Abstract
At harvest traits such as seed weight are the sum of development and responses to stresses over the growing season and particularly during the reproductive phase of growth. The aim here was to measure quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying the seed weight from early development to drying post harvest. One hundred forty-three F5 derived recombinant inbred lines (RILs) developed from the cross of soybean cultivars ‘Charleston’ and ‘Dongnong 594’ were used for the analysis of QTL underlying mean 100-seed weight at six different developmental stages. QTL × Environment interactions (QE) were analyzed by a mixed genetic mode based on 3 years' data. At an experiment-wise threshold of a=0.05 and by single-point analysis 94 QTL unaffected by QE underlay the mean seed weight at different developmental stages. Sixty-eight QTL affected by QE that also underlay mean seed weight were identified. From the 162 QTL 42 could be located on 12 linkage groups by composite interval mapping (LOD>2.0). The numbers, locations and types of the QTL and the genetic effects were different at each developmental stage. On linkage group C2 the distantly linked QTL swC2-1, swC2-2 and swC2-3 each affected mean seed weight throughout the different developmental stages. The DNA markers linked to the QTL possessed potential for use in marker-assisted selection for soybean seed size. The identification of QTL with genetic main effects and QE interaction effects suggested that such interactions might significantly alter seed weight during seed development.
Similar content being viewed by others
Login or create a free account to read this content
Gain free access to this article, as well as selected content from this journal and more on nature.com
or
References
Allen FL (1994). Usefulness of plant genome mapping to plant breeding. In: Gresshoff P (ed). Plant Genome Analysis. CRC Press: Boca Raton, pp 11–18.
Atchley WR, Zhu J (1997). Developmental quantitative genetics, conditional epigenetic variability and growth in mice. Genetics 147: 765–776.
Basten CJ, Weir BS, Zeng ZB (1996). QTL Cartographer. North Carolina State University: NC.
Brim CA, Cockerham CC (1961). Inheritance of quantitative characters in soybean. Crop Sci 1: 187–190.
Burton JW (1987). Quantitative genetics: results relevant to soybean breeding. In: Wilcox JR (ed). Soybeans: Improvement, Production and Uses, 2nd edn. Agron. Monogr. 16. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA: Madison, WI, pp 211–247.
Cao G, Zhu J, He C, Gao Y, Yan J, Wu P (2001). Impact of epistasis and QTL × environment interaction on the developmental behavior of plant height in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Theor Appl Genet 103: 153–160.
Churchill RW, Doerge GA (1994). Empirical threshold values for quantitative trait mapping. Genetics 138: 963–971.
Cregan PB, Jarvik T, Bush AL (1999). An integrated genetic linkage map of the soybean genome. Crop Sci 39: 1464–1490.
Egli DB, Leggett JE, Cheniae A (1980). Carbohydrate levels in soybean leaves during reproductive growth. Crop Sci 20: 468–473.
Guldan SJ, Brun WA (1985). Relationship of cotyledon cell number and seed respiration to soybean seed growth. Crop Sci 25: 815–819.
Han Y, Teng W, Sun D, Du Y, Qiu L, Xu X et al. (2008). Impact of Epistasis and QTL × Environment Interaction on the Accumulation of Seed Mass of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Genetics Research (in press).
Hirshfield KM, Flannery RL, Dale J (1992). Cotyledon cell number and cell size in relation to seed size and seed yield of soybean. Plant Physiol 31: 395–400.
Hoeck JA, Fehr WR, Shoemaker RC, Welke GA, Johnson SL, Cianzio SR (2003). Molecular marker analysis of seed size in soybean. Crop Sci 43: 68–74.
Hyten DL, Pantalone VR, Sams CE, Saxton AM, Landau-Ellis D, Stefaniak TR et al. (2004). Seed quality QTL in a prominent soybean population. Theor Appl Genet 109: 552–561.
Li W, Sun D, Du Y, Zhang Z, Qiu L, Sun G (2007). Quantitative trait Loci underlying the development of seed composition in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Genome 50: 1067–1077.
Liu X, Herbert SJ, Baath K, Hashemi AM (2006). Soybean (Glycine max) seed growth characteristics in response to light enrichment and shading. Plant Soil Environ 52: 178–185.
Lu C, Shen L, Tan Z, Xu Y, He P, Chen Y et al. (1996). Comparative mapping of QTLs for agronomic traits of rice across environments using a doubled-haploid population. Theor Appl Genet 93: 1211–1217.
Ma XC, Caseella G, Wu RL (2002). Functional Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci Underlying the Character Process: A Theoretical Framework. Genetics 161: 1751–1762.
Mansur LM, Orf JH, Chase K, Jarvik T, Cregan PB, Lark KG (1996). Genetic mapping of agronomic traits using recombinant inbred lines of soybean. Crop Sci 36: 1327–1336.
Mian MAR, Bailey MA, Tamulonis JP, Shipe ER, Carter TE, Parrott JWA et al. (1996). Molecular markers associated with seed weight in two soybean populations. Theor Appl Genet 93: 1011–1016.
Panthee DR, Pantalone VR, West DR, Saxton AM, Sams CE (2005). Quantitative trait loci for seed protein and oil concentration and seed size in soybean. Crop Sci 45: 2015–2022.
Paterson AH, Damon S, Hewitt JD, Zamir D, Rabinowitch HD, Lincoln SE et al. (1991). Mendelian factors underlying quantitative traits in tomato: comparison across species, generations and environments. Genetics 127: 181–197.
Quebedeaux B, Sweetser PB, Rowell JC (1976). Abscisic acid levels in soybean reproductive structures during development. Plant Physiol 58: 363–366.
Sen S, Churchill GA (2001). A Statistical Framework for Quantitative Trait Mapping. Genetics 159: 371–387.
Stuber CW, Lincoln SE, Wolff DW, Helentjaris T, Lander ES (1992). Identification of genetic factors contributing to heterosis in a hybrid from two elite maize inbred lines using molecular markers. Genetics 132: 832–839.
Sun D, Li W, Zhang Z, Chen Q, Ning H, Qiu L et al. (2006). Quantitative trait loci analysis for the developmental behavior of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Theor Appl Genet 112: 665–673.
Tanksley SD (1993). Mapping polygenes. Annu Rev Genet 27: 205–233.
Veldboom LR, Lee M (1996). Genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci in maize in stress and nonstress environments: I. grain yield and yield components. Crop Sci 36: 1310–1319.
Vodkin LO, Khanna A, Shealy R, Clough SJ, Gonzalez DO, Philip R et al. (2004). Microarrays for global expression constructed with a low redundancy set of 27 500 sequenced cDNAs representing an array of developmental stages and physiological conditions of the soybean plant. BMC Genomics 5: 73.
Wang ZH, Wu RL (2004). A statistical model for high-resolution mapping of quantitative trait loci determining human HIV-1 dynamics. Stat Med 23: 3033–3051.
Wu J, Zhang B, Cui Y, Zhao W, Xu L, Huang M et al. (2007). Genetic mapping of developmental instability: design, model and algorithm. Genetics 176: 1187–1196.
Wu RL, Lin M (2006). Functional mapping: how to map and study the genetic architecture of dynamic complex traits. Nature Reviews Genetics 7: 229–237.
Wu W, Li W, Tang D, Lu H, Worland AJ (1999). Time-related mapping of quantitative trait loci underlying tiller number in rice. Genetics 151: 297–303.
Xin DW, Qiu HM, Shan DP, Shan CY, Liu CY, Hu GH et al. (2008). Analysis of quantitative trait loci underlying the period of reproductive growth stages in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.). Euphytica 162: 155–165.
Xu YB (1997). Quantitative trait loci: separating, pyramiding, and cloning. Plant Breed Rev 15: 85–139.
Yan J, Zhu J, He CX, Benmoussa M, Wu P (1998a). Molecular dissection of developmental behavior of plant height in rice (Oryza sativa L). Genetics 150: 1257–1265.
Yan JQ, Zhu J, He CX, Benmoussa M, Wu P (1998b). Quantitative trait loci analysis for the developmental behavior of tiller number in rice (Oryza stativa L). Theor Appl Genet 97: 267–274.
Yan W (2001). GGEbiplot—a windows application for graphical analysis of multi-environment trial data and other types of two-way data. Agron J 93: 1111–1117.
Ye Z, Lu Z, Zhu J (2003). Genetic analysis for developmental behavior of some seed quality traits in upland cotton. Euphytica 129: 183–191.
Zeng ZB (1993). Theoretical basis for separation of multiple linked gene effects in mapping quantitative trait loci. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 10972–10976.
Zeng ZB (1994). Precision mapping of quantitative trait loci. Genetics 140: 745–754.
Zhang WK, Wang YJ, Luo GZ, Zhang JS, He CY, Wu XL et al. (2004). QTL mapping of ten agronomic traits on the soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) genetic map and their association with EST markers. Theor Appl Genet 108: 1131–1139.
Zhu J (1995). Analysis of conditional genetic effects and variance components in developmental genetics. Genetics 141: 1633–1639.
Zhu J (1998). Mixed model appraoches for mapping quantitative trait loci. Heredi (Bejing) 20 (Suppl): 137–138.
Zhu J, Weir BS (1996). Diallel analysis for sex-linked and maternal effects. Theor Appl Genet 92: 1–9.
Zhuang JY, Lin HX, Lu J, Qian HR, Hittalmani S, Huang N et al. (1997). Analysis of QTL × environment interaction for yield components and plant height in rice. Theor Appl Genet 95: 799–808.
Acknowledgements
This study was conducted in the Soybean Research Institute (Chinese Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology, Northeast Agricultural University and financially supported by National 863 Projects (contract no. 2006AA100104-4 and 2006AA10Z1F1), National 973 Project (2004CB117203-4) and National Nature Foundation Programs (30490250-1-1, 30671318). The provision of soybean materials by Dr Randall L Nelson and the provision of statistical software by Dr Jun Zhu were gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Teng, W., Han, Y., Du, Y. et al. QTL analyses of seed weight during the development of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Heredity 102, 372–380 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2008.108
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2008.108
Keywords
This article is cited by
-
QTL mapping for soybean (Glycine max L.) leaf chlorophyll-content traits in a genotyped RIL population by using RAD-seq based high-density linkage map
BMC Genomics (2020)
-
Genome-wide association study of soybean seed germination under drought stress
Molecular Genetics and Genomics (2020)
-
Genome-wide associations and epistatic interactions for internode number, plant height, seed weight and seed yield in soybean
BMC Genomics (2019)
-
Different loci associated with root and foliar resistance to sudden death syndrome (Fusarium virguliforme) in soybean
Theoretical and Applied Genetics (2019)
-
Construction of a high-density genetic map and mapping of QTLs for soybean (Glycine max) agronomic and seed quality traits by specific length amplified fragment sequencing
BMC Genomics (2018)
