Ovarian carcinoma is the fourth most common cancer for women in Republic of Ireland, with an average of 361 cases per year.1 The association with germline mutations in BRCA1/2 genes in non-mucinous ovarian cancer risk is well established.2 Determining the BRCA status of ovarian cancer patients has important prognostic and therapeutic implications for individual patients.3 The frequency of BRCA1/2 germline mutations in non-mucinous ovarian carcinoma is estimated at 14–15%,2 with previous studies finding a higher rate of 16.6% in serous ovarian carcinoma and 17.1% in high-grade serous carcinoma.3 Family history has been shown not to be sufficiently accurate to predict mutation status.2, 3 In Ireland, as in most European countries, and the United States, the current recommendation is that patients with a family history of breast/ovarian cancer should be offered full mutation screening of the BRCA1/2 genes as appropriate following the assessment by a clinical genetics service.4
The landscape of germline mutation status testing is rapidly evolving. BRCA1/2 genes were merely discovered in the early 1990 s, however in 2016, the genes are known to have important prognostic and therapeutic implications, most notably with Inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP inhibitors), such as olaparib showing antitumour activity in cancer associated with the BRCA1/2 mutation.5 The NCCN guidelines have been updated to recommend PARP inhibitors in patients with germline BRCA1/2 mutations.6 In some health-care systems, for example, in Austria7 and in Ontario, Canada,8 BRCA1/2 germline mutation testing is offered for all non-mucinous or serous epithelial carcinoma.
Hoberg-Vetti et al.,9 in EJHG September 2015, detailed the high acceptability of germline mutation status testing to patients, and further recommended germline BRCA1/2 testing in all patients with epithelial ovarian cancer owing to the high prevalence of pathogenic BRCA1/2 variants in this group.
As a result, we anticipate germline mutation status testing in serous epithelial ovarian carcinoma will soon be recommended as routine internationally, and attempted to quantify the impact such a recommendation may bear on Irish oncology and genetic services.
A single centre experience of BRCA1/2 germline mutation testing in ovarian carcinoma
In a large Irish tertiary referral centre, Cork University Hospital, over a 12-month period, January–December 2014, we identified patients with ovarian cancer, excluding cases of borderline, germ cell and sarcomatoid tumours. A total of 71 patients were identified, all females with a mean age of 58 years (range; 22–85 years). Seventy-six per cent of patients (54/71) had non-mucinous epithelial ovarian carcinoma and 24% (17/71) of patients had non-epithelial/mucinous ovarian carcinomas. Fourteen per cent (10/71) were investigated for germline BRCA1/2 mutations and 50% of these cases are confirmed positive for germline BRCA1/2 mutations.
Therefore, with the current recommendation of family history as the gateway to entry to the genetic testing pathway, we have a high positive test rate (50%); that is, family history tends to correctly identify those most likely to carry BRCA1/2 germline mutations. However, were all non-mucinous epithelial tumours eligible for testing, 45 more patients in our centre would have been tested, and with a 14% positive test rate, this may have identified a further six to seven patients with germline mutations of the BRCA1/2 genes.
National and international implications
If these data were extrapolated to apply to all cases in Ireland, of 361 cases (the yearly average), this may result in a further 274 cases eligible for testing per year, with ~38 more patients identified with BRCA1/2 mutations per year in Ireland.
In Ireland, as would be the case in many European countries, this has great implications for genetic service provision. Not only will increased resources for laboratory testing be required, but greater resources will be required to ensure training of expertise in genetics and genetic counselling, especially with regard to interpretation of variance of uncertain significance.
Alternative models for genetic counselling are rapidly being developed, such as telephone counselling,10 and we recommend that patients with ovarian carcinoma are included in newer pathways to allow for easier access to genetic information and psychological support.
In summary, we anticipate a surge in demand for genetics services, including genetic counselling, in the coming years and advise that health-care systems address this anticipated demand in resource planning.
References
National Cancer Registry (2015). Cancer in Ireland 1994–2013: Annual Report of the National Cancer Registry. NCR, Cork, Ireland.
Pal T, Permuth-Wey J, Betts JA et al: BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations account for a large proportion of ovarian carcinoma cases. Cancer 2005; 104: 2807–2816.
Alsop K, Fereday S, Meldrum C et al BRCA mutation–positive women with ovarian cancer: a report from the Australian Ovarian Cancer Study Group. J Cancer Oncol 2012; 30: 2654–2663 (Author Correction J Cancer Oncol 2012; 30: 4180).
National Centre for Medical Genetics; Document Number: DOC453, Revision Number 6, Familial Breast/Ovarian Cancer (BRCA1 OMIM #113705, BRCA2 OMIM #600185), Our Lady’s Hospital for Sick Children, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland. Copyright 2003–2016.
Fong PC, Boss DS, Yap TA et al: Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in tumors from BRCA mutation carriers. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 123–134.
NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines); Ovarian Cancer Including Fallopian Tube Cancer and Primary Peritoneal Cancer, Version 2.2015. Available at: www.NCCN.org.
Marth C, Hubalek M, Petru E et al: AGO Austria recommendations for genetic testing of patients with ovarian cancer. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2015; 127: 652–654.
Panchal SM, Ennis M, Canon S, Bordeleau LJ : Selecting a BRCA risk assessment model for use in a familial cancer clinic. BMC Med Genet 2008; 9: 116.
Hoberg-Vetti H, Bjorvatn C, Fiane BE et al: BRCA1/2 testing in newly diagnosed breast and ovarian cancer patients without prior genetic counselling: the DNA-BONus study. Eur J Hum Genet 2016; 24: 881–888.
Cohen SA, Marvin ML, Riley BD, Vig HS, Rousseau JA, Gustafson SL : Identification of genetic counseling service delivery models in practice: a report from the NSGC Service Delivery Model Task Force. J Genet Couns 2013; 22: 411–421.
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Coakley, M., Cleary, V., Power, N. et al. BRCA1/2 germline testing in non-mucinous epithelial ovarian carcinoma: changing international practice and implications for service provision. Eur J Hum Genet 25, 167–168 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2016.138
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2016.138
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