Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

Advertisement

Eye
  • View all journals
  • Search
  • Log in
  • Explore content
  • About the journal
  • Publish with us
  • Sign up for alerts
  • RSS feed
  1. nature
  2. eye
  3. rcophth eponymous lectures
  4. article
Pathogenesis of retinal pigment epithelial detachment in the elderly; the relevance of Bruch's membrane change
Download PDF
Download PDF
  • RCOphth Eponymous Lectures
  • Published: 01 January 1991

Doyne Lecture

Pathogenesis of retinal pigment epithelial detachment in the elderly; the relevance of Bruch's membrane change

  • A C Bird1 

Eye volume 5, pages 1–12 (1991)Cite this article

  • 1134 Accesses

  • 69 Citations

  • Metrics details

Article PDF

References

  1. Doyne RW : A peculiar condition of choroiditis occurring in several members of the same family. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1899, 19: 17.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Doyne RW : A note on family choroiditis. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1910, 30: 93–5.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Sorsby A : Reports on Public Health and Medical subjects. London HMSO 1966.

  4. Kahn HA and Moorhead HB : Statistics on Blindness in the Model Reporting Area 1969–70. United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare Publication No. (NIH) 73–27. Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office, 1973.

  5. Ghafour M, Allan D, Foulds WS : Common causes of blindness and visual handicap in the West of Scotland. Br J Ophthalmol 1983, 67: 209–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Leibowitz H, Krueger DE, Maunder LR, et al: The Framingham Eye Study Monograph; an ophthalmological and epidemiological study of cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration and visual acuity in a general population of 2631 adults, 1973–75. Surv Ophthalmol 1984, 25: 335–610.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Grey RHB, Burns-Cox CJ, Hughes A : Blind and partially sighted registration in Avon. Br J Ophthalmol 1989, 73: 988–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Thompson JR and Rosenthal AR : Recent trends in the registration of blindness and partial sight in Leicester. Br J Ophthalmol 1989, 73: 95–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Macular Photocoagulation Group: Argon laser photocoagulation for senile macular degeneration: results of a randomized clinical trial. Arch Ophthalmol 1982, 100: 1347–57.

  10. Coscas G et Soubranne G : Photocoagulation des neovaisaux souretiens dans le degenerescence maculaire senile par laser a argon. Resultas d'une edute randomisee de 60 cas. Bull Mem Soc Fr Ophtalmol 1982, 94: 149–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Moorfields Macular Study Group: Treatment of senile macular degeneration; a single blind randomised trial by argon laser photocoagulation. Br J Ophthalmol 1982, 66: 745–53.

  12. Gass JDM : Pathogenesis of disciform detachment of the neuro-epithelium. 3. Senile disciform macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 1967, 63: 617–44.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Moorfields Macular Study Group: Retinal pigment epithelial detachments in the elderly: a controlled trial of argon laser photocoagulation. Br J Ophthalmol 1982, 66: 1–16.

  14. Chisholm IH : The recurrence of neovascularization and late failure in senile disciform lesions. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1983, 103: 354–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Macular Photocoagulation Group: Argon laser photocoagulation for neovascular maculopathy: three year results for randomized clinical trials. Arch Ophthalmol 1986, 224: 493–501.

  16. Gass J : Drusen and disciform macular detachment and degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 1973, 90: 206–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hogan MJ and Alvarado J : Studies on the human macula. IV. Aging changes in Bruch's membrane. Arch Ophthalmol 1967, 77: 410–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Sarks SH : Ageing and degeneration in the macular region: A clinico-pathological study. Br J Ophthalmol 1976, 60: 324–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Green WR and Key SN : Senile macular degeneration: a histopathological study. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1977, 75: 180–250.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Feeney-Burns L and Ellersieck M : Age-related changes in the ultrastructure of Bruch's membrane. Am J Ophthalmol 1985, 100: 686–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Penfold PL, Killingsworth MC, Sarks SH : Senile macular degeneration: The involvement of giant cells in atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. Investment Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1986, 27: 364–71.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Foulds WS : Cinical Significance of Trans-Scleral Fluid Transfer. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1976, 96: 290–308.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Gass JDM : Pathogenesis of tears of the retinal pigment epithelium. Br J Ophthalmol 1984, 68: 513–19.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Casswell AG, Kohen D, Bird AC : Retinal pigment epithelial detachments in the elderly: classification and outcome. Br J Ophthalmol 1985, 69: 397–403.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Hoskin A, Bird AC, Sehmi KS : Tears of detached retinal pigment epithelium. Br J Ophthalmol 1981, 65: 417–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Bird AC and Marshall J : Retinal pigment epithelial detachments in the elderly. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1986, 105: 674–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Tsuboi S : Measurement of the volume flow and hydraulic conductivity across the isolated dog retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1987, 28: 1776–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Fisher RF : The influence of age on some ocular basement membranes. Eye 1987, 1: 184–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Loffler KU and Lee WR : Basal linear deposits in the human macula. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1986, 224: 493–501.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Spencer WH : Symposium: Macular Diseases, Pathogenesis: Light microscopy. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol 1965, 69: 662–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Hogan MJ : Symposium: Macular Diseases, Pathogenesis: Electron Microscopy of Bruch's Membrane. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol 1965, 69: 683–90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Sarks SH : Ageing and degeneration in the macular region: A clinico-pathological study. Br J Ophthalmol 1976, 60: 324–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Farkas T, Sylvester V, Archer D, Altona M : The Histochemistry of Drusen. Am J Ophthalmol 1971, 71: 1206–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Pauleikhoff D, Harper CA, Marshall J, Bird AC : Aging changes in Bruch's membrane: a histochemical and morphological study. Ophthalmology 1990, 97: 171–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Bird AC, Pauliekhoff D, Olver J, Maguire J, Sheriadah G, Marshall J : Correlation of choriocapillaris and Bruch's membrane change with aging. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (Suppl) 1990, 31: 47.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Pascall JC and Ackman RG : Origin of di-iosbutyl phthalate A contaminant mimicking nonadedenoic acid in fatty acids of egg membrane lipids. Comp Biochem Physiol 1974, 53: 111–3.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Graham PR : Phthalate ester plasticisers—why and how they are used. Environ Health Per spec 1973, 3: 3–12.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Mayer FL, Stalling DL, Johnson JL : Phthalate esters as environmental contaminants. Nature 1972, 238: 411–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Daun H and Gilbert SG : Migration of plasticizers from poly vinyl chloride packaging films to meat. J Fd Sci 1977, 42: 561–2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. McCollister DD : Toxicological research appropirate to the development of plastic package for food. Food cosmet Toxicol 1964, 2: 23–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Hodge HC : Acute toxicity for rats and mice of 2 ethylhexyl and 2 ethylhexyl phthalate. Proc Soc Exper Biol Med 1943, 53: 20–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Carpenter CP, Weil CS, Smyth HF : Chronic oral toxicity of Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate for rats, guinea pigs and dogs. Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 1953, 8: 219–26.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Daniel JW and Bratt H : The absorption, metabolism and tissue distribution of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in rats. Toxicol 1974, 2: 51–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Peck CC, Albro PW : Toxic potential of the plasticiser di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in the context of its disposition and metabolism in primates and man. Environ Health Perspect 1982, 45: 11–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Bergman K and Albanus L : Di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate: absorption, autoradiographic distribution and elimination in mice and rats. Food Chem Toxicol 1987, 25: 309–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Bell FP and Nazir DJ : Effect of Dietary Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate on lipid biosynthesis in selected tissues from the rat, in vitro. Lipids 1976, 11: 216–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Bell FP, Patt CS, Brundage B, Gillies PJ, Phillips WA : Studies on lipid biosynthesis and cholesterol content of liver and serum lipoproteins in rats fed various phthalate esters. Lipids 1978, 13: 66–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Bell FP : Effect of the plasticizer Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (Dioctyladipate, DOA) on lipid metabolism in the rat: Inhibition of cholersterolgenesis and modification of phospholipid synthesis. Lipids 1983, 18: 211–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Ganning AE, Olsson MJ, Elhammer A, Daliner G : The influence of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on protein turnover in rat liver. Toxicol Letters 1989, 48: 185–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Mitchell FE, Bridges JW, Hinton RH : Effects of mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and its straight chain analogues mono-n-hexylphthalate and mono-n-octyl phthalate on lipid metabolism in isolated hepatocytes. Biochem pharmacol 1986, 35: 2941–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Albro PW, Chapin RE, Corbett JT, Schroeder J, Phelps JL : Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, metabolite of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, causally linked to testicular atrophy in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1989, 100: 193–200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Overturf ML, Druilhet RE, Leihr JG, Kirkendall WM, Caprioli RM : Phthalate esters in normal and pathological human kidneys. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1979, 22: 536–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Dunnil MS, Millard PR, Oliver D : Acuqired cystic disease of the kidney: a hazard of long-term intermittent haemdialysis. J Clin Pathol 1977, 30: 868–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Crocker JF, Safe SH, Acott P : Effects of chronic phthalate exposure on the kidney. J Toxicol Environ Health 1988, 23: 433–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Chuang EL and Bird AC : Bilaterality of tears of the retinal pigment epithelium. Br J Ophthalmol 1988, 72: 918–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Chuang EL and Bird AC : The pathogenesis of tears of the retinal pigment epithelium. Am J Ophthalmol 1988, 105: 185–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Pauleikhoff D, Barondes MJ, Minnassian D, Chisholm IH, Bird AC : Drusen as a risk factor in age related macular disease. Am J Ophthalmol 1990, 109: 38–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Hutchinson J and Tay W : Symmetrical central chorio-retinal disease occurring in senile persons. Roy Lond Ophthalmol Hosp Rep 1875, 83: 275–85.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Coffrey AJH and Brownstein S : The prevalence of macular drusen in postmortem eyes. Am J Ophthalmol 1986, 102: 164–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Barondes M, Pauleikhoff D, Chisholm IH, Minnassian D, Bird AC . Bilaterality of Drusen: Br J Ophthalmol 1990, 74: 180–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Schoeppner G, Chuang EL, Bird AC : Retinal pigment epithelial tears: risk to the second eye. Am J Ophthalmol 1989, 108: 683–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Gregor Z, Bird AC, Chisholm IH : Senile disciform macular degeneration in the second eye. Br J Ophthalmol 1977, 61: 141–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Bressler SB, Bressler NM, Fine SL, Hillis A, Murphy RP, Olk BJ, Patz A : Natural course of choroidal neovascular membranes with the foveal avascular zone in senile macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 1983, 93: 157–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Sarks SH : Aging and degeneration in the macular region: A clinico-pathological study. Br J Ophthalmol 1976, 60: 324–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Sarks SH : Changes in the region of the choriocapillaris in aging and degeneration. 23rd Concilium Ophthalmol, Kyoto 1978: 228–38.

  66. Sarks SH, Sarks J, Killingsworth C : Evolution of geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. Eye 1988, 2: 552–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Tso MOM : Pathogenetic factors of aging macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 1985, 92: 628–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Olver J, Pauleikhoff D, Bird AC : Morphometric analysis of age changes in the choriocapillaris. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (Suppl) 1990, 31: 47.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Hoskin A, Sehmi K, Bird AC : Sorsby's pseudo-inflammatory macular dystrophy. Br J Ophthalmol 1981, 65: 859–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Capon M, Polkinghorne PJ, Bird AC : Sorsby's pseudo-inflammatory dystrophy—Sorsby's fundus dystrophy. Eye 1988, 2: 114–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Polkinghorne PJ, Capon MR, Berninger TA, Lyness AL, Sehmi K, Bird AC : Sorsby's fundus dystrophy: A clinical study. Ophthalmology 1989, 96: 1763–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Capon MRC, Marshall J, Kraft JI, Alexander RA, Hiscott PS, Bird AC : Sorsby's fundus dystrophy: a light and electron microscopic study. Ophthalmology 1989, 96: 1769–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Foulds WS, Lee WR, Taylor WOG : Clinical and pathological aspects of choroidal ischaemia. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1971, 91: 325–41.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Van Buskirk EM, Lessell S, Friedman E : Pigment epitheliopathy and erythema nodosum. Arch Ophthalmol 1971, 85: 369–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Gaudric A, Coscas G, Bird AG : Choroidal ischemia. Am J Ophthalmol 1982, 94: 489–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Paulcikhoff D, Chen JC, Chisholm IH, Bird AC : Choroidal Perfusion abnormalities in age related macular disease. Am J Ophthalmol 1990, 109, 211–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Chen JC, Fitzke FW, Pauleikhoff D, Bird AC : Functional loss in age related Bruchs membrane change with choroidal perfusion defect. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (In press).

  78. Sunness JS, Massof RW, Johnson MA, Finkelstein D, Fine SL : Peripheral retinal function in age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 1985, 103: 811–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Sunness JS, Johnson MA, Massof RW, Marcus S : Retinal sensitivity over drusen and nondrusen areas. A study using fundus perimetry. Arch Ophthalmol 1988, 106: 1081–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Meves H : Die pathologisch-anatomischen gefass-veranderungen des auges bie der beningen und malingen nephrosklerose. Graefes Arch Ophthalmol 1948, 168: 287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Friedman E, Smith TR, Kuwabara T : Senile choroidal vascular patterns and drusen. Arch Ophthalmol 1963, 69: 220–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Friedman E, Smith TR, Kuwabara T, Beyer CK : Choroidal vascular patterns in hypertension. Arch Ophthalmol 1964, 71: 842–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Tso MOM, Bettman JW : Occlusion of the choriocapillaris in primary nonfamilial amyloidosis. Arch Ophthalmol 1971, 86: 281–86.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Bok D : Retinal photoreceptor-pigment epithelium interactions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1985, 26: 1659–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Hewitt TA, Nakazawa K, Newsome DA : Analysis of newly synthesized Bruch's membrane proteoglycans. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1989, 30: 478–86.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Korte GE, Repucci V, Henkind: RPE destruction causes choriocapilary atrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1984, 25: 1135–45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Glaser BM, Campochiaro PA, Davies JL, Sato M : Retinal pigment epithelial cells release an inhibitor of neovascularization. Arch Ophthalmol 1985, 103: 1870–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Farkas T, Sylvester V, Archer D : The ultrastructure of drusen. Am J Ophthalmol 1971, 71: 1196–205.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Hogan MJ : Role of the retinal pigment epithelium in macular disease. Trans Amer Acad Otolaryngol Ophthalmol 1972, 76: 64–80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Grindle CFJ and Marshall J : Aging changes in Bruch's membrane and their functional implications. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1978, 98: 172–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Shichi H : Microsomal electron transfer system in bovine retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res 1969, 8: 60–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Shichi H, Atlas SA, Nebert DW : Genetically regulated aryl hydroxylase induction in the eye: possible significance of drug-metabolizing enzyme system in the retinal pigment epithelium-choroid. Exp Eye Res 1976; 21: 557–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Hayasaki S, Hara S, Mizuno K : Distribution and some properties of cathepsin D in the retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res 1975, 24: 307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Hayasaki S, Hara S, Mizuno K : Distribution of acid lipase in the bovine retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res 1977, 24: 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Hayasaki S, Shiono T, Hara S, Mizuno K : Regional distribution of lysosomal enzymes in the retina and choroid of human eyes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1981, 216: 269–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Stramm LE, Desnick RJ, Hoskins ME, Agguire GD : Aryl sulphatase B activity in cat retinal pigment epithelium. Regional studies in feline muco-polysaccharidosis VI. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1986, 27: 1050–57.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Cabral L, Unger W, Boulton M, Lightfoot R, McKechnie N, Grierson I, Marshall J : Regional distribution of lysosomal enzymes in the canine retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1990, 31: 670–676.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Wilcox D : Extracellular release of acid hydrolases from cultured retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1987, 28: 6–11.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Yamada T, Hara S, Tamai M : Immunohistochemical localization of Cathepsin D in ocular tissue. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1990, 31: 1217–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Burns RP, Feeney-Burns L : Clinico-morphological correlations of drusen and Bruch's membrane. Tr Am Ophthalmol Soc 1980, 78: 206–25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Ishibashi T, Sorgente N, Patterson R, Ryan SJ : Pathogenesis of drusen in the primate. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1986, 27: 184–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Rungger-Branche E, Englert U, Leuenberger PM : Exocytic clearing of degraded membrane material from pigment epithelial cells in frog retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1988, 28: 2026–37.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Feeney-Burns L, Gao Chun Lan, Tidwell M : Lysosomal enzyme cytochemistry of human RPE, Bruch's membrane and drusen. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1987, 28: 1138–47.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Reme C : Autophagy in visual cells and pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1977, 16: 807–14.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Newsome DA, Swartz M, Leone NC, Elston RC, Miller E : Oral Zinc in Macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 1988, 106: 192–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Weiter JJ : Macular Degeneration. Is there a nutritional component? Arch Ophthalmol 1988, 106: 183–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. London

    A C Bird

Authors
  1. A C Bird
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

These studies were supported in part by MRC and The Wellcome Trust.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bird, A. Pathogenesis of retinal pigment epithelial detachment in the elderly; the relevance of Bruch's membrane change. Eye 5, 1–12 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.1991.2

Download citation

  • Issue Date: 01 January 1991

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.1991.2

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

This article is cited by

  • Blue-light fundus autofluorescence imaging of pigment epithelial detachments

    • Almut Bindewald-Wittich
    • Joanna Dolar-Szczasny
    • Frank G. Holz

    Eye (2023)

  • Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

    • Michael Karampelas
    • Panagiotis Malamos
    • Dimitrios Brouzas

    Ophthalmology and Therapy (2020)

  • Retinal Pigment Epithelium Tear

    • Aleksandra V. Rachitskaya
    • Raquel Goldhardt

    Current Ophthalmology Reports (2015)

Download PDF

Advertisement

Explore content

  • Research articles
  • Reviews & Analysis
  • News & Comment
  • Current issue
  • Collections
  • Follow us on Twitter
  • Sign up for alerts
  • RSS feed

About the journal

  • Journal Information
  • Open Access Fees and Funding
  • About the Editors
  • Special Issues
  • About the Partner
  • EYE Covers
  • Contact
  • For Advertisers
  • Subscribe

Publish with us

  • For Authors & Referees
  • Language editing services
  • Submit manuscript

Search

Advanced search

Quick links

  • Explore articles by subject
  • Find a job
  • Guide to authors
  • Editorial policies

Eye (Eye) ISSN 1476-5454 (online) ISSN 0950-222X (print)

nature.com sitemap

About Nature Portfolio

  • About us
  • Press releases
  • Press office
  • Contact us

Discover content

  • Journals A-Z
  • Articles by subject
  • protocols.io
  • Nature Index

Publishing policies

  • Nature portfolio policies
  • Open access

Author & Researcher services

  • Reprints & permissions
  • Research data
  • Language editing
  • Scientific editing
  • Nature Masterclasses
  • Research Solutions

Libraries & institutions

  • Librarian service & tools
  • Librarian portal
  • Open research
  • Recommend to library

Advertising & partnerships

  • Advertising
  • Partnerships & Services
  • Media kits
  • Branded content

Professional development

  • Nature Careers
  • Nature Conferences

Regional websites

  • Nature Africa
  • Nature China
  • Nature India
  • Nature Italy
  • Nature Japan
  • Nature Middle East
  • Privacy Policy
  • Use of cookies
  • Legal notice
  • Accessibility statement
  • Terms & Conditions
  • Your US state privacy rights
Springer Nature

© 2024 Springer Nature Limited