Abstract
This observational study of Japanese men without metabolic syndrome (MetS) (age: 41±8 years) was conducted to clarify whether or not heart rate elevation precedes the development of full-blown MetS. MetS was defined based on two modifications of the criteria of the Japanese Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Metabolic Syndrome. Premetabolic syndrome subjects were defined as those having one component of MetS with increased body mass index (BMI). Among the subjects without MetS (n=1,859 when the BMI criterion was ≥25 and n=2,020 when the BMI criterion was ≥27.5), the incidence of progression to full-blown MetS by the time of the second examination at the end of the 3-year study period was higher in the subjects with premetabolic syndrome than in those without it. The receiver-operator characteristic curve analysis and binary logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds ratio (OR) of a heart rate ≥69 beats/min at the first examination for progression to full-blown MetS by the time of the second examination was significant in subjects with premetabolic syndrome (BMI≥25: OR=3.64 [1.22–10.88]; BMI≥27.5: OR=3.67 [1.28–10.55]; p<0.05). Thus, heart rate elevation appears to precede the development of full-blown MetS in subjects with premetabolic syndrome. Heart rate seems to be a simple and useful marker for predicting the progression to full-blown MetS of middle-aged Japanese men with premetabolic syndrome.
Similar content being viewed by others
Article PDF
References
Grundy SM : Metabolic syndrome: connecting and reconciling cardiovascular and diabetes worlds. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 1093–1100.
Rutter MK, Meigs JB, Sullivan LM, D'Agostino RB Sr, Wilson PW : Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, and incident cardiovascular events in the Framingham Offspring Study. Diabetes 2005; 54: 3252–3257.
Lim HS, Lip GY, Beevers DG, Blann AD : Factors predicting the development of metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes against a background of hypertension. Eur J Clin Invest 2005; 35: 324–326.
Carnethon MR, Loria CM, Hill JO, Sidney S, Savage PJ, Liu K : Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study. Risk factors for the metabolic syndrome: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, 1985–2001. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 2707–2715.
McMillen IC, Robinson JS : Developmental origins of the metabolic syndrome: prediction, plasticity, and programming. Physiol Rev 2005; 85: 571–633.
Grassi G, Seravalle G : Autonomic imbalance and metabolic syndrome: unravelling interactions, mechanisms and outcomes. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 47–49.
Reaven GM, Lithell H, Landsberg L : Hypertension and associated metabolic abnormalities—the role of insulin resistance and the sympathoadrenal system. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 374–381.
Brook RD, Julius S : Autonomic imbalance, hypertension, and cardiovascular risk. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13: 112S–122S.
Palatini P, Benetos A, Grassi G, et al: European Society of Hypertension. Identification and management of the hypertensive patient with elevated heart rate: statement of a European Society of Hypertension Consensus Meeting. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 603–610.
Julius S : Effect of sympathetic overactivity on cardiovascular prognosis in hypertension. Eur Heart J 1998; 19 ( Suppl F): F14–F18.
Palatini P, Casiglia E, Pauletto P, Staessen J, Kaciroti N, Julius S : Relationship of tachycardia with high blood pressure and metabolic abnormalities: a study with mixture analysis in three populations. Hypertension 1997; 30: 1267–1273.
Grandi AM, Maresca AM, Giudici E, et al: Metabolic syndrome and morphofunctional characteristics of the left ventricle in clinically hypertensive nondiabetic subjects. Am J Hypertens 2006; 19: 199–205.
Tomiyama H, Koji Y, Yambe M, et al: Elevated C-reactive protein augments increased arterial stiffness in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Hypertension 2005; 45: 997–1003.
Yambe M, Tomiyama H, Yamada J, et al: Arterial stiffness and progression to hypertension in Japanese male subjects with high normal blood pressure. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 87–93.
Yamashina A, Tomiyama H, Takeda K, et al: Validity, reproducibility, and clinical significance of noninvasive brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity measurement. Hypertens Res 2002; 25: 359–364.
Tomiyama H, Hashimoto H, Hirayama Y, et al: Synergistic acceleration of arterial stiffening in the presence of raised blood pressure and raised plasma glucose. Hypertension 2006; 47: 180–188.
Tomiyama H, Hirayama Y, Hashimoto H, et al: The feects of changes in thye metabolic syndrome detection status on arterial stiffnening: a prospective study. Hypertens Res 2006; 29: 673–678.
Japan Atherosclerosis Society : Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases. Tokyo, Life Science Publishing, 2000, pp 4–21 ( in Japanese).
Japan Diabetes Society : Guidelines for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. J Jpn Diabetes Soc 1999; 42: 385–404 ( in Japanese).
Japanese Society of Hypertension : Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. Tokyo, Life Science Publishing, 2004, pp 14–21 ( in Japanese).
The Committee of Establishing the Definition of the Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome in Japan. Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 2005; 94: 188–203 ( in Japanese).
WHO : Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry, in: Report of a WHO Expert Consultation. WHO Technical Report Series Number 854. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1995.
WHO Expert Consultation : Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet 2004; 363: 157–163.
Grassi G, Esler MD : How to assess sympathetic activity in humans. J Hypertens 1999; 17: 719–734.
Zieman SJ, Melenovsky V, Kass DA : Mechanisms, pathophysiology, and therapy of arterial stiffness. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25: 1–12.
Grynberg A, Ziegler D, Rupp H : Sympathoadrenergic overactivity and lipid metabolism. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1996; 10 ( Suppl 1): 223–230.
Mansell PI, Macdonald IA : Underfeeding and the physiological responses to infused epinephrine in lean women. Am J Physiol 1989; 256 ( 3 Pt 2): R583–R589.
Masuo K, Mikami H, Ogihara T, Tuck ML : Sympathetic nerve hyperactivity precedes hyperinsulinemia and blood pressure elevation in a young, nonobese Japanese population. Am J Hypertens 1997; 10: 77–83.
Levy RL, Hillman CC, Stroud WD, White PD : Transient hypertension: its significance in terms of later depelopment of sustained hypertension and cardiovascular-renal diseases. JAMA 1944; 126: 829–833.
Davy KP : The global epidemic of obesity: are we becoming more sympathetic? Curr Hypertens Rep 2004; 6: 241–246.
Huggett RJ, Burns J, Mackintosh AF, Mary DA : Sympathetic neural activation in nondiabetic metabolic syndrome and its further augmentation by hypertension. Hypertension 2004; 44: 847–852.
Grassi G, Dell'Oro R, Quarti-Trevano F, et al: Neuroadrenergic and reflex abnormalities in patients with metabolic syndrome. Diabetologia 2005; 48: 1359–1365.
Lindgren K, Hagelin E, Hansen N, Lind L : Baroreceptor sensitivity is impaired in elderly subjects with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 143–150.
Haffner S : Diabetes and the metabolic syndrome—when is it best to intervene to prevent? Atheroscler Suppl 2006; 7: 3–10.
Ratner R, Goldberg R, Haffner S, et al, Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group: Impact of intensive lifestyle and metformin therapy on cardiovascular disease risk factors in the diabetes prevention program. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 888–894.
Foreyt JP : Need for lifestyle intervention: how to begin. Am J Cardiol 2005; 96 ( 4A): 11E–14E.
Kannel WB, Kannel C, Paffenbarger RS Jr, Cupples LA : Heart rate and cardiovascular mortality: the Framingham Study. Am Heart J 1987; 113: 1489–1494.
Hozawa A, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, et al: Prognostic value of home heart rate for cardiovascular mortality in the general population: the Ohasama study. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17 ( 11 Pt 1): 1005–1010.
Shamsuzzaman AS, Gersh BJ, Somers VK : Obstructive sleep apnea: implications for cardiac and vascular disease. JAMA 2003; 290: 1906–1914.
Pickering TG, Gerin W, Schwartz AR : What is the white-coat effect and how should it be measured? Blood Press Monit 2002; 7: 293–300.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tomiyama, H., Yamada, J., Koji, Y. et al. Heart Rate Elevation Precedes the Development of Metabolic Syndrome in Japanese Men: A Prospective Study. Hypertens Res 30, 417–426 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1291/hypres.30.417
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1291/hypres.30.417
Keywords
This article is cited by
-
Resting heart rate and risk of metabolic syndrome in adults: a dose–response meta-analysis of observational studies
Acta Diabetologica (2017)
-
Resting heart rate predicts metabolic syndrome in apparently healthy non-obese Japanese men
Acta Diabetologica (2014)
-
Effect of heart rate on the risk of developing metabolic syndrome
Hypertension Research (2009)