. Blood pressure response to erythropoietin injection in hemodialysis and predialysis patients. Hypertens Res 2004; 27: 79–84. III

1144:

Ohkubo M, Ishimitsu T, Kawaguchi T, Abe M, Yagi S. Efficacy and safety of long-term erythropoietin therapy in chronic hemodialysis patients with renal anemia. Jpn J Nephrol Nihon Jinzo Gakkai Shi 1993; 35: 171–177. Japanese. V

1145:

Du Y, Melchert HU, Schäfer-Korting M. Use of oral contraceptives in Germany: prevalence, determinants and use-associated health correlates. Results of National Health Surveys from 1984 to 1999. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2007; 134: 57–66. E-II

1146:

Hui KK. Hypertensive crisis induced by interaction of clonidine with imipramine. J Am Geriatr Soc 1983; 31: 164–165. V

1147:

Abo-Zena RA, Bobek MB, Dweik RA. Hypertensive urgency induced by an interaction of mirtazapine and clonidine. Pharmacotherapy 2000; 20: 476–478. V

1148:

Eisenhofer G, Rivers G, Rosas AL, Quezado Z, Manger WM, Pacak K. Adverse drug reactions in patients with phaeochromocytoma: incidence, prevention and management. Drug Saf 2007; 30: 1031–1062. VI

1149:

Feldman DR, Baum MS, Ginsberg MS, Hassoun H, Flombaum CD, Velasco S, Fischer P, Ronnen E, Ishill N, Patil S, Motzer RJ. PhaseI trial of bevacizumab plus escalated doses of sunitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 1432–1439. IVa

1150:

Dienstmann R, Braña I, Rodon J, Tabernero J. Toxicity as a biomarker of efficacy of molecular targeted therapies: focus on EGFR and VEGF inhibiting anticancer drugs. Oncologist 2011; 16: 1729–1740. VI

1151:

Sane DC, Anton L, Brosnihan KB. Angiogenic growth factors and hypertension. Angiogenesis 2004; 7: 193–201. VI

1152:

Izzedine H, Ederhy S, Goldwasser F, Soria JC, Milano G, Cohen A, Khayat D, Spano JP. Management of hypertension in angiogenesis inhibitor-treated patients. Ann Oncol 2009; 20: 807–815. VI