Abstract
Diabetes, a major lifestyle disorder, has become a global burden, and the prevalence rates are rising steeply in developing economies. Rapid socioeconomic transition with urbanization and industrialization are the main causes for the global diabetes epidemic. Among developing economies, the highest increase in number of people with diabetes is in China followed by India. In India, the epidemic of diabetes continue to increase and is experiencing a shift in diabetes prevalence from urban to rural areas, the affluent to the less privileged and from older to younger people. Diabetes is a progressive disorder leading to complications, which are broadly divided into small vessel or microvascular disease and large vessel or macrovascular disease. Microvascular complications affect the inner part of the eye—the retina known as diabetic retinopathy, the kidney termed as diabetic nephropathy and the peripheral nerves termed as diabetic neuropathy. The macrovascular complications affect the heart, the brain and the peripheral arteries termed as cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease, respectively. Given the lifelong expenditure associated with diabetes and its complications, individuals, families and the society are unable to cope with the economic, emotional and social disease burden due to diabetes. The economic burden of diabetes can be reduced by providing universal healthcare coverage, access to affordable medicines and early detection and treatment of the disorder. This emphasizes the need for a multi-prolonged strategy to minimize the burden of diabetes and its complications.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$259.00 per year
only $21.58 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on SpringerLink
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
International Diabetes Federation IDF Diabetes Atlas, 7 edn. International Diabetes Federation: Brussels, Belgium, 2015.
Anjana RM, Pradeepa R, Deepa M, Datta M, Sudha V, Unnikrishnan R et al. ICMR–INDIAB Collaborative Study Group. Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) in urban and rural India: phase I results of the Indian Council of Medical Research-INdia DIABetes (ICMR-INDIAB) study. Diabetologia 2011; 54: 3022–3027.
Zabetian A, Sanchez IM, Narayan KM, Hwang CK, Ali MK . Global rural diabetes prevalence: a systematic review and meta-analysis covering 1990-2012. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 104: 206–213.
Rahman S, Rahman T, Ismail AA, Rashid AR . Diabetes-associated macrovasculopathy: pathophysiology and pathogenesis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2007; 9: 767–780.
Anjana RM, Ali MK, Pradeepa R, Deepa M, Datta M, Unnikrishnan R et al. The need for obtaining accurate nationwide estimates of diabetes prevalence in India - rationale for a national study on diabetes. Indian J Med Res 2011; 133: 369–380.
International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes Atlas. International Diabetes Federation: Brussels, Belgium, 2000.
Allgot B, Gan D, King H, Lefebvre P, Mbanya JC, Silink M et al Diabetes Atlas. International Diabetes Federation: Brussels, Belgium, 2003.
Sicree R, Shaw J, Zimmet P Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. In: Gan D (ed). Diabetes Atlas, 3rd edn. International Diabetes Federation: Brussels, Belgium, 2006, pp 15–103.
Unwin N, Whiting D, Gan D, Jacqmain O, Ghyoot G Diabetes Atlas, 4th edn. International Diabetes Federation: Brussels, Belgium, 2009; pp 1–27.
International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 5th edn. International Diabetes Federation: Brussels, Belgium, 2011.
International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 6th edn. International Diabetes Federation: Brussels, Belgium, 2013.
Chakravarthy A . A study of diabetes and its treatment with special reference to Bengalees and their diet. Indian Med Rec 1938; 58: 65.
Datta SN, Prasad BG, Jain SP . An epidemiological study of diabetes mellitus in defence population in Lucknow Cantonment. J Indian Med Assoc 1973; 61: 23–27.
Deepa M, Grace M, Binukumar B, Pradeepa R, Roopa S, Khan HM et al. CARRS Surveillance Research Group. High burden of prediabetes and diabetes in three large cities in South Asia: The Center for cArdio-metabolic Risk Reduction in South Asia (CARRS) Study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2015; 110: 172–182.
Ahuja MMS . Epidemiological studies on diabetes mellitus in India Ahuja MMS (ed) Epidemiology of Diabetes in Developing Countries. Interprint: New Delhi, India, 1979; 29–38.
Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Kapur A, Vijay V, Mohan V et al. High prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in India: National Urban Diabetes Survey. Diabetologia 2001; 44: 1094–1101.
Sadikot SM, Nigam A, Das S, Bajaj S, Zargar AH, Prasannakumar KM et al. The burden of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in India using the WHO 1999 criteria: prevalence of diabetes in India study (PODIS). Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2004; 66: 301–307.
Mohan V, Mathur P, Deepa R, Deepa M, Shukla DK, Menon GR et al. Urban rural differences in prevalence of self-reported diabetes in India–the WHO-ICMR Indian NCD risk factor surveillance. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008; 80: 159–168.
Ajay VS, D Prabhakaran D, Jeemon P, Thankappan KR, Mohan V, Ramakrishnan L et al. Prevalence and determinants of diabetes mellitus in the Indian industrial population. Diabet Med 2008; 25: 1187–1194.
Anjana RM, Pradeepa R, Deepa M, Datta M, Sudha V, Unnikrishnan R et al. The Indian Council of Medical Research-India Diabetes (ICMR-INDIAB) study: methodological details. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2011; 5: 906–914.
Mohan V, Deepa M, Deepa R, Shanthirani CS, Farooq S, Ganesan A et al. Secular trends in the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in urban South India—the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES-17). Diabetologia 2006; 49: 1175–1178.
Xu Y, Wang L, He J, Bi Y, Li M, Wang T et al. 2010 China Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance Group. Prevalence and control of diabetes in Chinese adults. JAMA 2013; 310: 948–959.
Chowdhury MA, Uddin MJ, Khan HM, Haque MR . Type 2 diabetes and its correlates among adults in Bangladesh: a population based study. BMC Public Health 2015; 15: 1070.
Katulanda P, Constantine GR, Mahesh JG, Sheriff R, Seneviratne RD, Wijeratne S et al. Prevalence and projections of diabetes and pre-diabetes in adults in Sri Lanka–Sri Lanka Diabetes, Cardiovascular Study (SLDCS). Diabet Med 2008; 25: 1062–1069.
Mohan V, Deepa M, Anjana RM, Lanthorn H, Deepa R . Incidence of diabetes and pre-diabetes in a selected urban south Indian population (CUPS-19). J Assoc Physicians India 2008; 56: 152–157.
Anjana RM, Shanthi Rani CS, Deepa M, Pradeepa R, Sudha V, Divya Nair H et al. Incidence of diabetes and prediabetes and predictors of progression among Asian Indians: 10-year follow-up of the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES). Diabetes Care 2015; 38: 1441–1448.
Deshpande AD, Harris-Hayes M, Schootman M . Epidemiology of diabetes and diabetes-related complications. Phys Ther 2008; 88: 1254–1264.
Rema M, Ponnaiya M, Mohan V . Prevalence of retinopathy in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus at a diabetes centre in Southern India. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1996; 34: 29–36.
Pradeepa R, Prabu AK, Jebarani S, Subhashini S, Mohan V . Use of a large diabetes electronic medical record system in India: clinical and research applications. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2011; 5: 543–552.
Dandona L, Dandona R, Naduvilath TJ, McCarty CA, Rao GN . Population based assessment of diabetic retinopathy in an urban population in southern India. Br J Ophthalmol 1999; 83: 937–940.
Narendran V, John RK, Raghuram A, Ravindran RD, Nirmalam PK, Thulasiraj RD . Diabetic retinopathy among self reported diabetes in southern India: a population based assessment. Br J Ophthalmol 2002; 86: 1014–1018.
Rema M, Premkumar S, Anitha B, Deepa R, Pradeepa R, Mohan V . Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in urban India: The Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES) Eye Study - 1. Invest Ophthal Vis Sci 2005; 46: 2328–2333.
Raman R, Rani PK, Reddi Rachepalle S, Gnanamoorthy P, Uthra S, Kumaramanickavel G et al. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in India Sankara Nethralaya Diabetic Retinopathy Epidemiology and Molecular Genetics Study report 2. Ophthalmology 2009; 116: 311–318.
Sunita M, Desai S, Vinay P, Moolani S, Rai N, Deepen S et al. Aditya Jyot-Diabetic Retinopathy in Urban Mumbai Slums Study (AJ-DRUMSS): study design and methodology - report 1. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2014; 21: 51–60.
Namperumalsamy P, Kim R, Vignesh TP, Nithya N, Royes J, Gijo T et al. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy: a population-based assessment from Theni district, south India. Br J Ophthalmol 2009; 93: 429–434.
Rani PK, Raman R, Chandrakantan A, Pal SS, Perumal GM, Sharma T . Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in self-reported rural population with diabetes. J Postgrad Med 2009; 55: 92–96.
Vaz NC, Ferreira A, Kulkarni M, Vaz FS, Pinto N . Prevalence of diabetic complications in rural Goa, India. Indian J Community Med 2011; 36: 283–289.
Mohan V, Deepa M, Pradeepa R, Prathiba V, Datta M, Sethuraman R et al. Prevention of diabetes in rural India with a telemedicine intervention. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2012; 6: 1355–1364.
Jonas JB, Nangia V, Khare A, Matin A, Bhojwani K, Kulkarni M et al. Prevalence and associated factors of diabetic retinopathy in rural central India. Diabetes Care 2013; 36: e69.
Raman R, Ganesan S, Pal SS, Kulothungan V, Sharma T . Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in rural India. Sankara Nethralaya Diabetic Retinopathy Epidemiology and Molecular Genetic Study III (SN-DREAMS III), report no 2. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2014; 2: e000005.
Tanuja A, Guruprasad BS, Prashanth K, Prasad I . Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in a rural population of south India. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2015; 35: 356–361.
Moss SE, Klein R, Kessler SD, Richie KA . Comparison between ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography in determining severity of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 1985; 92: 62.
Liu Y, Song Y, Tao L, Qiu W, Lv H, Jiang X et al. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among 13473 patients with diabetes mellitus in China: a cross-sectional epidemiological survey in six provinces. BMJ Open 2017; 7: e013199.
Wong TY, Cheung N, Tay WT, Wang JJ, Aung T, Saw SM et al. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy: the Singapore Malay Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2008; 115: 1869–1875.
Katulanda P, Ranasinghe P, Jayawardena R . Prevalence of retinopathy among adults with self-reported diabetes mellitus: the Sri Lanka diabetes and Cardiovascular Study. BMC Ophthalmol 2014; 14: 100.
Jee D, Lee WK, Kang S . Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2011. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54: 6827–6833.
Rema M, Pradeepa R . Diabetic retinopathy: an Indian perspective. Indian J Med Res 2007; 125: 297–310.
Parving HH, Mauer M, Ritz E . Diabetic nephropathy. In: Brenner BM (ed) Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney, 7th edn. Vol. II, Sauders: Philadelphia, 2004; 1777–1818.
Gupta DK, Verma LK, Khosla PK, Dash SC . The prevalence of microalbuminuria in diabetes: a study from north India. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1991; 12: 125–128.
Kanakamani J, Ammini AC, Gupta N, Dwivedi SN . Prevalence of microalbuminuria among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus—a hospital-based study from north India. Diabetes Technol Ther 2010; 12: 161–166.
Dadhania BP, Aravat AH, Dhruva GA . Study of microalbuminuria in diabetes type 2 patients as a marker of morbidity (a study of 100 cases in Rajkot city). IJBAR 2012; 03: 763–766.
Viswanathan V, Tilak P, Kumpatla S . Risk factors associated with the development of overt nephropathy in type 2 diabetes patients: a 12 years observational study. Indian J Med Res. 2012; 136: 46–53.
John L, Sundar Rao PSS, Kanagasabhapathy AS . Prevalence of diabetic nephropathy in non insulin dependant diabetes mellitus. Indian J Med Res 1991; 94: 24–29.
Yajnik CS, Naik SS, Raut KN, Khade AD, Bhat DS, Nagarkar VD et al. Urinary albumin excretion rate (AER) in newly-diagnosed type 2 Indian diabetic patients is associated with central obesity and hyperglycaemia. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1992; 17: 55–60.
Varghese A, Deepa R, Rema M, Mohan V . Prevalence of microalbuminuria in Type 2 diabetes mellitus at a diabetes centre in southern India. Postgrad Med J 2001; 77: 399–402.
Chowta NK, Pant P, Chowta MN . Microalbuminuria in diabetes mellitus: Association with age, sex, weight, and creatinine clearance. Indian J Nephrol 2009; 19: 53–56.
Parchwani D, Singh SP . Microalbuminuria in diabetic patients: prevalence and putative risk factors. Natl J Commun Med 2011; 2: 126–129.
Agarwal RP, Ola V, Bishnoi P, Gothwal S, Sirohi P, Agrawal R . Prevalence of micro and macrovascular complications and their risk factors in type-2 diabetes mellitus. J Assoc Physicians India 2014; 62: 504–508.
Unnikrishnan RI, Rema M, Pradeepa R, Deepa M, Shanthirani CS, Deepa R et al. Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic nephropathy in an urban south Indian population: the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES 45). Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 2019–2024.
Ambayiram AV, Kalyani P, Felix AJW, Govindarajan PK . Prevalence of microalbuminuria among type II diabetes mellitus patients in urban Chidambaram. Saudi J Med 2016; 1: 57–62.
Mather HM, Chaturvedi N, Kehely AM . Comparison of prevalence and risk factors for microalbuminuria in South Asians and Europeans with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 1998; 15: 672–677.
Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE . Prevalence of microalbuminuria in older-onset diabetes. Diabetes Care 16: 1325–1330, 1993.
Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Satyavani K, Latha E, Sasikala R, Vijay V . Prevalence of vascular complications and their risk factors in type 2 diabetes. J Assoc Physicians India 1999; 47: 1152–1156.
Ashok S, Ramu M, Deepa R, Mohan V . Prevalence of. neuropathy in type 2 diabetic patients attending a diabetes centre in south India. J Assoc Physicians India 2002; 50: 546–550.
Dutta A, Naorem S, Singh P, Wangjam K . Prevalence of peripheral neuropathy in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2005; 25: 30–33.
Viswanathan V, Thomas N, Tandon N, Asirvatham A, Rajasekar S, Ramachandran A et al. Profile of diabetic foot complications and its associated complications - a multicentric study from India. J Assoc Physicians India 2005; 53: 933–936.
Chanda A, Ayyar V, Idiculla JM, Bantwal G . Perception of foot problems among diabetic patients: A cross sectional study. Int J Diab Dev Ctries 2006; 26: 77–80.
Pawde PP, Thampi RR, Renish RK, Resmi RU, Vivek MR . Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic peripheral neuropathy among type-2 diabetic patients presenting to SMIMS hospital, Kulasekharam, Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, India. Int J Med Sci Public Health 2016; 2: 73–76.
Bansal D, Gudala K, Muthyala H, Esam H, Nayakallu R, Bhansali A . Prevalence and risk factors of development of peripheral diabetic neuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus in a tertiary care setting. J Diabetes Investig 2014; 5: 714–721.
Gill HK, Yadav SB, Ramesh V, Bhatia E . A prospective study of prevalence and association of peripheral neuropathy in Indian patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Postgrad Med 2014; 60: 270–275.
D’Souza M, Kulkarni V, Bhaskaran U, Ahmed H, Naimish H, Prakash A et al. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy and its determinants among patients attending a tertiary health care centre in Mangalore, India. J Public Health Res 2015; 4: 450–454.
Rai OK, Mishra V, Chandra R, Saxena SK, Mangal BD . Diabetic peripheral neuropathy and its metabolic determinants in a north Indian population. NJIRM 2016; 7: 1–4.
Pradeepa R, Rema M, Vignesh J, Deepa M, Deepa R, Mohan V . Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic neuropathy in an urban south Indian population: the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES-55). Diabet Med 2008; 25: 407–412.
Nagaraj C, Ramakuri M, Konapur KS . Burden of foot problems in diabetic subjects – a community-based study among urban poor in Bangalore, India. J Diabetic Foot Complic 2014; 6: 60–66.
Meigs JB . Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: translation from population to prevention: the Kelly West award lecture 2009. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 1865–1871.
Joshi P, Islam S, Pais P, Reddy S, Dorairaj P, Kazmi K et al. Risk factors for early myocardial infarction in South Asians compared with individuals in other countries. JAMA 2007; 297: 286–294.
Mohan V, Premalatha G, Sastry NG . Ischaemic heart disease in South Indian NIDDM patients – a clinic based study on 6597 NIDDM patients. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 1995; 15: 64–67.
Agarwal AK, Singh M, Arya V, Garg U, Singh VP, Jain V . Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its correlation with coronary artery disease and its risk factors. J Assoc Physicians India 2012; 60: 28–32.
Mohan V, Deepa R, Shanthirani S, Premalatha G . Prevalence of coronary artery disease and its relationship to lipids in a selected population in South India – The Chennai Urban population Study (CUPS No. 5). J Amer Coll Cardiol 2001; 38: 682–687.
Mohan V, Ravikumar R, ShanthiRani S, Deepa R . Intimal medial thickness of the carotid artery in south Indian diabetic and non diabetic subjects: the Chennai Urban Population Study (CUPS). Diabetologia 2000; 43: 494–499.
Mohan V, Premalatha G, Shastry NG . Peripheral vascular disease in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in South India. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1995; 27: 235–240.
Pendsey S . Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) in diabetics: Indian scenario. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 1998; 18: 31–33.
Eshcol J, Jebarani S, Anjana RM, Mohan V, Pradeepa R . Prevalence, incidence and progression of peripheral arterial disease in Asian Indian type 2 diabetic patients. J Diabetes Complicat 2014; 28: 627–631.
Premalatha G, Shanthirani S, Deepa R, Markovitz J, Mohan V . Prevalence and risk factors of peripheral vascular disease in a selected South Indian population. The Chennai Urban Population Study (CUPS). Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 1295–1300.
Pradeepa R, Chella S, Surendar J, Indulekha K, Anjana RM, Mohan V . Prevalence of peripheral vascular disease and its association with carotid intima-media thickness and arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes: the Chennai urban rural epidemiology study (CURES 111). Diab Vasc Dis Res 2014; 11: 190–200.
Biller J, Love BB . Diabetes and stroke. Med Clin North Am 1993; 77: 95–110.
Fernandes M, Keerthiraj B, Mahale AR, Kumar A, Dudekula A . Evaluation of carotid arteries in stroke patients using color Doppler sonography: A prospective study conducted in a tertiary care hospital in South India. Int J Appl Basic Med Res 2016; 6: 38–44.
International Diabetes Federation IDF Diabetes Atlas, 5th edn. International Diabetes Federation: Brussels, Belgium, 2012. Available at: http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/diabetes%20atlas%202012.pdf.
Rayappa PH, Raju KNM, Kapur A, Stefan B, Camilla S, Dilip kumar KM . Economic cost of diabetes care: the Bangalore urban district diabetes study. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 1999; 19: 83.
Shobhana R, Rama Rao P, Lavanya A, Williams R, Vijay V, Ramachandran A . Expenditure on health care incurred by diabetic subjects in a developing country – a study from southern India. Diab Res Clin Pract 2000; 48: 37–72.
Shobhana R, Rama Rao P, Lavanya A, Williams R, Padma C, Vijay V et al. Costs incurred by families having Type 1 diabetes in a developing country - a study from Southern India. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2002; 55: 45–48.
Kapur A, Bjork S, Nair J, Kelkar S, Ramachandran A . Socioeconomic determinants of the cost of diabetes in India. Diabetes Voice 2004; 43: 18–21.
Grover S, Avasthi A, Bhansali A, Chakrabarti S, Kulhara P . Cost of ambulatory care of diabetes mellitus: a study from north India. Postgrad Med J 2005; 81: 391–395.
Bjork S, The economic burden of diabetes in India: results from a national survey. Forum 9. National Survey: Mumbai, 2005.
Ramachandran A, Shobhana R, Snehalatha C, Augustine C, Murugesan N, Viswanathan V et al. Increasing expenditure on health care incurred by diabetic subjects in a developing country. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 252–256.
Kumar A, Nagpal J, Bhartia A . Direct cost of ambulatory care of type 2 diabetes in the middle and high income group populace of Delhi: The DEDICOM survey. J Assoc Physicians India 2008; 56: 667–674.
Tharkar S, Satyavani K, Viswanathan V . Cost of medical care among type 2 diabetic patients with a co-morbid condition-Hypertension in India. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009; 83: 263–267.
Tharkar S, Devarajan A, Kumpatla S, Viswanathan V . The socioeconomics of diabetes from a developing country: a population based cost of illness study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010; 89: 334–340.
Kumpatla S, Kothandan H, Tharkar S, Viswanathan V . The costs of treating long-term diabetic complications in a developing country: a study from India. J Assoc Physicians India 2013; 61: 102–109.
Sharma KM, Ranjani H, Zabetian A, Datta M, Deepa M, Anand Moses CR et al. Excess cost burden of diabetes in Southern India: a clinic-based, comparative cost-of-illness study. Global Health Epidemiol Genomics 2016; 1: e8.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pradeepa, R., Mohan, V. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes and its complications in India and economic costs to the nation. Eur J Clin Nutr 71, 816–824 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2017.40
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2017.40
This article is cited by
-
Exploring the active components and potential mechanisms of Alpiniae oxyphyllae Fructus in treating diabetes mellitus with depression by UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS, network pharmacology and molecular docking
Metabolic Brain Disease (2024)
-
Undiagnosed Diabetic Retinopathy : Burden and Clinico Demographic Profile
International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries (2024)
-
Effectiveness of Dapagliflozin as Add-On to Metformin with or without Other Oral Antidiabetic Drugs in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Multicentre, Retrospective, Real-World Database Study
Drugs - Real World Outcomes (2024)
-
A retrospective electronic medical record-based study of insulin usage and outcomes in insulin-naive Indian adults with T2DM: The REALITY study
International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries (2024)
-
Pancreatic Islet Biobanking Facilities in India: The Need of the Hour to Deal with Diabetes?
Journal of the Indian Institute of Science (2023)